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book report essays Why do book reports strike terror in the hearts of most students? Simply, writing a book report is not easy. A book report challenges students to think and write critically about what they’ve read. In the early elementary grades, extra support is given, often with book report worksheets that prompt students to write about a favorite character and other book details. But as children progress through upper elementary, middle, and resumes builder, high school, they are expected to write book reports independently. At Time4Writing, we work with students on scrapbook pads an individual basis to develop their writing skills through online writing courses. We hope this roadmap helps your child navigate writing a school book report with a minimum amount of terror!

How to Write a Book Report. Before you write, read. There’s no substitute for reading the book. Choose a book you’ll enjoy—reading should be fun, not a chore! Read with a pen and paper at your side. Jotting down page numbers and notes about significant passages will be very useful when it comes time to builder write. Remember, unless your book is a personal copy, don’t write in om naturen, the book itself. Use a Book Report Outline.

After reading the book, you are ready to start the writing process. When writing a book report, or when answering any writing prompt, you#8217;ll find writing easier if you follow the resumes proven steps of the writing process: prewriting, writing, revising, editing, and publishing. In the first step, prewriting, you’ll plan what you want to say. An outline is a great prewriting tool for book reports. Start your book report outline with the following five ideas.

Each idea should correspond to a paragraph: 2. Summary of Book. 3. Book Details: Characters. 4. Book Details: Plot. 5. Evaluation and Conclusion. In organizing your thoughts, jot down a few ideas for hec essays each of resumes builder these paragraphs.

Reminder: Every grade level (and teacher) has different requirements for book report content. Review your teacher’s instructions before you create your book report outline. Most book reports begin with the basic information about the book: the book’s title, author, genre, and publication information (publisher, number of pages, and on healthy for students, year published). The opening paragraph is also your opportunity to build interest by mentioning any unusual facts or circumstances about the writing of the book or noteworthy credentials of the author. Resumes? Was the book a bestseller? Is the author a well-known authority on the subject? Book reports are personal, too, so it’s perfectly acceptable to state why you chose to read it. In the body of the book report—paragraphs two, three, and four—you’ll describe what the is the best writing company book is about. This is your chance to show you’ve read and understood the book.

Assuming you’ve read a fiction book, below are helpful writing tips: Summary: Start this paragraph by writing an overview of the story, including its setting, time period, main characters, and plot. Specify who tells the story (point of view) and resumes builder, the tone or atmosphere of the hec essays book. Resumes Builder? Is it a creepy tale of suspense or a lighthearted adventure? Character Details: In this paragraph, describe the main characters and identify the major conflict or problem the main characters are trying to with solve. You can also write another paragraph about the other characters in the book. Plot Details: In writing about the plot, you don’t need to tell every detail of the story.

Instead, focus on the main sequence of events. You can discuss plot highlights, from the resumes rising action to the book’s climax and conflict resolution. Make sure you mention the essay om naturen author’s use of any literary devices you’ve been studying in class. Builder? Book Reports on Non-fiction. Hec Essays? If you are writing a book report on a biography or other factual text, you’ll want to devote the body of your book report to a description of the book’s subject and the author’s points of view. Use the resumes chapter headings to with help you present the author’s ideas and arguments in an orderly manner. As with a fictional plot, you don’t have to resumes cover every argument made by the author. Instead, choose the main ideas and the ones most interesting to you. If you read a biography, write about essay company, some of the important events in the person’s life. Personal Evaluation and resumes builder, Conclusion. You’ll like writing the thesis antithesis final paragraph because it is here that you’ll be able to offer your own critique of the book.

What are the book’s strengths and weaknesses? Did the book hold your interest? What did you learn from the book? If you read a work of fiction, how did the book affect you? If you read non-fiction, were you swayed by the author’s arguments?

Try to builder be balanced in your opinions, and support your statements with examples from the book. Give your honest opinion of the book and whether or not you would recommend it to essay on healthy eating for students others. Revising, Editing, and Publishing. Builder? After you’ve drafted your book report, you’re ready to follow the next three steps of the writing process: revising, editing, and thesis antithesis, publishing. Begin revising by reading your book report aloud or to a friend for feedback. As you edit, check your grammar and resumes builder, use of the correct guidelines for book quotes and writing the book title. Give enough time to hec essays revising and resumes builder, editing, and your published book report will be that much better. Book Reports: A Type of Expository Essay. A book report is usually written as an expository essay, although it can be written in other forms. In some cases, a teacher will ask students to essay take a point of view when writing a book report. Resumes Builder? Here is an on healthy example: “Explain why Hoot by Carl Hiiassen is the best American kid’s novel of the resumes last decade.

Please use examples.” This type of writing prompt requires a persuasive style of essay om naturen writing. Teachers may also assign book reviews, which challenge students to resumes builder persuade their classmates to read or not read a particular book. If writing a book review, don’t reveal the what is the essay ending! Rely on Your Writing Training to Write Book Reports. Time4Writing#8217;s online writing classes and one-to-one, teacher-led instruction help in building students’ writing skills.

When students develop strong basic skills, they can succeed at any writing assignment, including a book report. Time4Writing offers online writing courses for kids in elementary, middle school, and high school, and pairs each student with a certified teacher for personalized writing instruction. Time4Writing’s eight-week, online writing courses are highly effective in helping students develop their writing skills and building confidence. Builder? Find out how Time4Writing#8217;s online writing classes can make a real difference in your child’s writing.

Military to builder, Civilian Resume: How to Use Your Military Experience. That’s the number of American men and women who have served as active-duty soldiers since the Gulf War era. Now, thousands of them are unemployed and facing the difficult transition into civilian life and employment. You’re probably one of them. Are you tired of sending your military resume without receiving a reply from hec essays, employers?

You've served the country and learned valuable skills while working in the military. So why aren't you getting interviews? Thousands of veterans like you face the same challenge. The good news? All you have to do is translate your military experience into skills and achievements civilian employers can understand.

In this post, I’ll show you different examples and strategies to: Translate military jargon into its corporate equivalent. Builder! Avoid awkward conversations about interview essay combat experience. Highlight your communication and leadership skills. Here's a sample military to civilian resume made using our builder. Want to save time and builder have your resume ready in 5 minutes?

Try our resume builder . It’s fast and easy to use. Plus, you'll get tips and right vs. wrong examples while writing your resume. Is The Writing! See +20 resume templates and create your resume here . Here's the Main Problem with Your Military Resume. Veteran resumes contain terminology and resumes builder acronyms that some recruiters might not understand. Phrases like, “ Assistant G-3 Training Office r” and interview essay “ Battery Commander ” might be impressive in the service, but don't mean much for resumes builder, potential employers. What does the essay on healthy eating for students job experience above have to do with management? It’s hard to tell without speaking to the applicant. The applicant won’t have a chance to explain her side of the resumes builder story unless her army resume wows the recruiter.

That’s why you need to know how to antithesis synthesis, write a military resume. Need to resumes, refresh your general knowledge about essay how to resumes builder, write a resume? Not sure what to essay on healthy for students, include or what's the resumes builder best military resume format? Read our guide: How To Create A Resume: A Step-By-Step Guide (+30 Examples) Your Mission, Should You Choose to Accept it. Is writing a military to civilian resume that meets the following criteria: Demonstrates the civilian applications of your hard-earned military skills, accomplishments, and experiences. Entices recruiters and HR managers to call you for an interview. Serves as a guide for cheap, future job interviews.

Prevents recruiters from doubting your ability to transition into civilian employment. Bridges the gap between who you were in the service, and who you want to be as a civilian employee. How can you write military resumes for civilian jobs? It might be easy if you’re an army medic or a Marine Corps chef. But what if your role included combat and field experience that doesn’t translate to most civilian jobs?

I’ll answer those questions and more in this guide. Planning Your Career Path Outside the Military. It’s hard to figure out what military skills to put on a resume for a civilian job if you don’t have a career path in mind. Resumes! Strategize first before you start writing a military resume. Research occupations closest to cheap pads, the jobs you held while on builder duty. Look for other industries that employ people with your skills and training. And if you can’t decide on one career path, that’s okay.

Start by essay om naturen creating a military resume template for yourself that you can use as a basis for different versions of your resume. Make a master list of your professional merits. Which of builder, your skills, training, military awards, and interview with education are useful for the job you're targeting? If you’re applying to be an accountant, the award you won in marksmanship won’t do you any good. Same goes for builder, information about the bases where you’ve worked.

The Reality of Moving to a Different Industry. It’s hard to accept that the skills it took you years to learn aren’t going to help land your next job. But you have to realize that everyone who moves to a teacher, a new industry has this experience. A graphic designer who decides it’s time to become an Air Traffic Controller doesn’t need to put her Photoshop skills on resumes builder her resume. Right? You will find it necessary to interview a teacher, eliminate some of your experience and military skills for a resume. Focus on what’s transferable to your new role.

Not sure what skills are valued most in your new industry? Used LinkedIn to resumes builder, find out and to essay, network with civilian professionals. Not sure how? Read our guide: How To Optimize Your LinkedIn Profile To Get More Jobs Assume Your Hiring Manager Knows Nothing About the Military. Here's the resumes thing. You could be using language on your military resume that civilian employers don’t understand. It’s normal after spending years in the military. Recruiters and with a teacher essay interviewers, who have no background in the military, can’t understand the lingo used in the corps.

That's why you’ll need to translate military to civilian terms, so whoever reviews your veteran resume sees your potential. Avoid acronyms . Builder! Write “ Base ” instead of “ AFB .” Avoid using technical jargon in your job titles and skill descriptions. Write “ Supervisor ” instead of “ Non-Commissioned Officer .” Don’t use military code. Don’t include base or ship codes, unless it’s relevant to your target job. Use your military job title or a civilian equivalent instead of your MOS designator. Not sure about the civilian equivalent of your military job?

There are tons of sites available to convert them for you. Just enter the military branch you served under, and scrapbook your MOS code or job title. After that, you’ll see a list of resumes, civilian job titles and in some cases, actual open positions. For example, after selecting “ Air Force ” and typing “ Aircraft Loadmaster ,” Military.com showed the antithesis synthesis philosophy following jobs for candidates with an air force resume : If you’re not ready to resumes builder, apply just yet, that’s okay. Explore the job openings to find the title and job description that best fits your experience. Whatever you do, don’t copy anything from scrapbook paper pads, these sites verbatimaside from builder, job titles. Paraphrase and interview with a teacher essay use the power of thesaurus to aid you. You might be suspected of plagiarism if you copy more than a sentence or four consecutive words. On the other hand, inserting keywords from the resumes builder job description into your military resume never hurts.

Here's How to Create a Civilian Friendly Career Summary. Michael Richards retired after a stellar 15-year stretch of om naturen, military service during which he specialized in workforce management and builder deployment. He's now pursuing an executive position in HR and Talent Development. Michael has two options when it comes to on healthy, writing a resume summary for his military transition resume. He can focus on who he was in the military or who he wants to become as a civilian. Since your resume summary is the first thing hiring managers look at, whatever Michael picks will affect his chances of landing the job. Option A: Michael Focuses on his Military Background.

Workforce Management Director Exceptional leader with analytical skills and talent development experience. Fifteen years in workforce management and personnel deployment for the United States Army. Assisted several Army staff agencies and resumes commands in optimizing their workforce according to available talent resources and essay om naturen their mission’s priorities. Option B: Michael Focuses on his Civilian Potential. Workforce Management Director A workforce and talent development expert with 15 years of experience in resumes, sourcing, organizing, and deploying diverse talent to form top-performing teams for the United States Army. Philosophy! Helped decrease production backlog down to 7% using different workforce planning techniques. Created talent development programs encouraging team members to take on more responsibility. The first summary mentions workforce management, talent development, and resumes builder leadership experience. But the is the writing company hiring manager might have no idea if workforce planning in the army is the resumes builder same in corporate offices. Is there a longer chain of command when deciding personnel’s deployment? Is there a more red tape?

What tools are used? It also lacks keywords from the job description that hiring managers want to see. Try to anticipate what questions a hiring manager might have after reading your military to with a teacher, civilian resume. Then find a way to address these questions on your resume or in your cover letter. Addressing these questions is crucial for military resume writing. The second example mentions that Michael's experience is limited to the United States Army, but it elaborates on his skills and responsibilities. Pro Tip: You need to add keywords from the job description.

Hiring managers scan for them when they look at your veteran resume for the first time. Don't know how to tailor a military resume to resumes builder, a job description? Want to know what keywords are the most valuable? Read our guide: 6 Proven Tips On How To Tailor Your Resume To The Job Description Demilitarize Your Work History and Skills. Don’t limit your experience to the core functions of interview essay, your role.

Think about other experiences and skills you gained as part of the job. Most military positions will instill you with leadership , management , and communication skills . Attention to details and the ability to work under duress are part of the package too. You just need to emphasize them. Below is a sample navy resume, from Timothy Stergiou-Allen , Veteran Naval Officer from the UK. You’ll notice it’s stripped of resumes builder, military jargon. Best Company! If “ Royal Navy warship ” and “ NATO deployment ” wasn’t mentioned, this military resume example could be mistaken for the resume of a civilian PR professional.

Aside from resumes builder, specific accomplishments (highlighted in yellow), the sample military resume also explains Stergiou-Allen’s transferable skills as a PR officer and COO (highlighted in red). Adding peer development and training coordination suggests he knows how to mentor others and conduct training sessions. Hec Essays! Releasing stories via digital and social media channels means he’s familiar with the tools used for digital marketing. Here’s another military resume example: Security Specialist U.S.

Marine Corps 2008 to resumes, 2011. Led and mentored a diverse team of 25 people, attaining a 5% increase in promotions and 20% decrease in antithesis synthesis philosophy, turnovers. Received recognition for reporting and documentation accuracy. Achieved a “zero loss” period in resumes, 3 years of managing the security of different equipment worth $125,000. When you read security specialist, you might think of military or private protection services. But that’s not the case. Transferable skills, such as mentoring, documentation, and essay on healthy eating security management, are good candidates for resumes builder, financial and management jobs. Essay Om Naturen! That's because integrity and accurate reporting are mandatory. The candidate also did not specify what equipment he protected and what reports he wrote. Employers won't stereotype your skills as ‘ just for builder, the military ’ if you remain less specific.

Below is antithesis, a sample military resume from Justin Thomas , a former military Photographer. You can see how Thomas explains his skills in photography and image management in a concise way while mentioning his competency with the expected skills and tools for builder, the job. Want to know how to put skills on your veteran resume? Not sure which skills recruiters find the most valuable? Read our guide: +30 Best Examples Of What Skills To Put On A Resume (Proven Tips) What About Front Line Jobs With Combat Experience.

Below are two versions of how to present your experience: Led a 15 person team in completing different operational goals . Provided strategic advice to my team while completing challenging tasks, and assisted several superiors in cross-department goals. Led a 15-man team in combat missions . Provided technical and tactical guidance to cheap scrapbook paper, help both commanding officers and subordinates in completing several missions in Iraq. Hierarchy is different in the civilian setting. My team and superiors is better suited than subordinates and commanding officers.

The term technical and tactical guidance is replaced with strategic advice which highlights leadership skills and experience. Combat missions is replaced with operational goals, which is applicable to a variety of corporate goals. These changes prevent hiring managers from thinking your mentorship and leadership skills are limited to resumes, battle plans and military exercises. Your choice of words can affect the way potential employers see you. It’s up to is the best, you to make your image positive. Writing an effective military resume isn't all about avoiding jargon.

Want to builder, know what action words will give your resume a boost? Read our guide: +80 Examples Of Resume Action Words For Every Profession How to Spotlight Accomplishments on thesis philosophy a Military Resume. Use metrics, percentages, time optimized, and money saved or handled to quantify your accomplishments . Here's a sample achievement from an air force resume: Trained and builder managed the workload of interview essay, 10 personnel in resumes builder, aircraft maintenance, resulting in essay eating, a 27% decrease in unexpected repairs. Doesn’t that sound impressive with all those numbers? Sometimes, an achievement can’t be tied to a number. In that case, it's best to give your accomplishments some context. Write a sentence or two explaining the significance of your achievement to resumes, emphasize the impact you made. Here's a military resume example of an accomplishment: Let's say you were selected to train new aviators to use the hec essays weapon systems and navigation equipment of different aircraft. That sounds cool, but how should you phrase such an accomplishment on military resumes for civilian jobs?

Focus on the fact that you were hand-picked to resumes builder, train people. Here’s how to write an accomplishment for a post-military resume: Developed my classroom and hands-on training skills after being selected to guide new aviators in using weapons systems and navigation instruments for different aircraft. Here's How to Put Job Training on a Veteran Resume. Military training can be transferable to civilian employment. All you have to do is on healthy eating for students, list the training events and courses you attended followed by a short description. Not sure how to describe your training? Look for a training event that has a similar title and syllabus in a corporate setting. For example, a Google search for aviation leadership courses led to this training course from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and Harvard Business Publishing. Just compare the examples you find to the training you had in the military.

What skills do both training courses have in common? In the resumes example above, leadership , collaboration , setting high standards, and building relationships ’ are themes that match the following Airman Leadership School example. You don’t have to write the description verbatim. Hec Essays! Choose a couple of common keywords and summarize the course description. Here’s an resumes builder, example from a military pilot’s resume: Airman Leadership School (ALS), Community College of the Air Force 2012. A 5-week course designed to hone airmen into efficient front-line leaders. It develops the participants’ communication, leadership, and what is the best essay writing company management skills while giving them a broader understanding of the military. The Profession of Arms, International Security, and resumes builder Warfare Studies courses were also included in the training but the candidate did not include them on their military resume to avoid drawing attention away from the leadership material.

Here’s another example showing education and scrapbook paper training from a military to civilian resume in engineering: Without a description, it’s easy to conclude that the candidate’s training doesn’t have other applications. Adding subjects with diverse applications such as “ Math ,” “ Chemistry ,” “ Electrical Engineering ,” illustrates the versatility of the training. Highlight Your Security Clearances and Certifications. Security clearances, even for resumes builder, non-sensitive and with essay not so top-secret access, show proof of your accountability and responsibility to employers. A Top Secret (TS) clearance can cost thousands of dollars, so companies would rather look for someone who’s already undergone the builder background investigation and training required to get it. Justin Thomas says, If you’re applying for Boeing or Lockheed Martin, and om naturen similar companies, put your security clearance at resumes, the top of paper pads, your resume. It helps recruiters decide whether they want to take a chance on you. Examples of Security Clearance and builder Certifications on a military resume: Secret Security Clearance Weapons Certification First Aid Certification Top Secret / Sensitive Compartmented Information Clearance (TS/SCI)

Do you have licenses, awards, or publications that should go on thesis your military resume? Do you know where to put them? Read our guide: What To Put On A Resume To Make It Perfect [Tips Examples] Be Cautious When Adding Active Combat Details. “Most frontline troops look into private security or law enforcement. In this case, combat experience is incredibly relevant,” says Allen. But what if you’re not going into law enforcement or a security related job? In that situation, adding details about resumes builder your active combat experience is a bit of a coin toss.

Some employers might not think twice about seeing such experience on a veteran resume. On the other hand, Thomas says: “ Some might think you’ll have mental problems like PTSD because of your experience. ” Defending your country and its people is an admirable career. The unfortunate reality is hec essays, that many returning troops suffer from depression, PTSD, and other mental illnesses. These ailments, while obviously not applicable to resumes builder, everyone with combat experience, may make some employers hesitate to thesis synthesis, hire you . So, military resume writers should consider removing or placing less of an resumes, emphasis on active combat experience if it's not relevant. Don’t Forget to Write a Military to Civilian Cover Letter. Yes, you need to write a cover letter. Essay Eating! Hiring managers often scan resumes for information to decide if you're documents are relevant.

After, they'll check your cover letter to builder, get a fuller image of you. Don't repeat what you've written on your military resume. Instead, use your cover letter to hec essays, complement the information you've provided. Your cover letter is the place for resumes, providing explanations and fleshing out information you kept brief on eating for students your veteran resume. Not sure how to builder, write a military resume cover letter? Need advice on what to include? Read our guide: How To Write A Cover Letter [Complete Guide With Examples] Let’s recap. To write a great military resume you should: Choose a career path before putting your military experience on interview with a teacher essay a resume.

Translate your military skills, accomplishments, and builder work history into layman's terms. Include relevant training and synthesis education. Emphasize your security clearances. Be careful about resumes builder including information about active combat. Do you have any questions related to making a military to om naturen, civilian resume? Give us a shout in builder, the comments section! Charley Mendoza is a freelance writer covering career development and business.

She#039;s an essay om naturen, expert in resume writing, interviewing, and negotiating, a topic she covers in publications such as Tutsplus, Business Insider, Brazen Careerist and more.

10 Online Tools for Kids to Improve Writing Skills. Children’s creativity is builder endless. Little ones are able to what is the best company imagine things that go beyond expectations. If kids engage in writing from an early age, they will be able to expand their creative potential. Children have a natural tendency to notice and observe the world around them; writing is a fun way for kids to express themselves and build skills at the same time! Needless to say, it won’t be easy to teach a young one to write. It will take more than providing a piece of paper and a pencil, and leaving everything else to natural tendencies. This skill requires a lot of resumes, practice to be developed, so it would be best to start as early as possible. The following tools will help you make writing easier for om naturen your child. This online tool covers the basics of the essay writing process by showing children what each of the five paragraphs should to contain. Builder. Once your child makes enough progress, they can continue practicing with the Writing Worksheets that the cheap, site provides.

There are five fun essay writing activities provided for resumes builder free: Rules of Writing an Essay, Essay on cheap, Twin Towers Devastation, Autobiography of builder, My Favorite Thing, Picture Writing, and Essay on Mom. Essay. This website provides fun resources that teach young children how to write and resumes, understand written content. The lessons are taught through short cartoons and interactive exercises. The writing section offers a great base of tasks that will test your child’s ability to write understandable content. Interactive activities are an important part of the learning process. This website provides effective exercises for grades K-12. Preschool age children can also benefit from scrapbook pads, this tool using their Story Map and Learning About Language games. This is an awesome website dedicated to the art of writing. It offers resources on fiction, poetry, nonfiction, art, and photography.

In addition, Teen Ink provides summer programs and camps for resumes builder teenagers. The essays featured on the website provide inspiration for learners who want to improve their writing skills. EssayMama offers great tips and essay eating, guides on writing, as well as fun articles that inspire children to express their own thoughts in written form. This isn#8217;t the most visually stunning website, but that doesn’t make it any less useful for parents and instructors. A list of resumes, links guides you to om naturen online resources that will be useful at any stage of the learning process. You can explore the basic steps of research, character development, the 5-paragraph essay, picture book projects, the 3-step creative writing process, and much more. Resumes Builder. You will also find awesome games that teach writing through fun activities. This is a mandatory website for parents and educators who want to teach writing effectively. You will find links to resources organized in thesis, seven categories: Writing Skills, Writing Sentences, Writing Paragraphs, Writing Essays, Writing Mechanics, Standardized Testing Writing, and Teaching Writing. Some of the most useful tools this website provides are the resumes builder, graphic organizers and what is the best essay company, fun exercises for each category.

This website provides a collection of builder, simple essays, short paragraphs, project works, poems, and speeches for children. You will find great essay topics for kids ages 6-10. Try assigning some of these topics on a regular basis and you’ll see how your child makes step-by-step progress. Each sample comes with an assigned target age group, so you won’t confuse your learner with content that’s too complicated for them to understand. Good sample essays for young children are not easy to locate. This website is a great source of content in four categories: narrative, persuasive, expository, and descriptive essays. Start with the featured essays, then dig deeper to find inspiration on different topics. When your child starts writing more, encourage them to thesis antithesis take part in resumes builder, the site#8217;s weekly essay contest. Winners are published in the mini essays section. As your child makes progress in the art of essay writing, it might be difficult for them to limit the essay eating for students, thoughts that they put on paper in a clean sentence.

You might notice that their expressions are becoming confusing; that’s completely natural for young learners. Hemingway Editor is a great tool you can use in such situations. It analyzes the sentence and provides a readability score. Builder. In addition, you will see all confusing sentences highlighted in yellow and red. When you don’t know where to start with the editing stage, this tool will provide effective guidance. Hi Julie, I also wanted to essay om naturen add WriteWell to this list http://www.writewellapp.com. It is tool that is resumes growing in essay, popularity with the homeschool segment.

Child Development Books Our recommendations for resumes builder books on child development for parents. Total Focus Program A cognitive behavioral therapy multi-media program to help ADHD kids focus and behave. The information on this website is solely for informational purposes. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. Neither Child Development Institute, LLC nor Dr. Antithesis Synthesis. Myers nor any of the editors, columnists or authors take responsibility for any possible consequences from any action taken which results from reading or following the information contained in builder, this information. The publication of this information does not constitute the practice of medicine or psychology, and this information does not replace the advice of essay om naturen, your physician or mental health care provider. Before undertaking any course of treatment, the reader must seek the advice of their physician or other health care provider. See additional information.

Copyright 1999-2015 Child Development Institute, LLC - All Rights Reserved.

essay augustus show An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers. Despite vanquishing his opponents in the long series of civil wars 49-45 BC, Caesar did little to address the underlying ills of the Republic. His concerns were first and foremost the defeat in the field of his political opponents. During these years, and following his final victory, he was content to maintain control by resumes builder, a combination of the essay, consulship and the revived, albeit reviled, dictatorship. Resumes? Extensive and excessive honors of all sorts were also voted to Caesar by scrapbook pads, a sycophantic senate: he refused none, save attempts to crown him king. Nevertheless, his broad disregard for tradition and precedent, and the general air of arrogance and high-handedness that marked Caesar's dealings with his peers, made him appear Rome's king in all but name.

To be sure, he passed various items of legislation dealing with immediate problems (for instance, debt relief or the builder, calendar), but he made no serious effort to systematize his position or tackle the issues that had generated the Roman Revolution in the first place. In fact, in the last months of his life he was planning to leave Rome for several years to campaign against the Parthians in the East. That the interview with a teacher, cabal of nobles who conspired to builder, kill Caesar included disaffected members of his own party constitutes stark testimony as to the effects of Caesar's tactlessness. On 15 March, 44 BC C. Julius Caesar, dictator for life, was surrounded by the conspirators at a meeting of the thesis philosophy, senate and cut down with twenty-three stab wounds. Builder? He died at the foot of a statue of his great rival, Pompey. The senatorial Liberators, covered in blood and brandishing their daggers, rushed out to accept the hec essays, gratitude of the liberated. Resumes? They met with a somewhat different reception. The people had loved Caesar, even if his recent behavior had been disappointing [[3]] . The Liberators, who were led by L. Cassius Longinus and M. Junius Brutus, held public meetings in the Forum, but the cheap scrapbook, reaction of the resumes builder, people was equivocal at best. The senate, meeting on is the best essay writing March 17, vacillated and declared an amnesty for the Liberators (inferring legitimacy for their act of tyrannicide) while ratifying all of Caesar's acts and decreeing him a public funeral in the Forum (inferring legitimacy for Caesar's power).

It may have seemed a workable compromise, but when Caesar's mutilated body was displayed to builder, the crowd and the contents of his will were made public--in which some gardens were bequeathed to the public and an individual stipend given to each member of the Roman people--the dam of emotion burst and rioting ensued. The Liberators fled the city. Power seemed firmly in the hands of the pro-Caesar camp and, in particular, in those of M. Antonius (Mark Antony), Caesar's right-hand man. The dictator's will, however, had contained something of a political bombshell that was to shake this situation to its foundations. For Caesar named as his chief heir and adopted son one of hec essays his three great-nephews, C. Octavius. The nature of the relationship between Caesar and the young Octavius is not clear. Dio claims (45.1.2) that after Octavius reached maturity (in 48 BC), Caesar took him in and began training him to be his successor. This assertion is clearly more informed by later imperial behavior than by Late Republican practice, and is unlikely in any case, since Caesar was much occupied with the civil wars at this time (49-45 BC). There is no evidence that the two actually met before Octavius was in resumes builder, his mid-teens, but that the dictator noticed Octavius is hardly to be doubted. Suetonius ( Aug . 8.1) presents a more likely series of events.

In 48 BC the young Octavius was elected to the pontifical college. When Caesar celebrated his multiple triumphs in September 46 BC, Octavius took part in the procession and was accorded military honors. At some time in eating, this period, Octavius was also adlected into the patrician order. He then followed Caesar to Spain when the resumes builder, latter went to fight the interview with, Pompeians at Munda (45 BC). Builder? He earned the admiration of the dictator for the daring of essay his journey, which included a shipwreck; he was to show this same daring repeatedly in future months and years. Resumes Builder? In 44 BC Caesar nominated the magistrates several years in cheap scrapbook pads, advance (another shunning of tradition on Caesar's part), and builder, the young man was included as his Master of Horse for 43 or 42 BC. Despite these indications of favor, it is fair to say that in the broad scheme of things Octavius was a non-player and a political nobody in eating, March 44 BC, when his great-uncle was killed. When he heard of Caesar's murder, Octavius was in Apollonia in Illyricum, preparing to builder, join Caesar on his Parthian campaign.

His friends and some senior army officers urged him to take refuge with the army in Macedonia; his family advised that he lie low and come to Rome unthreateningly as a private citizen. Essay On Healthy For Students? He opted for the latter course of action and arrived in southern Italy, south of resumes Brundisium. Here, he heard more details about on healthy eating for students, Caesar's death and of his own adoption. His family, now fearful for his life, urged him to renounce the adoption and resumes builder, inheritance in paper, order to secure his personal safety. In a tremendous act of daring, he instead made directly for Brundisium and builder, the large concentration of troops there. [[5]] Entrance into Politics: April 44-November 43 BC [[6]] Antony paid no attention, at least officially. He sent no deputations to meet Octavian and inquire as to his intentions. Perhaps he dismissed the youth's actions as a sideshow bearing little relevance to the main thrust of essay om naturen politics. [[9]] At that time Antony was deeply occupied with several important matters, not the least being to secure powerful provinces for builder, himself while downgrading those of Cassius and Brutus, the leaders of the Liberators.

Thus, when Octavian finally entered Rome toward the end of April, Antony continued to ignore him. Octavian kept his cool and essay, arranged a meeting. Builder? When he showed up--ironically, in the gardens of Pompey on the Oppian Hill--he was pointedly kept waiting. The ensuing exchange did not go well. [[10]] In subsequent weeks, Antony blocked Octavian's moves to have his adoption officially recognized and also prevented him from thesis antithesis standing for public office. But Octavian curried favor with the crowd, and tensions with Antony rose. [[11]] Events around Mutina in builder, northern Italy brought matters to a head, both between the Caesarian camp and om naturen, the Liberators and builder, between Antony and Octavian. Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus had been a supporter of interview with a teacher essay Caesar's -- and one of his assassins. The dictator had appointed him to resumes builder, the governorship of Cisalpine Gaul (roughly the om naturen, Po Valley region of modern Italy), an appointment confirmed by the senate. The senate had also assigned Antony, consul in 44 BC, the resumes builder, province of Macedonia. Through tribunician legislation in June 44 BC, Antony had his command in Macedonia exchanged for that in what essay company, proximate and powerful Cisalpine Gaul.

Decimus Brutus's term was up at resumes, the end of on healthy for students 44 BC, but Antony decided to assume command of Cisalpine Gaul in November. Decimus Brutus resisted and was supported by a senate largely well disposed toward the Liberators, whom it regarded as tyrannicides. [[12]] Against this backdrop of looming crisis between the Caesarians and the Liberators, the resumes, relationship between Antony and Octavian continued to deteriorate, despite occasional public reconciliations. Antony accused Octavian of plotting against with essay him, while Octavian attempted, through agents, to undermine the loyalty of the army that Antony was bringing to Italy from Macedonia. Antony went to Brundisium to secure his army (things did not go well there for resumes, him), at which juncture Octavian showed his daring once more.

Despite the risk of being branded a public enemy, he toured the Caesarian colonies of Campania and, relying on old loyalties, raised a private army from among Caesar's veterans, perhaps 10,000 strong. It was a vivid demonstration of the power of the name Caesar. Antony, meanwhile, returned to Rome and intended to denounce Octavian to the senate when he heard that two of his five legions from Macedonia had defected to Octavian. Fearing the worst, he took the remainder of his force and hastened to pads, attack Decimus Brutus in Cisalpine Gaul. [[13]] The situation was now highly volatile. Decimus Brutus, backed by resumes builder, the senate, was resisting Antony under arms, and retired to the fortified town of essay om naturen Mutina in Cisalpine Gaul. Resumes Builder? Antony had four legions, Octavian had five. All the armed parties were mutually antagonistic.

The senate, led by Cicero in his last great political action, identified Antony as the greater threat. [[14]] Cicero and Antony were now on opposing sides, following an acrimonious oratorical exchange in the senate that started in September 44 BC. At this crucial juncture, then, Cicero deployed his considerable rhetorical skill to Octavian's benefit and began to champion his cause as a foil to Antony's power. As a result, on 1 January, 43 BC Octavian's essentially illegal command of men under arms was legitimized with a grant of propraetorian power. As such, Octavian continued his preparations to attack Antony, now declared a public enemy, who had begun besieging Decimus Brutus at Mutina. Octavian, now an official representative of the republic, led his force into cheap scrapbook, the region and moved against resumes builder Antony. [[15]] In two engagements in essay om naturen, April, Antony was bested and fled over the Alps to his political allies in Transalpine Gaul.

Both consuls for 43 BC, however, perished in the fighting around Mutina, and Octavian, as the senior commander on the spot, refused to cooperate any further with Decimus Brutus, a murderer of his father. The senators, it appears, hoped that Octavian would now go away. They appointed Decimus Brutus to the overall command against Antony, issued decrees of public thanks to him, and palmed Octavian off with an ovation. When a commission to resumes builder, distribute land to veterans was set up, Octavian was pointedly omitted. Smarting at such insulting treatment, Octavian bided his time and put in requests for essay, a consulship (with Cicero as his colleague) and a triumph.

Meanwhile, Antony was preparing to builder, return to Cisalpine Gaul with enormous forces gained from Caesarian commanders in Transalpine Gaul. The situation remained unstable. [[16]] In the face of all these developments, Octavian once more acted with courage and determination, even if with shocking directness. Having secured his army's loyalty, he marched on Rome and seized the city with eight legions. Three legions brought from essay outside Italy to counter him defected. Unsurprisingly, Octavian was elected consul to replace the deceased consuls of builder 43 BC. He now carried the essay, long-delayed ratification of his adoption, paid out the remainder of Caesar's legacy, revoked the builder, amnesty for the Liberators, and tried and convicted them en masse and in absentia on a single day. Despite his control of Rome, Octavian's position was perilous. Antony was massing huge forces in with a teacher, Cisalpine Gaul and, across the resumes, Adriatic, Cassius and Brutus had taken the opportunity offered by the enmity between the thesis antithesis philosophy, Caesarian leaders to gain control of most of the eastern empire, it might be noted, with no great regard for either legality or scruple. [[17]]

These complicated events have been treated here in detail due to their immense importance in establishing Octavian in the mainstream of Roman politics. Dismissed by Antony and then by the senate as a bit player, he proved repeatedly capable of deft and resolute action in defence of his interests. On account of resumes builder his tender years, he lacked the nexus of influential support that most leading Roman politicians, including Antony, found essential to hec essays, their success and therefore he had to rely more on direct appeals to the mob, his troops, and resumes builder, supporters of Caesar. What Essay Writing Company? His actions might not have been always scrupulous or admirable, but Late-Republican politics was a vicious and cutthroat business and few involved adhered solely to principle (the Liberators, for resumes builder, instance, went about the eastern empire seizing provinces and thesis, only had their acts ratified post factum by a compliant senate). Octavian had only two reliable tools available to him at this early stage in his career: his name, Caesar, and promises of bounty to the soldiers, and he deployed both with daring and resumes builder, decisiveness when he had to. In the autumn of 43 BC, he was to make his most ambitious move yet. The Triumvirate I: Early Challenges, 43-36 BC. The rule of the three got off to an inauspicious start. Their first act was the implementation of proscriptions, unused since the horrible days of Sulla's dictatorship. Since the property of the proscribed was forfeited, the main motive of the triumvirs in instigating the terror appears to have been financial, as many of cheap their most implacable enemies were not in Rome or Italy at all but with Brutus and Cassius in the East. A recent interpretation has questioned this view and argues that the proscriptions were a purely political act, designed to root out all opposition to the triumvirs in Italy.

Our sources preserve, in excruciating detail, dozens of tragic anecdotes about the proscribed as well as the resumes builder, text of the chilling proclamation announcing the proscriptions. Cicero, Antony's bitter enemy, was one of the first victims, with Octavian's compliance. The apparent financial reason for the triumvirs' need for essay, money was soon to be made clear, when mass veteran settlements took place. Thousands perished in the chaos and mayhem that inevitably followed hard on the heels of the proscriptions. [[19]] Next, the Liberators had to be dealt with. After a prelude in Africa early in 42 BC, in builder, which a pro-senate governor was ousted by Octavian's appointee, Antony and Octavian moved on essay Cassius and Brutus in the summer and resumes builder, autumn of that same year.

The campaign took place in the Balkans and culminated in a double battle some weeks apart in essay, October at Philippi in Macedonia. The Liberators were decisively defeated, Cassius and Brutus committed suicide, and the Caesarians established their control over the whole Roman world. Octavian, who had not played a glorious part in resumes builder, the battles, showed complete implacability in executing any and all of those implicated in the murder of Caesar who fell into is the best essay, his hands. Resumes? A reshuffling of the interview a teacher, provinces was required in light of the new situation: Antony got the East but retained Transalpine and Narbonese Gaul; Octavian got most of the resumes builder, West; Lepidus, fast being overshadowed by his more ambitious and ruthless partners, was effectively sidelined in Africa. Following Philippi, Antony moved east, Octavian returned to Italy, and a new polarization of the Roman world began to manifest itself. Hec Essays? [[20]] In the West, Octavian faced an immediate problem: the settlement of some 40,000 veterans in Italian communities. Veteran settlement was of paramount concern, since it spoke to Octavian's trustworthiness as a patron and so could influence the future loyalty of his armies.

The procedure entailed the forcible eviction of inhabitants from their land followed by its redistribution as individual plots among the ex-soldiers. Prior to Philippi, eighteen rich towns in Italy had been promised to the soldiers--now it was time to pay up. Beginning in 41 BC and resumes, continuing for perhaps a year or more afterward, life in the towns and regions selected for settlement underwent massive disruption. Cheap Scrapbook? It seems that the dispossessed were not compensated for their loss, so that the builder, whole process made Octavian enormously unpopular in Italy. [[21]] This unpopularity generated an opportunity for the opponents of the on healthy, triumvirate and resumes, led to the so-called Perusine War. One of the consuls of 41 BC was L. Antonius, brother of Mark Antony.

Playing on Octavian's poor reputation among the Italians, he stirred up as much trouble for the triumvir as he could. Interview With A Teacher Essay? He began spreading rumors that Antony's veterans were being shabbily treated compared to Octavian's and, along with Antony's wife Fulvia, started lobbying for the dispossessed Italians. His actions carried grave political dangers for Octavian, who could not allow army loyalties to be divided in Italy. The big question in all this remains how cognizant, even complicit, Mark Antony was in his brother's agitation. By late in 41 BC the situation had so deteriorated that war between Octavian and L. Antonius in Italy was inevitable. When hostilities broke out, operations focused on builder Perusia, where Octavian holed Lucius and Fulvia up in early 40 BC up. After several months of siege, Lucius surrendered and was magnanimously spared by scrapbook pads, Octavian, though the councilors and people of Perusia were not so fortunate: Octavian executed the local council and resumes, gave the town over to his soldiers to essay on healthy eating, plunder.

He then adjourned to Gaul, there to supervise the transfer of the region to builder, his own command, since the Antonian governor had died. [[22]] Mark Antony reacted to this situation by eating, moving west in the spring of builder 40 BC and besieging Brundisium. Octavian gathered his forces and marched south to confront him. Hec Essays? The triumvirate appeared to resumes builder, be over, its two chief members at war. For Students? However, neither army was keen for war and negotiations produced an agreement instead, termed the Pact of resumes builder Brundisium.

By means of this agreement, Antony ceded Gaul to Octavian, relinquishing his last foothold in the West, but was confirmed in the East. Lepidus continued to languish in thesis, Africa. Further, Antony was married to Octavian's sister, Octavia. (Fulvia had unexpectedly, and conveniently, died in builder, Greece in a teacher, the interim.) The triumvirs then travelled to Rome amidst scenes of great public rejoicing. [[23]] The attention of the triumvirs was then directed toward Sextus Pompeius in Sicily, who was posing a challenge to their authority in the West. Sextus, the youngest son of resumes Pompey, is one of the more colorful characters of the what is the best, Roman Revolution.

Surviving the Pompeian defeat at resumes builder, Munda in 45 BC, he fought guerilla warfare in Spain and cheap pads, then took to resumes, the sea as a pirate leader. When he was recalled to hec essays, Rome following Caesar's murder, he cautiously sailed to Massilia and resumes builder, awaited developments. Best Essay Company? During the war at Mutina, when the fortunes of the senate and the Liberators appeared to be in the ascendant, he found himself appointed prefect of Rome's fleets and Italy's coastal zones (on 20 March, 43 BC). With the establishment of the triumvirate six months later, he seized Sicily and, as a beacon of resistance against the triumvirs, was greatly reinforced by builder, refugees from the proscriptions, survivors of Philippi, those dispossessed by the veteran settlements in Italy, and any remaining forces of with a teacher republican sentiment. He beat off attempts by Octavian to oust him from Sicily. Antony formed a pact with him, in order to make his move against Octavian in 40 BC but, if Sextus had hoped for some concrete reward for this service, he got none: he benefited in resumes builder, no way from the Pact of Brundisium and was not officially recognized by essay on healthy eating for students, the triumvirs. Now he exacted revenge by blockading Italy and placing a stranglehold on Rome's grain supply. Antony and Octavian were forced to act. Incapable of assailing Sextus militarily, they were forced to negotiate. At a meeting off the coast at Misenum or Puteoli, an builder, agreement was reached (the Treaty of Misenum [or Puteoli]) in the summer of 39 BC.

This agreement saw Sextus's control over Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily made official with a promise that he'd be given the Peloponnese and a consulship in due course. Sextus appeared well entrenched in triumviral politics, a fourth important player in the complex game. [[24]] The Treaty of interview Misenum was to have a short shelf life. Builder? Antony returned to the East, to Cleopatra and indecisive campaigns against the Parthians. Octavian remained in Italy and worked at extending his circle of followers and his influence in general. Toward that end, the presence of Sextus Pompeius was an obstacle. When the Peloponnese did not come his way as had been promised, Sextus blockaded Italy again in on healthy, 38 BC. Octavian moved against him, but lost a naval engagement at Cumae and much of his fleet in a subsequent storm. He now appealed to Antony for help. The two met at resumes, Tarentum in the summer of essay om naturen 37 BC.

Aside from Octavian's acquisition of some 120 ships from Antony for the effort against Sextus (in return for a promise of 20,000 Italian troops for Antony's planned Parthian campaign), the meeting saw the triumvirate renewed for a further five years. The office had expired on 31 December, 38 BC, but none of the incumbents had paid any attention to builder, that inconvenient detail and continued to on healthy eating, exercise its prerogatives (illegally) for the first months of 37 BC. Now their power was renewed. [[25]] Since equilibrium had been restored with Antony, Octavian now turned his full attention to defeating Sextus. Elaborate preparations, mostly under the direction M. Vipsanius Agrippa, finally readied Octavian's fleet for action in 36 BC. While Agrippa held Sextus's fleet at bay, Lepidus was marshalled from Africa, to assault Sicily from the south.

Another of Octavian's generals was to converge on Italy from the northeast, while Octavian himself would move from resumes Campania. But ship-destroying storms and is the essay, another naval defeat for Octavian at the hands of Sextus seemed to signal the failure of the entire operation. Agrippa, however, saved the day and took several of resumes builder Sextus's ports before engaging and destroying the rebel's fleet at the battle of Naulochus on 3 September, 36 BC. Sextus fled east but was murdered not long afterward. Despite reverses, then, Octavian had ultimately emerged victorious and, in essay eating, Sextus, had eliminated one the rivals to his position of dominance in the West. Fate allowed him to neutralize the other. Resumes Builder? Lepidus, so long in the shadows, now decided to make a play for power.

Finding himself in control of twenty-two legions in Sicily, he defied Octavian and made demands that he quit the island for good. Octavian marched in his direction, at which point Lepidus's men deserted him. At an scrapbook paper, embarrassing scene in resumes builder, Lepidus's camp, Octavian spared his former triumviral colleague but stripped him of his powers and thesis antithesis philosophy, confined him to house arrest at the pleasant seaside town of Circeii. There he lived out his life unmolested until he died, of natural causes, in 12 BC. [[26]] Octavian was now the unchallenged master of the Roman West.

In one campaigning season he had rid himself of the open challenge of Sextus Pompeius and the sleeping challenge of Lepidus. He set about consolidating his position for builder, the inevitable clash with Antony. The Triumvirate II: Showdown with Antony, 36-30 BC. In the East, Antony was not faring terribly well. He had, since 36 BC, been involved in sporadic and is the best essay writing, difficult contests with the Parthians and Armenians. There had been no decisive outcome and, in fact, there was a rather hasty retreat back to Syria. Resumes? This was all the more regrettable (in Antony's eyes), since Octavian had been successful against Sextus and then, in thesis antithesis, 35-33 BC, against builder the tribes of Illyricum. But Antony's behavior in the East raised problems for him in the political arena, fully exploited by Octavian. His continuing link with Cleopatra, despite his marriage to Octavia, was among the most troublesome, and thesis antithesis synthesis, it had produced two children. Antony also appeared to have gone native, wearing eastern dress, with an eastern despot as a consort, and practising eastern customs. Even more appalling, having seized Armenia in 34 BC, Antony staged a spectacle in Alexandria's gymnasium known since as the Donations of Alexandria.

In this spectacle, Antony declared Cleopatra Queen of Kings and her son by Caesar, Caesarion, King of Kings; he then divided up the resumes builder, eastern Roman Empire among Cleopatra, Caesarion, and his own children. It seemed, from an Italian perspective, that Antony was under the hec essays, spell of Cleopatra, whose ultimate goal, it was rumored, was to become Queen of Rome. Furthermore, Antony's recognition of Caesarion as Caesar's son undercut Octavian's most fundamental claim to political leadership. Resumes? In an atmosphere such as this, tensions rose between Antony and Octavian. At Rome, meanwhile, Octavian further heralded his new image by having his righthand-man Agrippa appointed aedile in 33 BC to see to the restoration of many long-neglected services in the city, especially the sewer system and water supply. The city was also beautified with new buildings and the restoration of dilapidated ones, often by scrapbook paper, Octavian's supporters acting at his instigation. The popular image of Octavian's caring, popular administration must have been greatly bolstered by resumes, these actions. [[28]] The year 32 BC was a difficult one and saw Octavian and on healthy eating, Antony finally embark openly on the road to war. In the first place, Octavian's second term of triumviral powers ran out on 31 December, 33 BC.

This made his legal position somewhat delicate, but the niceties of legality were far less important than his demonstrable exercise of power and influence, especially among his troops. Who was going to challenge him? It is interesting to observe that Octavian immediately ceased using the title triumvir; Antony did not. In dropping the title, Octavian once more ostentatiously respected Roman tradition. As matters turned out, events at Rome were to offer Octavian a new basis for claiming legitimate leadership of the Roman people, albeit a non-legal one. On 1 January, 32 BC, the Antonian consul, C. Sosius issued a speech denouncing Octavian and proposing something that required a tribunician veto to quash (the precise content of the proposal is resumes builder, unknown). Octavian, not in the city at essay eating, the time, soon entered with an armed escort, convened the senate, and denounced Antony. This action so effectively cowed the resumes, Antonians that Sosius and his fellow consul Ahenobarbus fled eastward followed by om naturen, the other pro-Antony senators. News then reached Rome that Antony was forming his own senate in resumes, Alexandria from among the exiled senators and that he had officially renounced Octavia as his wife. Octavian, enraged, seized Antony's will from the Vestal Virgins (a completely illegal and unscrupulous act) and read it aloud in the senate. Its contents shocked Roman sentiment: Antony wished to interview with, be buried in Alexandria, next to Cleopatra.

It seemed to many that, after all, he was indeed planning to establish a renegade eastern empire with a foreign queen at its helm. Builder? War was declared on eating Cleopatra, and traditional rituals revived to emphasize that the official enemy was a foreigner, not a fellow Roman. As preparations for war geared up in the summer of 32 BC, a remarkable thing happened. First Italy and then the western provinces swore an oath of allegiance to resumes, Octavian personally. Whether the oath was voluntary, as Augustus later claimed in his Res Gestae , or a more carefully orchestrated piece of political theater, Octavian could now claim to be the people's choice for writing company, the war against Cleopatra.

It was not a legal position, but it was an unassailable one. [[29]] In prospect, the war between Antony and resumes, Octavian promised to be the largest civil conflict ever conducted by the Romans. Arrayed against each other were the resources of the essay, entire empire, East against West. Resumes? The not inconsiderable resources of on healthy for students Ptolemaic Egypt, the last surviving major Hellenistic kingdom, were also in the mix. In the end, however, the war ended not with a bang but with a fizzle. The massive forces moved against each other and converged in Greece, as had Caesar and Pompey at builder, the outset of an earlier great conflict. The two sides encamped on the north side of the Ambracian gulf, near the promontory of Actium . Cleopatra's presence proved problematic for Antony, and there were defections to Octavian. Meanwhile, Antony and Cleopatra managed to get their ships blockaded in the gulf by Octavian's fleet, under Agrippa's able command. In an scrapbook pads, attempt to break out on 2 September, 31 BC (almost five years to resumes, the day since Sextus' defeat at Naulochus) Antony was decisively defeated. In ancient accounts, Cleopatra and then Antony fled the battle prematurely. The land forces never engaged, but Antony's men defected to synthesis philosophy, Octavian en masse.

Everything had been decided in a few hours of naval warfare. [[30]] The victory of Octavian was complete. Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt. Octavian made his way there via Syria, securing the loyalty of resumes all as he went. Antony's forces and former supporters defected in droves. On reaching Egypt and Alexandria in the summer of 30 BC, Octavian faced Antony's forces on land and sea. A great battle seemed imminent -- until Antony's navy and cavalry defected en masse before the very eyes of interview a teacher essay their general and resumes builder, his infantry were defeated (1 August, 30 BC).

Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide, and passed from historical reality into the realm of romantic legend. Octavian had Caesarion and Antony's eldest son (Antyllus) executed, and he annexed Egypt as a province of Rome, ending the Ptolemaic period of thesis antithesis synthesis that country's history. He was now sole master of the entire Roman world. If, indeed, it had been his intention from the start to reach this position, it must have been a particularly rewarding day. For fourteen years he had played a careful, dangerous, and patient game. Now it was time to secure the future, for himself and for Rome. Resumes? [[31]] From Octavian to Augustus: A New Order Established. In the wake of Actium , however, there was work to be done. After taking Egypt and settling affairs there, Octavian stayed away from Rome as he saw to essay eating for students, the organization of the East. For the builder, most part, Antony's arrangements were left in place, as long as old loyalties were suitably redirected.

Octavian returned to Rome and Italy, amid tumultuous celebrations, in August of 29 BC. Large numbers of veterans were settled (perhaps 25 legions totalling 40,000 men or more) both in Italy and the provinces, this time without complaint, since the vast wealth of Egypt allowed for ample compensation. When he entered Rome, he celebrated three triumphs over three days (over Dalmatia, Actium, and Egypt). Legally, his difficult position of 32 BC had been bypassed and Octavian held the with essay, consulship every year from 31 BC onwards (until 23 BC). Just as important, however, was the non-legal basis for his dominance, later expressed by Augustus as universal consent. The roots of this consent must lie in the oath of 32 BC, now extended in principle, if not in practice, to embrace the entire empire and resumes builder, all its armies.

Octavian was, as he later put it, in complete control of affairs precisely because everyone wanted him to om naturen, be and, just as significantly, because he was the last man standing. There is political posturing in his claim to universal consent, to resumes builder, be sure, but possibly also some kernel of truth. He had ended the civil wars, and all hopes for a peaceful future now rested with him and him alone. Hec Essays? In light of this, the resumes, senate and people voted him numerous honors in 29 BC, some of which Octavian judiciously refused, consonant with his image as respecter of tradition. [[32]] Octavian's holding continuous consulships would be insufficient as a mode of administration in the long term, especially if, as he intended, the old order was to be seen to be restored. He needed, somehow, to find a firm place simultaneously within and above established norms. His position at cheap scrapbook paper, the head of affairs therefore needed careful consideration, and resumes builder, this no doubt explains the eighteen-month gap between his return to Rome in August 29 BC and the so-called First Constitutional Settlement of 13 January, 27 BC which, with the broadest of brush strokes, began painting the portrait of the new order. Memories of Caesar's fate must have loomed large. Despite that dictator's huge popularity among the masses, his complete victory over essay on healthy his enemies in civil war, and the devotion of his troops, he had been laid low by a few dozen disillusioned aristrocrats. Among the resumes, uppermost considerations pressing on antithesis Octavian, therefore, must have been the need to appease the resumes, sensibilities of the elite.

In addition, the divided loyalties of highly politicized armies had been a plague on the Late Republic. This situation too would require remedying. These two issues, in fact, were at essay eating, the heart of the First Settlement, staged in the senate on 13 January, 27 BC. Builder? [[33]] On that day, Octavian entered the senate and, to what is the essay company, the shock of those not in the know, surrendered his position and retired to resumes, private life. The senators, possibly confused, reacted with indignance and insisted that Octavian remain at the helm of the state. After a show of reluctance, Octavian graciously accepted a share in the running of the state, gaining command of Spain (except Baetica), Gaul, Syria, Cyprus, and Egypt while the senate and people kept the rest. Within his extended provincia , granted for interview a teacher, ten years, Octavian could appoint legates to administer regions on his behalf. Modern scholars have failed to reach agreement on the exact legal status of Octavian's command over his provinces (was it by resumes, virtue of imperium consulare or proconsulare , imperium maius or aequum ?), but the hec essays, case for imperium proconsulare is the stronger; it also had precedents, in the form of the extraordinary commands of Pompey or Caesar in the Late Republic. This situation would have appealed to Octavian's desire to appear to be maintaining traditions while also doing nothing alarmingly new or innovative. Other honors and privileges were also forthcoming, at a second meeting on 16 January. Here Octavian was named Augustus, a word ringing with religious (augur) and social ( auctoritas ) meaning but not suggestive of overt political dominance.

C. Julius Caesar Octavianus now became Imperator Caesar Augustus. Other honors carried more symbolic meaning (laurels placed on the door of his house; award of the corona civica for saving the lives of citizens; the Shield of Virtues erected in resumes, his honor) but they were no less significant for that: they helped establish Augustus's pre-eminent place in the state and craft the beginnings of an Augustan ideology. By means of this settlement, Augustus was simultaneously commander, leader, savior. [[34]] In the summer following the settlement, Augustus left Rome to tour Gaul and is the essay company, Spain. The journey kept him away from Rome until 24 BC--probably a wise choice on builder his part, to be out of the public eye while the new arrangements took root.

While he was away his aides Agrippa and Maecenas supervised matters in om naturen, Rome. Resumes Builder? The summer after his return, probably in June or July, the Second Constitutional Settlement was staged. At around this time a conspiracy was unearthed and two principals, Fannius Caepio and Varro Murena, were executed. In the essay on healthy for students, absence of evidence, scholarly debate has raged about the timing, aims, methods, and members of the conspiracy: was the Second Settlement a reaction to the conspiracy, or vice versa? Or were the events unrelated?

In the end, the conclusion has to be left open, but the case for the conspiracy's occurring after the resumes, settlement seems the stronger, though any causative links between events remains little more than putative. Hec Essays? The outline of the Second Settlement itself is clear enough, even if several details remain debatable. Augustus relinquished the consulship (which he had been monopolizing since 31 BC) and was only to take it up on two further occasions in the rest of his life, for dynastic reasons. Resumes Builder? In return, he received an empire-wide grant of proconsular power ( imperium proconsulare ) for cheap scrapbook paper, five years. Resumes? It is debated whether this imperium was greater ( maius ) than that of any other governor or equal ( aequum ) to it. Thesis? Five decrees found in Cyrenaica, dated to resumes builder, the period 6-4 BC, show Augustus intervening in the internal affairs of this province. The implication is that his imperium overrode that of the governor on the spot (and so was maius ), though the possibility that it was co-extensive with it must also be allowed (making the hec essays, imperium aequum ). Whatever the legal details, by virtue of this grant of imperium in 23 BC, he could intervene in the affairs of any province in the empire. Unlike other governors, he was also given dispensation to resumes builder, retain his power within the city limits of Rome (the pomerium ), probably for purely practical reasons: otherwise, every time he left the city, his proconsular power would need to be renewed. In relinquishing the consulship, Augustus lost certain powers and privileges within the thesis antithesis philosophy, city of Rome and its polity (his proconsular power notwithstanding).

These were now compensated for resumes builder, by a grant of tribunician power ( tribunicia potestas ), also for five years, that allowed him all the rights and privileges of a tribune of the people, without actually holding that office: he could summon the people, propose legislation, veto meetings and proposals, and so on. With both his tribunician power and essay on healthy eating for students, proconsular power, Augustus now had the ability to direct affairs in every wing of domestic and resumes builder, foreign administration. With A Teacher Essay? These two powers were long to remain the twin pillars of the Roman emperors' legal position. [[35]] While the major settlements of resumes builder 27 and is the essay writing, 23 BC established the bases of Augustus's position, further refinements were necessary. As with the settlement of 27 BC, Augustus soon left Rome for the East (22-19 BC). Before he left, he was forced to refuse offers of the dictatorship or perpetual consulship pressed on resumes him by om naturen, the people, who appear to have completely missed the subtleties of the Second Settlement the year before. Over the coming years, he received, piecemeal, some significant privileges and honors. In 23 BC, for instance, he was given the right to convene the senate whenever he saw fit ( ius primae relationis ). In 22 BC, he was appointed to builder, oversee Rome's grain supply (for how long is unclear). Essay Writing Company? In 19 , when he had returned from the resumes builder, East, he was given censorial powers for five years. When Lepidus finally died in 13 or 12 BC, Augustus became chief priest ( pontifex maximus ). Finally, in cheap paper, 2 BC, he was granted the title Father of his Country ( pater patriae ), a title of which he was immensely proud. It is not hard to see why, since the title placed Augustus in a relationship with the Roman state analogous to that of a paterfamilias over his charges: he was to be in complete control of everything.

In addition, there was his membership of all the colleges of priests, numerous symbolic privileges (e.g., immunity from taxes), and builder, the matter of auctoritas . This personal quality, impossible to translate into English with a single word, was a combination of authority and influence derived from one's social and political position, family, abilities, and achievements. It was, most importantly, an essay om naturen, informal virtue: it could not be voted to anyone by resumes, the senate or the people. In this way, the extent of Augustus's auctoritas reflected the extent and success of his life's work, and it helped him get a lot of business done without constantly invoking his legally-conferred powers. Hec Essays? Augustus simply had to make known his preferences for matters to transpire accordingly, so that, for instance, candidates for builder, office whom he favored invariably got elected. Thesis Philosophy? No wonder he was proud to boast that he surpassed all in auctoritas . [[36]] The complex edifice of the Augustan Principate was, at heart, a sham. But, like any successful sham, it was one that people could believe in. Above all, there was political genius in Augustus's slow and careful acquisition of overarching authority in every area of public life. Builder? At every step of the way--from the oath of 32 BC through the constitutional settlements and the honors and privileges conferred upon him piecemeal--he could present himself as the passive partner. On all occasions, the senate and people of Rome voluntarily conferred powers, privileges, and what is the essay writing company, honors on him.

He sought nothing for himself; he was no Caesar. Indeed, he often expressed reluctance to accept offices and honors that struck him as excessive, and occasionally he refused them outright. Builder? In sharp contrast to Caesar, Augustus constantly had one eye on aristocratic sensitivities. Furthermore, none of what essay writing company his cardinal powers were conferred for life but, rather, for fixed periods of five or (later) ten years. That these powers were never rescinded when they came up for builder, renewal is entirely beside the on healthy for students, point: there was the illusion of choice. Resumes Builder? That is what mattered.

The vocabulary Augustus chose to express his power, too, was a model of tact: leading citizen ( princeps ) not dictator, authoritative influence ( auctoritas ) not command ( imperium ). Throw into the equation his modest lifestyle, affable approachability, routine consultation of the hec essays, senate, and genuinely impressive work ethic, and we have in Augustus one of the greatest and most skillfully manipulative politicians of any nation in any age. The Nature of the Principate and The Problem of the Succession. After Actium, Augustus moved on the succession problem quickly. He began to show signs of favor to his nephew, Marcellus. He himself only had one natural child, Julia, his daughter by his second wife, Scribonia. The first sure sign of favor to Marcellus was his participation in Augustus's triple triumph of resumes builder 29 BC. In 25 BC, Marcellus was married to Julia, forming a closer family link with Augustus. With? The following year, Marcellus became aedile and, on Augustus's request, was granted the privilege of sitting as an ex-praetor in the senate and of standing for the consulship ten years in advance of the legal age. By 23 BC he was widely considered, in Velleius's words, Augustus's successor in power ( successor potentiae ). Then, a surprise.

Augustus fell seriously ill in 23 BC. As he lay on what he thought was his deathbed, he handed an resumes, account of the state's resources to the consul Cn. Calpurnius Piso, and his signet ring to Agrippa. The symbolic message was clear: Marcellus was too young; experience was yet preferred at the top. Augustus recovered from on healthy eating for students his illness, but later that same year Marcellus fell ill and was not so fortunate. He was nineteen when he died and was entombed with all due pomp and ceremony in builder, Augustus's family mausoleum. [[38]]

The career of Marcellus, short though it was, already revealed the elements of Augustus's methods: he was to use family links (marriage or adoption) in conjunction with constitutional privileges (office-holding and the privilege of standing for office early) to indicate his successor. His inspiration appears to have been his personal experience: as Caesar had presented Octavius to the public at his triumphs of September 46 BC, so now did Augustus display Marcellus at his own triumphs in thesis synthesis, August 29 BC; as the builder, senate had Octavius granted the interview essay, right to stand for the consulship ten years in advance of the legal age in 43 BC, so Augustus had the same right granted to Marcellus in builder, 24 BC; and just as Caesar had bound Octavius to him by a familial link, so now did Augustus with Marcellus's marriage to Julia (although such political alliances through family ties had long been a staple of the Roman nobility). Each event had its precedent; it was their combination that was significant. [[39]] Marcellus was soon replaced by Agrippa. Shortly before Marcellus's death, Agrippa had left for the East. In the face of Marcellus's earlier preferment, the sources abound with rumors of Agrippa's voluntary departure in high dudgeon or of his forcible exile, but such speculations are demonstrably without merit.

Agrippa had been favored when Augustus was ill in 23 BC and subsequently went East with a grant of thesis imperium proconsulare , a share in Augustus's own powers. Resumes Builder? This is not what Augustus would have done with a man of whom he was suspicious or who had fallen in paper, any way from favor. Augustus had business in builder, the East, to which he was shortly to hec essays, attend personally, and Agrippa was doubtless sent ahead to pave the way. Maecenas, Augustus's other chief advisor and no friend of Agrippa, is reported to resumes, have commented in on healthy eating for students, 21 BC that Agrippa had now been raised so high that either Augustus must marry him to Julia or kill him. Augustus chose the former route. Julia was married to builder, Agrippa in that year.

Until his death in hec essays, 12 BC, Agrippa was clearly intended to be Augustus's successor. Aside from builder his marriage to Julia, in with a teacher essay, 18 BC Agrippa's proconsular power was renewed and, more significantly, he received a share of tribunician power (renewed in 13 BC). [[40]] By virtue of these powers and privileges, had anything happened to Augustus in the years 21-13 BC, Agrippa would have been ideally placed to take over builder the reins of government. Coins of the period 13-12 BC depict Agrippa as virtual co-emperor with Augustus, although the latter was always the senior partner. This straightforward interpretation of the situation in these years has been complicated by essay om naturen, Augustus's treatment of Agrippa and Julia's sons, Gaius (born in 20 BC) and Lucius (born in builder, 17 BC). When Lucius was born, Augustus adopted them both as his own sons and they became Gaius and Lucius Caesar. A further complication is added when the ongoing careers of om naturen Augustus's stepsons, Tiberius and Drusus, who were also advanced over resumes these years, are taken into interview with a teacher, consideration. Resumes? The intent behind these labyrinthine machinations appears to essay on healthy eating, have been to create a pool of eligible candidates, headed by a frontrunner. Any other princes as were advanced in builder, the background are best considered as insurance against fate or as indicators of Augustus's preferences for the third generation of the Principate. In this way, Agrippa was to succeed Augustus, but the adoption of Gaius and Lucius signalled Augustus's desire that one of them succeed Agrippa (which one was to be preferred remains unclear, given subsequent events).

Tiberius and is the best writing company, Drusus, as imperial princes, can be expected to have enjoyed high public profiles and earned various privileges, but they were very much on builder the backburner in these years. Essay? Notions of Regency (Agrippa over Gaius and Lucius) or paired succession (Gaius and Lucius, Tiberius and Drusus) proposed by modern scholars seem remoter possibilities. [[41]] Augustus's vision for the succession can be seen in action again in builder, 12 BC, when Agrippa died. Julia, now widowed a second time, was married to Tiberius the following year. Tiberius was Augustus's stepson and the most senior and experienced of the secondary princes in the imperial house. As such, he was a natural choice. Not long afterward, Tiberius left for campaigns in Germany and Pannonia, possibly with a grant of proconsular imperium . In 7 BC he entered his second consulship and the following year his position was made plain when he received a large commission in the East and a grant of tribunician power. In short, between 12 and 6 BC Tiberius was upgraded to take Agrippa's place in Augustus's scheme and was installed to thesis synthesis, be Augustus's successor. Resumes? But it was to be a rocky road indeed that led to his eventual succession in AD 14.

In 6 BC Tiberius unexpectedly retired to Rhodes, despite his prominent public position. Augustus, apparently angered by Tiberius's action, had little choice (Drusus, Tiberius's brother had died in Germany in 9 BC). He appears to have relied on his increasingly robust health to see his adopted sons Gaius and Lucius Caesar to scrapbook paper pads, their maturity. But fate intervened once more and both young men died, Lucius in AD 2 and Gaius two years after that. In a burst of dynastic activity in June of AD 4, Tiberius was rehabilitated and adopted by Augustus, as was Agrippa Postumus (the youngest child of Julia and resumes, Agrippa); Tiberius was constrained to adopt his nephew Germanicus . Again, debate has swirled around these arrangements but, following the suggestions made above, it is probably best to avoid notions of what best essay writing company regency or paired succcession and see here an attempt by Augustus to re-establish a pool of princes from which to builder, draw candidates, with Tiberius as the favored successor and Germanicus to is the essay, come behind him. The adoption of Agrippa Postumus remains puzzling, but he was still only a teenager at the time and the move may have been intended only to secure his prominence in future succession plans. Germanicus , twenty years old at the time of his adoption by Tiberius , was clearly the frontrunner for the third generation of the Principate. Through him, also, Augustus could hope for a Julian heir to the throne, but it is far from clear whether this remote consideration played any decisive role in Augustus's thinking. [[42]]

The succession issue was not a happy one for the imperial house and carried in its train some domestic tragedies. Aside from the deaths of the various princes, Augustus banished his own daughter Julia in 2 BC and her daughter, also named Julia, in AD 8. Resumes Builder? In AD 6-7 Agrippa Postumus was disinherited and banished to the small island of Planasia, only to be murdered shortly after Augustus's death. The banishment of Julia the Elder is emblematic of this group of events. Julia's marriage to Tiberius had not been successful and she appears to have sought solace in the arms of various noblemen and equestrians. In 2 BC her indiscretions were brought to Augustus's attention and, enraged, he banished her to on healthy eating, the island of Pandateria. She never returned to builder, Rome. The sources unanimously ascribe Julia's fate to for students, her licentiousness and immorality, but modern scholars have rightly questioned this presentation and builder, seen instead dynastic scheming behind Julia's actions and subsequent banishment. Whatever the actual degree of Julia's political acumen, the antithesis synthesis philosophy, informal and allusive nature of the succession system itself was the root cause of her demise. For, in the Augustan system, an imperial princess who had been married to no less than three indicated favorites (Marcellus, Agrippa, and Tiberius ) and who then brought outsiders into her bed was also bringing them into the heart of the resumes, dynasty.

That could not be tolerated. That Augustus interpreted his daughter's misdeeds in political terms, at least in part, is suggested by essay eating for students, the trial for resumes builder, treason of essay one of Julia's lovers, Iullus Antonius, and his subsequent execution or suicide; others of her lovers were banished. The same can be said for the fall of Agrippa Postumus and then of resumes Julia the Younger. However murky the details in what best writing company, each case, they can all be seen as victims of the Augustan succession system. [[43]] In all, then, the succession problem was a difficult one for Augustus, and his solutions only resumes builder, perpetuated it for all future emperors.

Despite the internal difficulties engendered by the issue, Augustus was keen to present a united image of the imperial house to the populace. This is best illustrated by the Altar of the Augustan Peace ( Ara Pacis Augustae ), dedicated in January, 9 BC, and laden with symbolic significance largely outside the purview of this biography. Hec Essays? For our current purposes, most important is the presentation to the people, on the south frieze, of the resumes, imperial family--women and children included--as a corporate entity. The message of cheap scrapbook pads dynastic harmony and resumes builder, the promise of interview with a teacher future stability emanating from the imperial house is palpable. The reality, as we have just seen, was rather different. Augustus and the Empire I: the Army.

Augustus completed the ongoing professionalization of the Roman military by establishing a force of 28 standing legions (three were to be lost in Germany in resumes builder, AD 9), made up of volunteer recruits. For the citizen soldiers of the legions, service was for a prescribed period (first 16, then 20 years), on a regular wage, and with fixed rewards upon hec essays, discharge. Resumes Builder? After 14 BC, land grants were discontinued in favor of cash pension payments; such payments were funded, after AD 6, by essay, a new public treasury (the aerarium militare ). For the first time, military service became a career choice in resumes, and of itself. Augustus also created a non-citizen wing of the army (corresponding to the Republican era's allies and extraordinarii ). These auxiliary troops were formed into cohorts of infantry and wings ( alae ) of cavalry, usually 500 or 1000 strong, sometimes under their own commanders, sometimes under a Roman officer (an ex-centurion or tribune). Cheap Scrapbook Pads? Under Augustus, auxiliary units were mostly raised as needed and disbanded when the builder, campaign(s) ended; some units were incorporated into the new permanent force, on terms of service similar to those for the legionaries. Augustus also regularized the organization and essay on healthy eating, terms of resumes builder service in the Roman navy and created the praetorian guard, a personal force which he discreetly and tactfully billeted in townships around Rome. [[44]] Augustus was careful to channel the loyalties of synthesis philosophy this new professional army solely in his direction. Builder? The troops' loyalty to Augustus was assured by their taking a personal oath of loyalty to him and by his role as their sole paymaster and guarantor of their rewards on discharge. In short, he was their patron. The army's commanders on-the-ground were handpicked legates of Augustus; its campaign commanders were often the likes of Agrippa, Tiberius , or Gaius Caesar, that is, members of Augustus's own family or immediate circle. He also kept the army busy in major campaigns in Spain, the Alpine regions, along the Danube and Rhine rivers, across the Rhine in Germany, and in numerous small-scale actions all along the empire's frontiers.

Where active campaigns were not prosecuted, as in Gaul or in the East, the army was used as a means of aiding political settlements (as in the return of the Parthian eagles in 20 BC or the meeting of C. Caesar and what is the company, the Parthians on an island in the Euphrates in AD 2) or as a garrison over local populations (as in Gaul). While Augustus did not go so far as to station the legions along the frontier as a defensive garrison force (as was to happen in later ages), he at least removed them from the center of power and resumes, began the process of keeping them in the vicinity of the frontiers. Although Augustus appears to some scholars to have been aiming at establishing scientific frontiers along the what best writing, Rhine/Elbe and Danube lines, the whole issue of his foreign policy--indeed, whether even such a policy existed--remains most unclear. For the scientific frontiers view to resumes, be true, certain problematic assumptions are requisite, not the least concerning the Romans' cartographic capabilities and for students, their appreciation of geographic realities well beyond their immediate purview; it is also questionable to what degree the administration of the resumes builder, empire in general adhered to clearly conceived policy on what essay company anything, rather than reacting ad hoc as circumstances and local conditions dictated. On the whole, then, we should probably avoid notions of Roman imperial policy on the model of modern national policies. One of the chief political values of Augustus's campaigns was that it kept his new professional army busy--idle trained killers can be a somewhat destabilizing element in builder, society--and afforded him considerable personal military glory, which further reinforced his claim to the loyalty of the troops. On Healthy Eating? [[45]] The importance to Augustus, as well as to resumes, the state, of his monopolization of army loyalties is best writing, revealed in builder, two suggestive incidents in 27 BC, when the Augustan order was still in its infancy. At this delicate time, M. Licinius Crassus, grandson of the best essay, great Late Republican magnate, raised a serious problem for Augustus. As governor of Macedonia he had undertaken successful campaigns south of the Danube in 29-28 BC and had personally killed the enemy leader in battle. In 27 BC, then, he was awarded a triumph but he went further: he claimed the ancient honor of spolia opima (the most honorable spoils), awarded to a Roman commander who had slain his counterpart with his own hand. These honors, involving the dedication of the resumes, enemy commander's captured panoply to Jupiter Feretrius, had only been earned on three prior occasions in all of Roman history.

Since Crassus's claim to the spolia opima would have raised Crassus into cheap paper pads, the uppermost echelons of military glory, it had the resumes builder, potential to confuse the soldiers' loyalty toward Augustus. So Augustus blocked the claim on a technicality. Crassus held his triumph and promptly disappears from essay on healthy eating for students our records. Resumes? (It is cheap paper, unlikely that he was killed but, rather, that his public profile died a death in the face of Augustus's displeasure, a good example, if true, of the workings of auctoritas .) Not long afterward, another governor proved problematic. C. Resumes Builder? Cornelius Gallus had been appointed the first prefect of Egypt on essay om naturen its annexation in 30 BC. Resumes? Like Crassus, he had embarked on campaigns to surpress revolts and to antithesis synthesis, attack neighboring people. He then celebrated his successes with statues of himself and bragging inscriptions, one of which has survived. Enraged, Augustus let it be known that he no longer considered Gallus his friend. Charges were immediately brought and proposals laid that Gallus be convicted in absentia , exiled, and builder, his property given to Augustus. His social status and thesis antithesis philosophy, political career in ruins, his very life perhaps in resumes, danger, Gallus committed suicide (possibly in 26 BC).

Both of these men had behaved fully within the boundaries of republican precedent but had failed utterly to appreciate a fundamental rule of the new order: there was to be no military glory but Augustus's. In contrast, Agrippa, for so long Augustus's right-hand man, repeatedly refused honors and triumphs granted to hec essays, him; all his victories were celebrated by Augustus. [[46]] Augustus and resumes builder, the Empire II: Administration. In the sphere of hec essays external affairs, many of the army's conquests were formed into new provinces, especially along the south shore of the builder, Danube (Moesia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia) and the Alps (Alpes Cottiae and Maritimae). In the East and in Mauretania in North Africa, client kingdoms and om naturen, principalities were allowed to exist, sometimes in very complex arrangements, as with the Tetrarchs in Palestine or the numerous lesser kingdoms that dotted the interior and eastern reaches of builder Asia Minor.

From 27 BC onward these provinces were divided into those that fell into the vast provincia of Augustus (the imperial provinces) and a teacher essay, those that were retained by the senate and people (the senatorial or public provinces; see above, From Octavian to Augutus: A New Order Established). When the disposition of the provinces is resumes, examined (as it stood on Augustus's death in AD 14), it shows that the imperial territories outnumber the public ones by a factor of almost two, and that all but one of the empire's twenty-five legions then in om naturen, service fell under the emperor's command. Further, the Cyrenaica decrees reveal the emperor making decisions about the internal operation of resumes this, a public province. Om Naturen? Such interference on resumes builder Augustus's part was legitimated by the improved imperium proconsulare granted him in the settlement of 23 BC and interview with, brings into question any notions of joint rule by senate and princeps (so-called dyarchy). Ultimately, all the provinces were Augustus's concern. [[48]] Overall, it is fair to say that the provinces, whether public or imperial, benefited enormously from Augustus's reign. Resumes? Not only had he brought them peace, he also brought them good government. Legates in imperial provinces were appointed by Augustus for periods of three years or more depending on local conditions, whereas proconsuls in the public provinces continued to rotate annually. The men varied in rank from senators (proconsuls, usually of scrapbook pads praetorian rank, in public provinces; legates of praetorian or consular rank in imperial ones) to equites (governing as prefects, as in Egypt and some of the smaller, unarmed provinces). Whatever their status, under the new order governors had no reason to builder, extort from their provinces the huge sums of money that Republican-era proconsuls and propraetors had used to bankroll their domestic political careers, since the success of essay those careers now depended less on victory at the polls and more on the emperor's favor.

Indeed, extortion in the provinces could be positively dangerous, as it raised suspicions about the nature of one's ultimate ambitions. These strictures applied no less in the public than in the imperial provinces, since all governors were now answerable to a single source of authority in resumes, a way they had not been under the Republic. This does not mean that rapacious governors entirely disappeared as a breed but that, for the most part--the disappointments of Gallus and Crassus aside--Augustus's gubernatorial appointments were sound. We hear of no major failings in the management of the provinces during his reign and certainly nothing on a par with the rapacious activities of the scrapbook, likes of Caesar or Sulla under the Republic. Augustus, by resumes builder, virtue of hec essays proconsular power, could also intervene directly in any provincial dispute, as he did famously in Cyrenaica. Hardly surprising, then, is the builder, fact that of all the emperors, Augustus's image is the essay on healthy for students, most commonly found in resumes, the provinces, even long after his death. The remarkable period of peace and prosperity ushered in by Augustus's reign is known not only as the Pax Romana but also as the Pax Augusta . Antithesis Synthesis Philosophy? [[49]] Augustus, as the protector and guardian of Roman tradition, also sought to inculcate a return to resumes builder, that tradition by means of legislation: by new laws passed at my instigation, I brought back those practices of our ancestors that were passing away in our age ( RG 8.5). Thus, for what is the essay writing company, instance, he passed laws limiting public displays of extravagance (so-called sumptuary legislation) in resumes builder, the manner of the for students, old Republican senate, and resumes, he attempted through marriage regulations to put a cap on divorces and punish childlessness and scrapbook, adultery among the elite.

He also reinforced the traditional social hierarchy, making sure that everyone knew their place in it. Minimum property qualifications for membership of the upper orders were reinforced, and status symbols for all the classes, especially the amorphous equestrians, clearly established. The convergence of this sort of legislation is illustrated by the series of laws pertaining to freed slaves, passed between 17 BC and AD 4. Resumes Builder? In the first place, the antithesis synthesis, numbers of slaves that could be informally manumitted or freed in wills was restricted in proportion to the total number of slaves owned. Builder? This is a piece of sumptuary regulation, limiting overly extravagant displays of wealth and generosity in public. Second, informally freed slaves were placed into scrapbook, a special class of quasi-citizenship termed Junian Latinity that was capable of being upgraded to full citizenship only after the Junians had proved themselves worthy; one way of achieving worthiness was to have children. Such regulations, then, encapsulated the Augustan attitudes toward public extravagance, maintenance of the social hierarchy, and marriage and reproduction. In his private life, Augustus fell short of his own ideals (witness the turmoil engendered in his family by resumes builder, adultery and infidelities of essay on healthy eating all sorts), but the thrust of his social legislation was less to regulate individuals' private behavior than to maintain the proper outward appearance of dignitas and decency that Augustus felt had been lost during the Late Republic. Resumes Builder? As such, it pertained to the ruling classes of the essay om naturen, state and hardly at all affected the commoner on the street. [[50]] Finally, there is the issue of the worship of builder Augustus. The imperial cult evolved gradually over many centuries, and it has been long recognized that ruler worship extended back well before Roman times in the eastern Mediterranean. In the East, then, the worship of philosophy Augustus as a god commenced not long after Actium.

Augustus, reticent in this regard, often rejected divine honors outright or insisted that his worship be coupled with that of Rome. He probably had an eye on Caesar's fate in so acting. The situation in the West, however, was more difficult. In Rome itself there could be no question of Augustus being worshipped as a living god, which would go against the grain of the builder, Principate. Essay Om Naturen? In any case, he was already the son of a god and the revered one (Augustus). A compromise solution appears to have been to have his will ( numen ) or essence ( genius ) recognized as divine. Resumes? In Italy and out in the western provinces Augustus did not actively block direct worship, and two major cult centers were established at Lugdunum in Gaul and Cologne on cheap scrapbook the Rhine with altars at each place to Rome and Augustus, maintained by officials drawn from the local elite. In communities all across the West, in fact, altars and temples to Rome and Augustus and to Augustus himself are attested, all staffed by locals. Such cult centers therefore acted not only to promote unity in the previously barbarous western provinces and to direct loyalties accordingly, but they also facilitated the assimilation of local populations into a Roman way of life. Builder? [[51]] The Augustan literary scene was also exceptionally vibrant. This is the era of some of Rome's most famous and influential writers, including Vergil, Horace, Ovid, Propertius, and Tibullus in poetry, and Livy in prose.

Vergil, in particular, crafted a new national epic for the Romans in the Aeneid , which quickly came to replace Ennius's Annales as the hec essays, poem every schoolchild learned by heart. This great flowering of literary activity was generated by the development of literary circles of patronage, which had been mostly in abeyance since the second century BC. The most famous literary, indeed artistic, patron of his day was C. Resumes? Maecenas, a close associate of Augustus from the very beginning but one who never played an active role in politics (in contrast to on healthy eating for students, Agrippa). Something of a bon vivant , he actively supported the careers of Vergil and Horace, for instance, until his death in 8 BC. Another circle formed around M. Resumes? Valerius Messalla Corvinus, who promoted the careers of Tibullus and Ovid. For the essay om naturen, historian the most intriguing question such literary circles prompt is the degree to which the resumes, political and cultural sentiments expressed by these writers were officially directed, and eating for students, so in builder, effect provided propaganda for the Augustan regime. When all the essay om naturen, evidence is weighed, there can be no question of a state-controlled literature (on the model of media in modern totalitarian states) but there may have been encouragement from the top to resumes builder, express the correct view coupled, no doubt, with genuine gratitude and relief on the part of the patrons and writers alike that Augustus had restored peace and stability to public affairs. In this way, Vergil's Eclogues and Georgics can reflect the hope Augustus brought for a restoration of peace to the Italian countryside, while the Republican sentiments of eating for students Livy's history could be so pronounced that Augustus jokingly termed him my Pompeian.

The point is resumes builder, that both authors flourished under the regime. [[53]] The inscription entitled The Achievements of the Divine Augustus ( Res Gestae Divi Augustae ; usually abbreviated RG ) remains a remarkable piece of evidence deriving from Augustus's reign. The fullest copy of it is the bilingual Greek and essay om naturen, Latin version carved into resumes builder, the walls of the Temple of Rome and Augustus at Ancyra in is the essay writing company, Galatia (for this reason the RG used to be commonly referred to resumes builder, as the Monumentum Ancyranum ). Other evidence, however, demonstrates that the original was inscribed on two bronze pillars that flanked the entrance to the Mausoleum of om naturen Augustus in Rome. The inscription remains the only first-person summary of any Roman emperor's political career and, as such, offers invaluable insights into the Augustan regime's public presentation of itself. [[55]] In looking back on the reign of Augustus and its legacy to the Roman world, its longevity ought not to builder, be overlooked as a key factor in its success. People had been born and reached middle age without knowing any form of government other than the hec essays, Principate. Had Augustus died earlier (in 23 BC, for instance), matters may have turned out very differently. The attrition of the builder, civil wars on the old Republican aristocracy and the longevity of Augustus, therefore, must be seen as major contributing factors in the transformation of the Roman state into a monarchy in these years. Augustus's own experience, his patience, his tact, and his great political acumen also played their part. All of these factors allowed him to put an end to om naturen, the chaos of the Late Republic and re-establish the Roman state on resumes builder a firm footing. He directed the future of the empire down many lasting paths, from the existence of a standing professional army stationed at hec essays, or near the frontiers, to the dynastic principle so often employed in resumes builder, the imperial succession, to essay, the embellishment of the capital at the emperor's expense.

Augustus's ultimate legacy, however, was the peace and prosperity the resumes builder, empire was to enjoy for the next two centuries under the system he initiated. His memory was enshrined in the political ethos of the Imperial age as a paradigm of the good emperor; although every emperor adopted his name, Caesar Augustus, only a handful earned genuine comparison with him. Benario, H.W., Octavian's Status in 32 BC, Chiron 5 (1975): 301-9. Birch, R.A., The Settlement of 26 June, AD 4 and its Aftermath, CQ 31 (1981): 443-56. Bleicken, J., Zwischen Republik und Prinzipat: Zum Charakter des Zweiten Triumvirats (Göttingen, 1990). ________. Augustus (Berlin, 1998). Bradley, K.R., Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire (Oxford, 1987). Braund, D., Augustus to a teacher essay, Nero: A Sourcebook on Roman History 31 BC - AD 68 (London, 1985). Carter, J. M., The Battle of Actium: The Rise and Triumph of Augustus Caesar (New York, 1970). Conlin, D.A., The Artists of the Ara Pacis (Chapel Hill, 1997).

Corbett, J.H., The Succession Policy of Augustus, Latomus 33 (1974): 87-97. Crook, J., Consilium Principis: Imperial Councils and builder, Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian (Cambridge, 1955). Demougin, S., L'Ordre equestre sous les Julio-Claudiens (Rome, 1988). Durry, M., Les Cohortes Prétoriennes (Paris, 1938). Eck, W., Die Verwaltung des römischen Reiches in der hohen Kaiserzeit , 2 volumes (Basel, 1995). W. Eck, The Age of paper pads Augustus (Oxford: Blackwell's, 2003) Eder, W., Augustus and the Power of Tradition: The Augustan Principate as Binding Link between Republic and resumes, Empire, in Raaflaub and interview with essay, Toher, 71-122. Fishwick, D., The Imperial Cult in the Latin West (Leiden, 1987). Galinsky, K., Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction (Princeton, 1996). Gowing, A.M. The Triumviral Narratives of Appian and Cassius Dio (Ann Arbor, 1992).

Gray, E.W., The Imperium of M. Agrippa, ZPE 6 (1970): 227-38. Gruen, E. S., The Imperial Policy of Augustus, in resumes builder, Raaflaub and Toher, 395-416 (expanded on in his entry in hec essays, CAH vol. Builder? 10) Gurval, R.A., Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War (Ann Arbor, 1995). Hadas, M., Sextus Pompey (New York, 1930; reprint, 1966). Issac, B., The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East , revised edition (Oxford, 1992). Jameson, S., Augustus and Agrippa Postumus, Historia 24 (1975): 287-314. Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik, eine Ausstellung im Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, 7. Juni-14. Pads? August 1988 . (Mainz, 1988) . Keppie, L., Colonisation and Veteran Settlement in Italy, 47-14 BC (London, 1983). ________. The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire , updated edition (Norman, 1998).

Kienast, D., Augustus: Prinzeps und Monarch (Darmstadt, 1982). ________. Römische Kaisertabelle , 2nd edition (Darmstadt, 1996). Kolb, F., Zur Statussymbolik im antiken Rom, Chiron 7 (1977): 239-59. Lacey, W.K., Augustus and the Principate: The Evolution of the resumes builder, System (Liverpool, 1996). Lanza, C., Auctoritas Principis (Milan, 1996). Levick, B., Drusus Caesar and the Adoptions of AD 4, Latomus 25 (1966): 227-44. ________. With? Abdication and Agrippa Postumus, Historia 21 (1972): 674-97. ________. Julians and Claudians, Greece and resumes, Rome 22 (1975): 29-38.

Lintott, A., Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration (London, 1993). Jones, A.H.M. Augustus (London, 1970) Magdelain, A., Auctoritas Principis (Paris, 1947). Mette-Dittman, A., Die Ehegesetze des Augustus: Eine Untersuchung im Rahmen der Gesellshaftspolitik des Prinzeps (Stuttgart, 1991). Millar, F., The Emperor, the Senate and the Roman Provinces, JRS 56 (1966): 156-66.

________. Essay On Healthy For Students? Triumvirate and Principate, JRS 63 (1973): 50-67. ________. The Emperor in the Roman World (London, 1977). ________. The Roman Empire and its Neighbours , 2nd edition (London, 1981). Millar, F. and E. Builder? Segal, Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects (Oxford, 1984).

Ostrow, S.E., The Augustales in the Augustan Scheme, in Raaflaub and Toher, 364-78. Pollini, J., Man or God: Divine Assimilation and Imitation in the Late Republic and Early Empire, in Raaflaub and Toher, 334-63. Prince, S.R.F., Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (Cambridge, 1984) Raaflaub, K., and L. J. Samons II, Opposition to on healthy for students, Augustus, in Raaflaub and Toher, 417-54. ________. and M. Builder? Toher (eds.), Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate (Berkeley, 1990). Ramage, E.S., The Nature and Purpose of Augustus's Res Gestae (Stuttgart, 1987). Rawson, E., Discrimina Ordinum: The Lex Julia Theatralis, PBSR 55 (1987): 83-114 (reprinted in her Roman Culture and Society: Collected Papers [Oxford, 1991], 508-45). Rich, J.W., Cassius Dio and the Augustan Settlement (Warminster, 1990). Reinhold, M., Marcus Agrippa: A Biography (Rome, 1965). Roddaz, J.-M., Marcus Agrippa (Rome, 1984).

Salmon, E.T., The Evolution of Augustus's Principate, Historia 5 (1956): 456-78. Schlüter, W. The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest: Archaeological Research at Kalkreise near Osnabrück, in J.D. Creighton and R.J.A. Wilson (eds), Roman Germany: Studies in om naturen, Cultural Interaction (Portsmouth, RI, 1999), 125-59. Shotter, D.C., Augustus Caesar (London, 1991) Simon, E., Augustus: Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende (Munich 1986). Southern, P., Augustus (London, 1998). Syme, R., The Roman Revolution , rev. ed. (Oxford, 1952). ________. History in Ovid (Oxford, 1978). ________.

The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford, 1986). Talbert, R.J.A., The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton, 1984). Taylor, L. R., The Divinity of the Roman Emperor (Middletown, 1931; reprint, New York, 1979). Von Premerstein, A. Vom Werden und Wesen des Prinzipate. (Munich, 1937). Ward-Perkins, J.B., Roman Imperial Architecture , 2nd edition (Hammondsworth, 1981). Weigel, R.D., Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir (London, 1992). Whittaker, C.R., Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and Economic Study (Baltimore, 1994). Williams, G., Did Maecenas 'Fall from Favor'?

Augustan Literary Patronage, in Raaflaub and resumes builder, Toher, 258-75. Zanker, P., The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor, 1988). NOTES (throughout the notes, items in the bibliography are referred to in abbreviated form) [[1]] The chief ancient sources for the life of Augustus (mostly available as Penguin Classics or in the Loeb Classical Library) are: Appian B. Civ . books 3-5; Dio, books 45-56; Cicero, Philippics and some letters; Nicolaus of philosophy Damascus, Augustus ; Plutarch, Mark Antony ; Suetonius, Augustus ; the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (see the edition by P.A. Brunt and J.M. Moore [Oxford, 1967]). Fragments of the biography of Augustus by Nicolaus of Damascus (fl. ca.

20 BC) are especially valuable, since this work is widely accepted as preserving elements of Augustus's lost De Vita Sua (covering the years down to 25 BC; Suet. Aug . 1-18 appears also to resumes builder, be based on this autobiography). The surviving text of Nicolaus, however, only treats Octavian's life down to the raising of his private legions in 44 BC (for editions with English translations and notes, see J. Bellemore, Nicolaus of Damascus: Life of Augustus [Bristol, 1984]; C.M. Hall, Nicolaus of Damascus: Life of Augustus [Baltimore, 1923]). There are also innumerable references to him in other ancient literary works and inscriptions, and large quantities of iconographic evidence (statues, busts, reliefs, gems, etc). The number of modern accounts is also formidable, with useful and concise introductions to hec essays, be found in Shotter, Augustus Caesar and Jones, Augustus . Builder? More thorough and specific treatments include Bleicken, Augustus ; Kienast, Augustus ; Millar and essay om naturen, Segal, Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects ; Raaflaub and resumes, Toher, Between Republic and Empire ; Southern, Augustus ; Syme, Roman Revolution ; id. Antithesis Synthesis Philosophy? History in Ovid . In the interests of conciseness, the notes emphasize the ancient evidence; most of the secondary studies just cited tackle the issues addressed in resumes builder, this article. [[2]] The fall of the Roman Republic has also generated vast quantities of essay om naturen bibliography; see, esp., P.A. Resumes Builder? Brunt, The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays (Oxford, 1988); M. Thesis Synthesis Philosophy? Crawford and M. Beard, Rome in resumes, the Late Republic (Ithaca, 1985); F. On Healthy? Millar, The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (Ann Arbor, 1998); E. Gruen, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic (Berkeley, 1974); Syme, Rom.

Rev . [[3]] The lack of popular enthusiasm for Caesar's naked autocracy is resumes, reflected in a famous incident during the interview with a teacher, Lupercalia (15 February) in 44 BC. Caesar had twice been offered a royal diadem in front of the builder, crowd. The crowd, we hear, reacted badly to this spectacle, remaining largely silent, despite the presence of a pro-Caesar claque in their midst. Synthesis Philosophy? Only when Caesar refused the crown did the crowd cheer wildly. Resumes Builder? See Dio 44.11-12; App. B. Civ . 2.109; Plut. Essay? Caes . 61-62.

Suet. Caes . Resumes Builder? 79.2 only alludes to the incident. [[4]] Ancient accounts of Augustus's birth and early life are seriously marred by hec essays, fantastical prophesies of future greatness, so that the historical reality is hard to weed out. He seems, however, to have lived a largely uneventful first nineteen years. See Dio 45.1-2; Suet. Aug . 1-8; Nic. Resumes Builder? Aug . 2-5; Tac. Dial . 28.5 Cicero's letters provide the only contemporary evidence for Augustus's early career, and thesis antithesis philosophy, are indispensable for builder, that, but provide little information on his early life. On Healthy Eating? A note on names: Augustus was born C. Octavius, became C. Julius Caesar Octavianus (usually abbreviated Octavian in modern sources) in 44 BC, and was renamed yet again as Imperator Augustus Caesar in 27 BC.

Following standard practice, I shall refer to him by his appropriate name in each period. [[5]] Association with Caesar: Nic. Aug . 7-12. Aftermath of murder: App. B. Builder? Civ . 3.9-11. Octavian seems to have arrived in antithesis synthesis, Italy in early April or late March: Cicero, in a letter from Astura dated 11 April, inquired of Atticus how it went ( Att . 14.5.3 = SB 359). Note that the influential Caesarian L. Munatius Plancus had taken note of the young Octavius prior to Caesar's murder, so the young man had not gone entirely unnoticed by the elite; see Cic. Fam . 10.24.5. [[6]] For ancient narratives of the events here described, see App.

B. Resumes? Civ . 3.11-98; Dio 45.5.1-46.52.4; Nic. Aug . 16-31; Suetonius ( Aug . 8.3-12) presents a conflated and rather confused account. Augustus's own summary of this phase of hec essays his career ( RG 1.1) is restricted to the simple and resumes, tendentious assertion he successfully championed the liberty of the republic when it was oppressed by the tyranny of a faction. [[7]] Technically, however, the adoption was not made official until October/November 43 BC. That is why, it seems, Cicero comments that, when he met Octavian at Puteoli on 22 April, 44 BC, his followers call him Caesar, but Philippus [Octavian's stepfather] does not, so neither do I ( Att . 14.12.2 = SB 366); the Liberator M. Junius Brutus also refers to Octavian as Octavius (Cic.

Ad Brut . 17.5-6, 25.1, 2, 7, 8, 11; dated June and July 43 BC). In contrast, L. Munatius Plancus, a Caesarian, calls Octavian Caesar in letters roughly contemporary with Brutus's (e.g., Cic. Fam . Thesis? 10.23.6, 10.24.4-8). The political importance of the name was beyond doubt to contemporaries. [[8]] Cicero first met Octavian in Naples on 19 April, 44 BC, one day after Octavian had arrived in the city ( Att . 14.10.3 = SB 364). A few days later, on 22 April, he had decided that Octavian's influence on events could not be good, since his supporters were threatening death to the Liberators ( Att . 14.12.2 = SB 366). [[9]] For his part, Cicero paid little attention to Octavius, at least initially: on 12 April, 44 BC he wrote to Atticus ( Att . 14.6.1 = SB 360), As for Octavius -- it's neither here not there. [[10]] Appian ( B. Builder? Civ . 3.14-21) puts windy speeches into both their mouths: Octavian asks for his inheritance, Antony refuses by claiming the money is tied up in litigation, largely spent already, or not yet counted. In contrast, Dio (45.5.3) merely comments that Antony insulted Octavian, despite the latter's deference and failure to demand his inheritance. Regardless of the details, in both accounts the meeting was not successful.

[[11]] Cicero, in letters to Atticus dated 11 and what is the best essay writing, 18 May, 44 BC ( Att . 14.20.5 = SB 374, 14.21.4 = SB 375, and 15.2.3 = SB 379), makes reference to Octavian addressing a contio in builder, Rome and preparing to give games (see Dio 45.6.4). Interview A Teacher Essay? C. Matius, an obscure but affluent Caesarian, saw to the games at Octavian's request (Cic. Fam . 11.28.6). [[12]] See App. B. Civ . 3.27, 30; Dio 45.9.3. [[13]] All of this took place in October and November 44 BC, as Cicero's letters make plain ( Att . 16.8.1-2 = SB 418; Fam . 12.23.2). See also App. B. Builder? Civ . 3.40-48; Dio 45.12. [[14]] Cicero, however, had been from the outset doubtful about synthesis, Octavian's nature and intentions; see Att . 14.12.2 = SB 366 (April 44 BC) and 16.9 = SB 419 (November 44 BC).

Needless to builder, say, it was also to the political benefit of the Liberators and their supporters (Cicero among them) to keep the Caesarian leadership quarrelling. [[15]] Cicero's speeches against Antony, called the Philippics , have survived. In Philippics 3-5 (dated 20 December, 44 BC - 1 January, 43 BC), Cicero secured Octavian's appointment as propraetor from the senate. See also Cic. Fam . 10.28.3 (dated 2 February, 43 BC) [[16]] App. B. Civ . 3.49-73; Cic. Fam . Antithesis Synthesis Philosophy? 11.8.2 (Cicero to Decimus Brutus, dated late January, 43 BC), 10.30.4 (letter from Ser. Sulpicius Galba serving with consuls at Mutina, dated 15 April, 43 BC), 10.33.3-4 (letter from builder C. Asinius Pollio, dated late May, 43 BC); Cic. Antithesis Synthesis Philosophy? Phil . 14; Dio 45.12-46.38. Cicero's quip, reported back to him by Decimus Brutus in a letter dated 24 May, 43 BC ( Fam . 11.20.1) was that the youth [Octavian] should be praised, decorated, immortalized (the Latin-- laudandum, ornandum, tollendum --is deliberately ambiguous: tollere can mean both raise up and destroy).

[[17]] App. B. Resumes? Civ . 3.74-95; Cic. With A Teacher Essay? Fam . 11.10.2, 11.13.1, 11.14.2 (correspondence to and from Decimus Brutus, dated May, 43 BC), 10.23.6 (letter from Plancus, dated 6 June, 43 BC). Octavian's election to the consulship took place on 19 August (as attested in the Feriale Cumanum , InscIt 13.2.278ff.), though his demand for the consulship appears to have begun in June (Cic. Resumes? Ad Brut . 18.3); Dio 46.39-49. On Cassius and Brutus in the East, see App. B. Hec Essays? Civ . 3.26, 63, 77-79, 96; Dio 47.20-36. [[18]] Overtures to Antony: App.

B. Civ . 3.80-81. Meeting and formation of the triumvirate: App. B. Civ . 3.96-4.3 (Appian places the meeting at builder, Mutina); Dio 46.54.3-55.5. Passage of the lex Titia : App. Essay? B. Civ . 4.7; Dio 47.2.2. The terminal date of the resumes builder, triumvirate is unequivocally established by the Fasti Colotiani . Interview With? On the legalities of the Second Triumvirate, see Bleicken, Zwischen Republik und Prinzipat ; see also Millar, Triumvirate. [[19]] See App. B. Civ . 4.8-9 (text of proclamation) and 4.10-51 (anecdotes of the proscribed); see also Dio 47.9-13. Resumes? Death of Cicero: App. B. Civ . 4.19; Dio 47.8.3-4; Plut. Cic.

46-49. Plutarch ( Cic . Scrapbook Paper? 49.5) preserves the moving anecdote of Augustus, years later, unexpectedly confronted by his compliance in Cicero's murder. Builder? When visiting one of hec essays his grandsons, the fearful child attempted to builder, conceal the book of Cicero he was reading. Augustus took the book, read it for some time, and gave it back to the boy saying, A learned man, my boy, learned and a true patriot. Scrapbook Pads? Dio (47.8.1), Pliny ( HN 7.147), Plutarch ( Ant . 21), Suetonius ( Aug . 27.1), and Velleius (2.66.1-3) unite in blaming the proscriptions mainly on Antony (and Lepidus), the former public enemies out for revenge; there has to be a suspicion of pro-Augustan retroactive finger-pointing here. (Perhaps the resumes, later tradition of Octavian's reluctance stems from apologia in hec essays, Augustus's own Memoirs , now lost.) The final count of the dead is given by Appian ( B. Civ . 4.5) as 300 senators and 2,000 Knights. Southern (57-59) joins Kienast (35) in arguing forcefully that the proscriptions were motivated by resumes builder, the mentality of the political purge, not financial need. [[20]] Africa: App. B. Civ . 4.53-56.

Campaign of Philippi: App. Eating? B. Civ . 4.86-139; Dio 47.37-49. Octavian's limited role in the fighting: Dio 47.41.1-4; Pliny HN 7.148. Re-alignment of the triumviral provinces: App. B. Civ . 5.3, 12; Dio 48.1.2-3. (Cisalpine Gaul now ceased to be a province and was finally integrated into Italia.) [[21]] On the depradations of the soldiers in Italy, see Dio 47.14.4-5. On this settlement, see Keppie, Colonisation , 58-69. On the methods and impact of veteran settlement, see ibid., 87-133. The eighteen towns: App. B. Civ . 4.3 (Appian says the towns were remarkable for resumes, their wealth and fine lands and houses).

It should be noted that where the territory of a designated veteran colony proved insufficient for the requirements of settlement, the territory of neighboring towns would be encroached upon, occasionally to hec essays, the point of total subsumption (e.g., Caudium, entirely absorbed by the settlement at Beneventum). Thus, many more than the builder, eighteen towns mentioned by Appian were affected by the settlement process. [[22]] On the Perusine War, see App. B. Civ . 5.14, 30-51; Dio 48.13-14 . Antony's complicity: App. B. Civ . 5.21-22; Dio 48.28. Execution of councilors: App.

B. Civ . 5.48; Dio 48.14.3. Acquisition of Gaul: App. Essay? B. Civ . 5.51, 53; Dio 48.20.1, 3. [[23]] Threatened war and Pact of builder Brundisium: App. B. Civ. 5.52-65; Dio 48.28-30. [[24]] Career of Sextus: App. B. Civ . 2.105, 122, 3.4, 4.25, 36-54 (passim), 83-85, bk. 5 (passim); Dio 47.36.4, 47.49.4, 48.16-20. Date of appointment of Sextus to the prefecture of the fleet: Cic. Phil . 13.13. Sextus's pact with Antony: App.

B. Civ . 5.56. Treaty of Misenum/Puteoli: App. B. Civ . 5.67-74 (Appian places the meeting at Puteoli); Dio 48.36-38. The scene at the latter was almost comical (as described by Appian): Antony and Octavian sat on a platform built over what is the best company the sea close to the land; Sextus had his own, more seaward platform with his ships behind. A narrow strip of water separated the builder, two platforms. Negotiations were then shouted across the sea until agreement was reached.

On Sextus Pompeius, see also Hadas, Sextus Pompey . In Syme's view ( Rom. Rev ., 221), the Peace of cheap scrapbook pads Puteoli enlarged the Triumvirate to include a fourth partner, which is something of an overstatement, given its evidently expedient nature. [[25]] Collapse of Misenum/Puteoli agreement and war: App. B. Builder? Civ . 5.77-92; Dio 48.45.4-49 . Cheap Paper? Treaty of Tarentum and renewal of triumvirate: App. B. Resumes Builder? Civ . 5.93-95; Dio 48.54.1-6. Hec Essays? The issue of the builder, duration of the second period of the triumvirate has proven difficult: was it renewed at Tarentum (September?, 37 BC) retroactively from 1 January, 37 BC (to end on 31 December, 33 BC) or did it run directly from September(?), 37 BC (to end sometime toward the end of 32 BC)? The more convincing case is on the side of the retroactive view: see the excellent summary in Benario, Octavian's Status.

See also Bleicken, Zwischen Republik und Prinzipat , 65-82; id., Augustus , 269-70; W. Essay Eating? Eder, Augustus and resumes, the Power of Tradition: The Augustan Principate as Binding Link Between Republic and Empire, in Raaflaub and Toher, 97-98; Jones, 31; Kienast, 55; Southern, 94. In all likelihood, Republican legalities played a lesser part in the considerations of the thesis, time than the observable reality of the triumvirate's dominance and, therefore, in the actual operation of its power; see below, n. 29. Resumes? On the growth of Octavian's party at this time, see Syme, Rom. Rev ., 227-42. [[26]] Final campaign against a teacher Sextus: App. B. Builder? Civ . 5.96-144; Dio 49.1-18. Lepidus: App. B. Civ . 5.123; Dio 49.11.2-12.4; see also Weigel, Lepidus . Lepidus's rash actions were, in Syme's words, sparked by essay for students, a strange delusion ( Rom. Builder? Rev ., 232). These events in Sicily were capped by unrest among the legions there, with the soldiers demanding rewards for service.

Octavian discharged 20,000 of them on the spot and is the essay writing company, promised the rest bounties after campaigns in Illyricum; see Appian and Dio locc. citt.; Keppie, Colonisation , 69-73. [[27]] One of the honors allegedly given to Octavian after Naulochus, late in 36 BC, was the tribunician power (App. B. Civ . Resumes Builder? 5.132). However, Augustus later reckoned his tribunician power from 23 BC, which settles the argument decisively: he did not get it in 36 BC. Dio is probably correct (49.15.6) in saying that he was given a tribune-like protection from insult or injury ( sacrosanctitas ). Refusal of the pontificate: App. B. Civ . 5.131; Dio 49.15.3; Suet. Aug . 31.1. Burning of the records: App. B. Civ . Om Naturen? 3.132.

[[28]] Antony's wars in the East: Dio 49.19-30; Plut. Ant . 37-52. Octavian in Illyricum: App. Builder? Ill . 12-28. Antony's behavior and the Donations of Alexandria (much of it no doubt drawn from pro-Augustus propaganda): Dio 49.41, Plut. Essay On Healthy Eating? Ant . 54.3-6 (Donations); Dio 50.4-5 (behavior). Cleopatra's ambitions: Dio 50.4.1, 5.4. Rising tensions: Plut. Ant . 54-55. Agrippa's aedileship and munificence instigated by resumes, Octavian: Dio 49.43.1-4; Pliny HN 36.121; Roddaz, 145-57 (aedileship); Suet. Aug . 29.4-5; Vell.

Pat. 2.89.4 (munificence). [[29]] On the date of the essay on healthy for students, expiration of the triumviral powers, see above n. 25. It is my opinion that many modern scholars, wedded to contemporary paradigms of legally-sanctioned government, have overstated the importance of builder legalities in establishing the powers of Roman Republican officials; precedent, ritual, and appearance were just as important, if not more so. Certainly traditional procedures and practices were used during the Republic to legitimate magisterial authority, but many of thesis antithesis synthesis these niceties had fallen by the wayside in the years since Pompey and Caesar. Time and again in the period after Sulla extraordinary powers and privileges had been voted to generals in recognition of their de facto supremacy.

So too now, with Octavian. Technically, his triumviral powers had lapsed. No one, however, not even the Antonian consuls for 32 BC, C. Sosius and builder, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, were going to is the writing, point that out publicly; although the content of Sosius's anti-Octavian speech of 1 January, 32 BC has not survived, that he focused on the expiration of the triumviral powers is unlikely, since the lapse applied to Antony as well. The reality of Octavian's pre-eminence in builder, the West overshadowed the hec essays, strict legalities of his position.

On ritual, ceremony, and appearance in Republican magistracy, see D.J. Gargola, Lands, Laws and Gods: Magistrates and Ceremony in the Regulation of Public Lands in Republican Rome (Chapel Hill, 1995), esp. 16-24; R. Stewart, Public Office in Early Rome: Ritual Procedure and Political Practice (Ann Arbor, 1998). The 1 January meeting of the senate and aftermath: Dio 50.2.3-7. Reading Antony's will: Dio 50.3.1-4.1, Plut. Ant . 58.3-4.

Oath: RG 25.2; Dio 50.6.3-4 (where the oath is unmentioned but implicit); Suet. Aug . Resumes Builder? 17.2. Augustus himself ( RG , loc. cit.) states that the oath was voluntary ( sponte sua ), but it may not have been (see Dio and Suetonius, locc. citt.). Syme ( Rom. Rev ., 284) was convinced the oath came before the denunciation of Antony in the senate and the declaration of war and, in a rousing phrase, believed the oath riveted the shackles of thesis antithesis philosophy [Italy's] servitude. [[30]] Campaign at Actium: Dio 50.10-35; Plut. Ant . 61-68.3; Vell. Pat. 2.84-85; Carter, Battle of Actium . The forces on builder each side were monumental: about 30 legions apiece, and Antony had 500 warships to Octavian's 250 (Plut. Ant . 61). For the essay eating, later reception of the resumes, Actian campaign, see Gurval, Actium and Augustus . [[31]] Aftermath of Actium: Dio 51.1-17; Plut.

Ant . Essay? 68.4-86. Date of the fall of Alexandria: Fasti Praenestini and Amiterini ( InscrIt . Resumes? 13.2.107 and 13.2.185). Cleopatra, according to Plutarch ( Ant . 78-86.3), was taken alive by Octavian, who planned to display her at his triumph. But she had an asp smuggled into interview with a teacher, a banquet she was holding, hidden among a plate of builder figs. (The asp bit her on the arm, not the breast, according to Plutarch [ Ant . 86.1-3] and Dio [51.14.1-2].) The revolt or plot of Lepidus is a shadowy affair: Vell. Pat. 2.88; Dio 54.15.4; Suet.

Aug . 19.1. [[32]] Settling affairs in the East: Dio 51.18. Veteran settlements: Keppie, Colonisation , 73-82. Wealth of Egypt used for settlements: Dio 51.17.6-8. Three triumphs: Dio 51.21.6-9. By universal consent I was in complete control of affairs: RG 34.1. On 11 January, 29 BC the doors of the Temple of Janus in Rome were closed, symbolizing that the entire Roman world was at on healthy, peace (though Dio is quick to point out the various wars still in resumes, progress in diverse locales): it had only happened twice before in all of Roman history (Dio 51.20.4-5). Such a symbolic gesture must have had a powerful effect on those who witnessed or heard about it and reinforced the essay on healthy, notion of Octavian as the resumes, bringer of peace. Honors: Dio 51.19-21. [[33]] None of this is meant to om naturen, suggest that the system later called the Principate was, in its entirety, planned out and effected according to builder, a pre-ordained blueprint, but rather that Octavian, in the run up to the First Settlement, must have given careful thought to his position and acted accordingly.

That attitude, in fact, had marked his behavior from the very outset of interview his career and resumes builder, was encapsulated in his favorite aphorisms, Rush slowly ( festina lente ) and Whatever is done well enough is done quickly enough ( sat celeriter fieri quidquid fiat satis bene ; see, for both, Suet. Aug . 25.4). These are the what is the best, mottoes of a patient and careful planner. Nevertheless, that the Principate emerged piecemeal over almost three decades was demonstrated long ago by E.T. Salmon in his seminal article, The Evolution of Augustus's Principate; see also Lacey, Augustus and the Principate . Need for builder, a rector : Cic. Rep . Cheap? 2.51; 5.5, 6; 6.13. As consul in 28 BC, Octavian had annulled all the builder, illegal acts of the triumvirate, effectively wiping the slate clean in that department (Dio 53.2.6); his behavior in this year, with Agrippa as his colleague, was generally traditional, generous, and essay eating for students, exemplary (Dio 53.1-2).

A new beginning was being heralded, support for it organized, and resumes builder, its nature indicated: later, Augustus himself considered the events of 28 and 27 BC as part of a single process of transferring the republic from my power to hec essays, the dominion of the senate and people of Rome ( RG 34.1). [[34]] First Settlement: Dio 53.3-17.1; RG 34.1-2; Suet. Aug . 28.1; Vell. 2.89. Settlement staged: Dio 53.2.7. Division of provinces: Dio 53.12; see also Millar, The Emperor, the Senate and the Roman Provinces. Debate over legal status of Octavian: Southern, 111-13. Imperium proconsulare is more likely to have been granted for resumes builder, ten years than imperium consulare , which Octavian already held by virtue of his consulship: or was it expected he would be consul every year for the following ten years? On the settlement, see, e.g., Bleicken, 315-42; Rich, Cassius Dio ; Southern, 111-17; Syme, Rom. Philosophy? Rev . Resumes Builder? 313-30.

[[35]] Travels of Augustus: Dio 53.22.5. Illness and antithesis synthesis philosophy, recovery: Dio 53.30.3; Hor. Epist . 1.15; Pliny HN 25.77; Suet. Aug. 81.1. Conspiracy: Dio 54.3.2-3 (who dates the event to 22 BC, so breaking the direct link between it and builder, the Settlement of 23); Vell. Pat. 2.91.2; the details are perceptively discussed by Raaflaub and Samons, Opposition to Augustus, 425-27; see also Rich, Dio Cassius , 168-69. Second Settlement: Dio 53.32; RG 10.1; Suet. Aug . 28.1. For the Cyrenaica decrees, see below n. 48.

[[36]] Refusal of dictatorship et al.: Dio 54.1.3-4; RG 5.1-2; Vell. Pat. 2.89.5; Suet. Aug . 52. Scrapbook? Cura annonae : Dio 54.1.3. Ius primae relationis : Dio 54.3.3. Privileges of 19 BC: Dio 54.10.3-7; RG 6.1; Suet. Aug . 27.5.

Father of the Country: Dio 55.10.10; RG 35.1; Suet. Resumes Builder? Aug . Essay? 58. Priesthoods: RG 7.3. Auctoritas : RG 34.3; see also Cic. Resumes? Off . 2.2; Magdelain, Auctoritas Principis ; Lanza, Auctoritas Principis ; a useful overview is now Galinsky, 10-41. Dio (55.34.2) reports that in AD 8, when he had become too infirm to attend elections in person, Augustus would post the names of the candidates for office he favored; it's hard to imagine such candidates failing.

Galinsky (42-79) surveys the establishment of the interview with, Principate with emphasis on builder the terminology of power Augustus uses to describe it. [[37]] Continuity of Principate: Suet. Aug . Synthesis? 28.1-2. [[38]] Before marrying Livia Drusilla in 39 BC, he had been married to Clodia, stepdaughter of Antonius ( PIR 2 C 1057), from 43-41 BC; and then to resumes, Scribonia ( PIR S 220), from 40-39 BC. Appearance at triumph: Suet. Tib . Hec Essays? 6.4. Marriage: Dio 53.27.5. Aedile/legal age: Dio 53.28.3. Successor in power: Vell. Pat. 2.93.1.

Deathbed scene: Dio 53.30.1-2; Suet. Aug . 28.1. Resumes? Death and burial of Marcellus: Dio 53.30.4. Livia 's rumored hand in his demise (Dio 53.33.4.) is entirely unproven; that summer in Rome was considered particularly unhealthy and death by illness was widespread (Dio loc. cit.). Marcellus was not adopted by Augustus: the RG (21.1) refers to om naturen, him as my son-in-law as does Marcellus's epitaph (Braund, 27). [[39]] Octavius in Caesar's triumph: see n. 5. Builder? Octavius granted right of om naturen standing early: App. B. Civ . 3.51. [[40]] Agrippa goes East: Dio 53.31.2-4; Pliny HN 7.149; Tac. Ann . 14.53.3; Suet. Aug . 66.3, Tib . Resumes Builder? 10.3.

Agrippa's power in hec essays, the east: Gray, Imperium of M. Agrippa. Resumes Builder? Maecenas's quip: Dio, 54.6.5. Marriage: Dio 54.6.5; Suet. Aug . 63.1. Agrippa's powers: Dio 54.12.4-5 (18 BC), 54.28.1 (13 BC). [[41]] Coins: RIC nos.

407, 408, 414. Gaius and Lucius Caesar: Dio 54.18.1, Tac. Ann . 1.3. Tiberius and Drusus' advancement: see DIR's Tiberius . As to the Regency or paired-succession propositions (for which, see, respectively, R. Seager, Tiberius [London, 1972], 18-22, 24-26, 29-38, recently restated in essay writing, Southern, 162, 168; and B. Levick, Tiberius the builder, Politician (London, 1976), 19-67; ead., Drusus Caesar), what ensured that Agrippa the regent would step down when required to do so? What mechanisms realistically existed for depriving an incumbent regent or princeps of his powers? Indeed, if Agrippa did not step down but died in office, what makes him a regent and not an emperor? The paired accession idea is no more convincing, since Augustus was under no illusions as to the extreme inadvisability, if not impossibility, of attempting to share supreme power (see Suet. Hec Essays? Aug . 28.1): his own career as triumvir was illustration enough of that. As it was, joint accessions were not seriously entertained until the second century and resumes builder, beyond, when the Principate was well established, and most were unsuccessful.

That Augustus was blind to the danger of presenting two equally qualified and favored candidates to essay, the armed forces is all but inconceivable. [[42]] Death of Agrippa: Dio 54.28.2-3, 29. Marriage of resumes builder Tiberius and Julia: Dio 54.31.2. Cheap Paper Pads? For more detailed discussion of these events with reference to the ancient material involved, see the DIR's Tiberius , C. and L. Resumes? Caesar, Germanicus , Agrippa Postumus. See also, Birch, Settlement; Levick, Drusus Caesar; Seager, Tiberius , 35-38. Germanicus, the son of is the essay writing company Tiberius' brother Drusus, was himself a Claudian but his marriage to Agrippina (Augustus's granddaughter) offered hope of a Julian heir in the fourth generation. [[43]] Fall of Julia the Elder: Dio 55.10.12-16; Suet. Aug . Resumes? 65.1, Tib . 11.4; Tac. Ann . 1.53.1; Vell. Pat. 2.100.2-5.

For the political scheming view, see Levick, Julians and eating, Claudians. Builder? Fall of Agrippa Postumus: Dio 55.32.1-2; Suet. Aug . Essay On Healthy Eating For Students? 65.1, 65.4; Levick, Abdication; Jameson, Augustus and resumes builder, Agrippa Postumus. Fall of Julia the Younger: Suet. Aug . 19.1, 65.1. [[44]] For a concise account of the Roman army under Augustus, see Keppie, Making of the Roman Army , 145-71; also Bleicken, 541-63, Jones, 110-16.

On the with essay, praetorians, see Durry, Cohortes Prétoriennes , esp. 65-89. [[45]] On Augustus's campaigns, see RG 26-27; Keppie, loc. Builder? cit. in n. 44. Essay Om Naturen? On the Varan disaster, see Schlüter, The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. For an overview of Augustus's foreign policy, see Gruen, Imperial Policy. Builder? On the bigger question of frontiers and imperial growth, see Isaac, Limits of Empire , esp. 372-418; Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman Empire , esp. 10-98 (who includes discussion of ancient concepts of space and cartography).

On the reactive nature of ancient government, see Millar, Roman Empire and cheap scrapbook paper, its Neighbours , esp. 52-80. For the stations of the resumes builder, legions on Augustus's death, see n. 48. [[46]] On the scrapbook pads, Crassus affair, see Dio 52.23.2-27.3; Livy 4.19-20 (the previous awards of spolia opima were to A. Cornelius Cossus in the late fifth century BC and M. Claudius Marcellus in 222 BC). On Gallus, see Dio 53.23.5-24.1. The inscription ( ILS 8995) is worth quoting: C. Cornelius Gallus, son of Cnaeus, Roman knight, appointed the resumes builder, first Prefect of hec essays Alexandria and of Egypt after its kings had been defeated by Caesar, son of a god; he [Gallus] was twice victor in builder, pitched battles during the Theban revolt, within 15 days, in which he defeated the enemy; he took by assault five cities (Boresos, Coptus, Ceramice, Diospolis Magna, and Opheium) and captured the cheap scrapbook paper pads, leaders of their revolts; he led an army beyond the cataphract of the Nile, into which region arms had not previously been borne either by the Roman people or by the kings of resumes Egypt; he took Thebes, the shared fear of all the interview a teacher, kings (of Egypt); he received ambassadors of the Ethiopian king at Philae and received that king into his protection; he appointed a ruler over the Ethiopian region of Triacontaschoenus. He [Gallus] gave and dedicated this monument to the ancestral gods and the Nile, his helper. Builder? A useful overview of both incidents is provided by what is the writing, Southern (115-17). Augustus arrogated for himself victories won by builder, his generals: the successes of Tiberius and Drusus on the Rhine and Danube in 12 and 11 BC caused him to add two imperatorial acclamations to his titles; Tiberius and what essay, Drusus got none (Dio 54.33.5). Agrippa refusing triumphs: Dio 53.23.4 (general modesty of Agrippa), 54.11.6 (over the Cantabri), 54.24.7 (over the Bosporus). [[47]] For a useful overview of this subject, see Lintott, Imperium Romanum , 111-28.

On the consilium , instituted between 27 and 18 BC, see Dio 53.21.3-5 (quote at 53.21.6); Suet. Aug . 35.4; Crook, Consilium Principis . On the resumes builder, role of the imperial senate, see Talbert, Senate of Imperial Rome , esp. Part Three: Functions. On suffect consuls, see ibid., 202-7. Newly-created positions: Suet.

Aug . Om Naturen? 37. On the equestrians, see Demougin, Ordre Equestre . The rosy picture of imperial rule painted by Velleius Paterculus (of equestrian status) reflects, perhaps, not only Velleius's sycophantic personality but also a genuine sense of gratitude toward the imperial regime on resumes builder the part of his class as a whole. Note also Syme, Augustan Aristocracy . [[48]] Cyrenaica decrees: SEG 9 (1944) 8 = FIRA 1.68. The disposition of the empire's territories on Augustus's death was as follows: Territory Status Type of thesis antithesis synthesis philosophy Governor Legions.

Baetica Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Lusitania Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-praetor) - Tarrocensis Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 3. Narbonensis Public (23 BC) proconsul (ex-praetor) - Aquitania Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-praetor) - Belgica Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-praetor) - Lugdunensis Imperial legat.

Aug. (ex-praetor) - Germany (after AD 9, the area west of the Rhine) Military zone n/a 2 legat. Aug. Resumes Builder? (ex-consuls) 8 (4 and eating, 4) (Upper and Lower) Cottian Imperial equest. pref. - Maritime Imperial equest. pref. Builder? - Upper Danube region. Raetia Imperial equest. Eating? pref. - Noricum Imperial equest. pref. - Lower Danube region/northern Balkans. Illyricum Imperial (11 BC) legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 2. Pannonia Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 3. Moesia Imperial legat. Resumes Builder? Aug. (ex-consul) 2.

Macedonia Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Achaea Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Thrace Client kingdom - - Asia Public proconsul (ex-consul) - Bythinia-Pontus Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Galatia Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-praetor) - Lycia Free federation - - Pontus Client kingdom - - Cappadocia Client kingdom - - Several client principalities - - Syria Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 4. Judaea Imperial equest. pref. - Several client principalities - - Egypt Imperial equest. pref. 2. Cyrenaeca Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Africa Public proconsul (ex-consul) 1. Mauretania Client Kingdom - - Sicily Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Sardinia Imperial (AD 6) equest. Hec Essays? pref pro legato - Corsica Imperial (AD 6) equest. pref pro legato - Cyprus Public (23 BC) proconsul (ex-praetor) - Crete was part of Cyrenaeca. [[49]] For a concise overview of builder Augustus's arrangement and administration of the provinces, see Jones, 94-109. See also Bleicken, 391-438; Eck, Verwaltung , 1.83-158. In the regions of Augustus's military activity, of course, matters were not so pleasant; see Dio 56.16.3 on the comment of Bato, leader of the interview essay, Pannonian revolt of AD 6-9, that the resumes, Romans were responsible for the war, since you send as guardians of your flocks not dogs or shepherds, but wolves. Sulla in the East: Plut.

Sulla 12.3-9 (pilfering of Greece), 22.5 (indemnity from for students Mithridates), 25.2 (vast fine extorted from Asian communities). Caesar in resumes builder, Spain and Gaul: Plut. Caes . 12.4 (Spain), 29.3-4. On Augustus's image, see Zanker's seminal work, The Power of Images . [[50]] There remains to essay, be written a comprehensive account of Augustus's legislation and social programmes; most of the standard biographies contain pertinent chapters or sections of chapters (e.g., Jones, 131-43; Southern, 146-52). On the marriage laws, see Mette-Dittman, Ehegesetze . On the status symbols of the resumes builder, equestrians, see Kolb, Status-symbolik. A good example of his stiffening of the social hierarchy was the regulation of seating arrangements at spectacles by social class, enforced empire-wide: see Suet. Aug . 44.1; Rawson, Discrimina Ordinum. With A Teacher Essay? Legislation on resumes manumission and freedmen: Bradley, Slaves and Masters , 84-95.

Augustus's private foibles: Suet. Aug . 68-71. [[51]] On the imperial cult, see the still classic study of Taylor, Divinity . For regional studies, see Fishwick, Imperial Cult (on the West) and Price, Rituals and Power (on the East). On the growth of the cult in Augustus's lifetime, see Galinsky, 312-31; Ostrow, Augustales ; Pollini, Man or God. On the contemporary worship of Augustus's numen , see, e.g., Hor. Epist . 2.1.15; Ovid Trist . 3.8.13.

[[52]] Quote: Dio 56.30.3; Suet. Aug . 28.3. Building projects: RG 19-21, 24. Augustus's building activity and his encouragement of others to interview essay, munificence: Suet. Aug . 28.2-29.5; Vell. Pat. 2.89.4.

A succinct survey of the Augustan building programme in Rome remains Ward-Perkins, Roman Imperial Architecture , 21-44. On the much-studied Ara Pacis, see RG 12.2; Dio 54.25.1-4; recent analyses include Conlin, Artists of the Ara Pacis ; Galinsky, 141-55. For a survey of the varied artistic achievements of the period, see Galinsky, 141-224; Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik . [[53]] On the literature of the period, consult any standard history of Latin literature (e.g., the Cambridge History of Classical Literature , vol. 2, ed. Resumes? E.J. Kenney, [1982]); for a concise overview, see Galinsky, 225-87.

On Maecenas, see Williams, Did Maecenas 'Fall from Favor'? (note also the individual chapters in Raaflaub and Toher treating Livy, Vergil, Horace, and Ovid). A Teacher Essay? For the definitive presentation of the state-controlled model of Augustan literature, see Syme, Rom. Rev ., 459-75. For more moderated views, see., e.g., Galinsky, passim (esp. 229-34). My Pompeian: Tac. Ann . 4.34.4 (the anecdote, ironically, appears in the context of the trial of resumes a later historian, A. Cremutius Cordus, charged with maiestas under Tiberius in AD 25 for praising Brutus and Cassius in what is the best, his history).

[[54]] Withdrawal: Dio 55.33.5, 55.34.2, 56.26.2-3, 56.28.1-2; see also Southern, 181-90. Tiberius's position: Suet. Tib . 21.1; Vell. Pat. Resumes? 2.121.1. Livia 's alleged involvement: Dio 56.30. Death and burial: Dio 56.29-42; Suet. Aug . 98-101. Will: Dio 56.32; Suet. Aug . 101.4.

[[55]] Original position of the RG : RG pr.; Suet. Aug . What Is The? 101.4. ). For a recent analysis, see Ramage, Nature and resumes builder, Purpose . Copyright 1999, Garrett G. Fagan. This file may be copied on the condition that the entire contents, including the essay om naturen, header and this copyright notice, remain intact. Updated: 5 July 2004. For more detailed geographical information, please use the DIR / ORB Antique and Medieval Atlas below.

Click on the appropriate part of the map below to access large area maps.

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