Research paper on sleep

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markedbyteachers - Contains complete teaching module. - Contains structured classroom activities. - Digital data or images. - Some items must be purchased. A table listing birds of North America that is sorted taxonomically (by order, family, and genus). This 8-minute podcast provides a nice introduction to the concepts of invasive and endangered species. A series of lessons targeted to high school students that introduces the topic of ecotoxicology and guides students through the scientific process of gathering raw data and drawing conclusions about the impact of contaminants on wildlife. The National Phenology Network (sponsored by the USGS) is looking for volunteers to help monitor plant and animal species found across the United States.

Learn how to paper monitor plant and animal phenology and sign up to contribute new observations to om naturen the national phenology database. Make this a classroom project! The USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center has been breeding whooping cranes for release to research paper the wild since 1967. Organization Descriptive? This site has extensive information and Frequently Asked Questions about whooping cranes plus videos and paper on sleep a list of recent articles. Be sure to click on the site map to diwas essay see fascinating photos and information about raising individual chicks. An additional 16-minute video discusses health, exercise, diet, and training of these birds that were once on on sleep, the brink of extinction. Explore the world of the Mojave desert tortoise in a 30-minute film.

Learn about desert tortoises, their habitat needs, and what you can do to help them. This twelve minute video follows walruses in their summer sea ice habitat and shows how USGS biologists use satellite radio tags to track their movements and om naturen behavior. NAAMP is a collaborative effort that uses volunteers to paper on sleep monitor populations of vocal amphibians. Philosophique? Participants who meet minimum standards are assigned roadside routes where data is collected after dark. This program is currently only active in states in the central and eastern U.S. As amphibian populations decline, reports of research paper malformed frogs, toads, and salamanders are increasing. Learn about amphibians as environmental bellwethers and Congressionally-mandated USGS efforts in support of amphibian research and conservation. Links to gantantra diwas essay taxonomy lists, copyright-free photos, and a national amphibian atlas. A partnership that brings together citizen scientists, government agencies, non-profit groups, educators, and paper on sleep students of all ages to monitor the impacts of climate change on plants and animals in the United States. The Web site provides training and resource materials plus opportunities to contribute as an gantantra individual or group. A brief description of the El Niño phenomenon and graphics showing the differences between El Niño ocean conditions, normal ocean conditions, and La Niña ocean conditions.

A publication written for the general public, it describes how deserts form, types of deserts, and landscape features typically associated with deserts. Learn about desertification as an indicator of climate change. A fact sheet describing gases released by paper on sleep volcanoes. Volcanic gases contribute to philosophique the ongoing evolution of the atmosphere. Online videotaped lectures given at USGS science centers that are related to climate change.

Each lecture is 60-90 minutes long (including question/answer period). Research On Sleep? Most are suitable for high school audiences. The USGS Repeat Photography Project for Glacier National Park pairs historic images of glaciers with striking contemporary photos to descriptive essay give global warming a face and make climate change a relevant issue. Students observe and contrast thermal properties of three major greenhouse changes over time for dry air, water saturated air, carbon dioxide, and methane. Louisiana's Lake Pontchartrain Basin is home to 1.5 million people and an estuary ecosystem with enormous biodiversity. Activities in the educator's guide help students in grades 5-12 gain an understanding and appreciation of the Basin and teaches them the skills to identify environmental concerns, make changes, and solve problems. Students look at interactions between people and the environment in three regions of the United States: Cape Cod, Los Angeles, and the Everglades. Research Paper On Sleep? Targeted to grades 7-12.

Look at plots of data collected from the water of San Francisco Bay, then generate your own plots using real data. How does a change in light penetration compare to essay 1 water temperature? Does a change in salinity correspond with a change in chlorophyll? Browse samples of USGS maps that are popular with educators. Order paper copies through this site. Where available, links are provided to pdf versions that can be freely downloaded. (Navigate to research paper on sleep this site on your own by going to the USGS Store and clicking on Education Products)

Download hundreds of reference maps for individual states and for clara barton thesis all of the United States. These are specifically designed to print on 8.5x11 paper for classroom use. Research On Sleep? Includes unlabeled outline maps of the U.S. Formerly available on the National Atlas website. An overall summary of useful USGS resources for working with topographic maps: where to get them; how to interpret them; how to use them; explanations of coordinates, datums, and projections; and lessons for the classroom. Exploring Maps is an interdisciplinary set of materials on mapping for grades 7-12. Students will learn basic mapmaking and map-reading skills and will see how maps can answer fundamental geographic questions.

The map images and clara barton thesis activities in this packet can be used in various courses, including geography, history, math, art, English, and the sciences. An inexpensive and paper easy way to create a three-dimensional model using topographic map contours. Every map projection has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Learn about the essay eighteen most common map projections and how their properties and uses compare. Research Paper On Sleep? A popular poster version of this information is available for essay free through the paper USGS Store (product number 16573).

Contains 27 ideas for teaching with the technique approximately 57,000 topographic maps that the USGS offers. Sample questions to use with USGS topographic and thematic maps as starting points to uncover mysteries about the cultural and research paper on sleep physical geography of the Earth. Visit a corn maze and use these activities to om naturen learn about maps and geography. A brief description of how to navigate using a compass and topographic maps. Learn to navigate using a topographic map and research paper a compass. Topographic maps can be used to study a wide range of physical features in the United States. This helps students learn about the geologic evolution of the Nation's natural landscapes and shows how topographic maps reveal more about the land surface than just its shape and elevation.

Roam your cursor across maps and images on philosophique sur la, this online viewer to learn about selected features of the American landscape. An explanation of topographic maps and map symbols. Click on Map Locator Downloader to download free USGS topographic map quadrangles in georeferenced PDF (GeoPDF) format. Paper copies (a cost product) can be ordered at the same location. December, 2009 marked the 125th anniversary of the USGS Topographic Mapping Program. Do you teach about maps, or do you use them in research paper on sleep the classroom? The USGS has a new map series called the essay US Topo. Modeled on the old topographic series, these maps are derived from digital data that allow the entire contiguous U.S. to be remapped every three years. Download free digital US Topo maps through the Map Locator. Download PDF files of traditional topographic maps at the same site. GNIS contains information for almost 2 million physical and cultural geographic features in the United States and its territories.

Query the database to find individual features and their corresponding coordinates. Paper On Sleep? Search results include links to online air photos and philosophique technique topographic maps containing the on sleep feature. Tables of information covering elevations of features and distances between points in clara barton thesis the United States . Also locates the geographic center of each state. Enter the longitude and on sleep latitude of points to plot on essay, a simple map. Download a postscript version of the resulting map.

Enhance students' learning of geography, map reading, earth science, and paper on sleep problem solving through landscape changes recorded by satellites in space. USGS is a partner in AmericaView, which has lesson plans and other education resources for working with satellite imagery. Mostly targeted to grades 6-12. A special collection of satellite images that record beautiful sights, events of historic significance, and uc personal 1 scenes that stir the imagination. Includes the 'Earth as Art' collection. All images can be downloaded for free as high-resolution JPEG files. Most USGS satellite images are now available for free download. Download an entire scene containing all bands and metadata in research paper on sleep a single zipped file. Access the data through EarthExplorer or the more user-friendly GloVis Viewer. Currently only works in Internet Explorer . A mesmerizing, near-real time viewer that displays data received from the Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 satellites as they pass over the United States. Before-and-after satellite images of environmental change events.

The image sets include detailed descriptions of what occurred, a list of references, and a question/answer. Download and print a spectacular free image of your state created by combining satellite imagery with the National Elevation Dataset. A quick and easy way to find and order printed USGS products: paper maps, books, and other publications. Also use this site to download free 1:24K, 1:100K and 1:250K topographic maps for anywhere in the U.S. in GeoPDF format, and to browse educational products. Teacher discounts are available for some purchases. Free downloads of digital USGS data including satellite imagery, digital aerial photos, and cartographic products. Some high-resolution scans of thesis air photography must still be purchased.

Locate products by name, coordinates, or define on a map. The most user-friendly method for browsing and ordering Landsat, Terra ASTER, MODIS, and EO-1 satellite images and NAPP photography. Allows convenient preview of images and scene mosaics. All USGS satellite imagery is available through this Web site. Describes the historical and on-going changes in land use and land cover for several regions around the U.S. The section on research, Land Use Changes in the Southwestern U.S. Sur La? A section for teachers is under construction. Describes a project that analyzes land use change in urban environments in order to provide a historical perspective of land use change and an assessment of the spatial patterns, rates, correlation, trends, and research paper on sleep impacts of that change. Includes links to computer animations of urban growth in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Baltimore-Washington Area. An on-line publication that illustrates the spatial history of urban growth in dissertation philosophique sixteen areas around the on sleep U.S. and the corresponding land use change.

Images can be downloaded as GIF files. Four-page USGS Fact Sheet describing and illustrating the need for urban growth studies. Earthshots is an e-book of organization descriptive before-and-after Landsat images (1972-present), showing recent environmental events and paper introducing the concept of remote sensing. Some changes are due to natural causes and some are due to human causes. Each set of images includes a detailed description, photographs and maps, a list of om naturen references, and a question/answer. On Sleep? Images are best used on-line. Click on dissertation philosophique technique, Education Products then Culture and History to browse maps related to the exploration, history, and cultural resources of the United States. Most of these maps can be purchased in paper format. Map titles include: Indian Land Areas Judicially Established Indian Land Areas Indian Lands in the United States Early Indian Tribes, Culture Areas, and Linguistic Stocks Lewis and Clark: A Legacy of research Science Routes of the Principal Explorers 1857 Map of the USA An Emerging Nation (first map of the United States, made in diwas essay 1784) Electing the President (political map for 2000) Public Land Surveys Map (1776 through 1965) Outline Map of the United States. Maps showing Federal lands and Indian Reservations for the entire U.S. or individual states. Maps print on 8.5x11 paper.

The USGS uses ground-based observatories to provide continuous records of the Earth's magnetic field variations. This simplified description uses images and a time-laps animation to explain phenomena created by the magnetic field that can be easily monitored and studied. A sixteen-page comic book about the Earth's magnetic field. Travel down through the interior of the earth then back up into the ionosphere to learn how the magnetic field works. Browse maps and images of on sleep planets and organization of a moons,

Learn how an asteroid impact may have contributed to a mass extinction and on sleep led to clara thesis the formation of Chesapeake Bay. Easy access to NASA spacecraft images of moons and planets. This Dynamic Earth is one of the most recommended and referenced primers on plate tectonics. Topics include a history of the theory, scientific developments that spurred its development, the mechanics of plate motions, and the relationship of hotspots to plate tectonic theory. A companion best-selling map, This Dynamic Planet, is also available online or in print. Plate tectonics are fully illustrated on this best-selling world map (a companion to This Dynamic Earth: the research paper on sleep Story of Plate Tectonics) showing the locations of plate boundaries, volcanoes, earthquakes, and impact craters. Detailed ocean floor bathymetry and discussions of fundamental components are also featured. A paper version is available for purchase or the map can be downloaded free in PDF format. This booklet is an introductory guide to what is known about the interior of our planet. A simple map of the major tectonic plates of the world (scroll to page 35).

Another simple map is here. Build a three-dimensional model using a shoe box. Create a mini globe that shows the major plate boundaries of the world (scroll to page 15). A brief overview of geologic maps and how they're made. This exhaustive database provides bibliographic access to many thousands of geologic, geophysical, and other kinds of maps available in USGS publication, Web sites, and in popular science journals, etc. Shaded relief and geology are combined on this map of the 48 conterminous states. It's a useful resource for sur la technique discussing physiographic provinces and rocks deposited during different geologic time periods. Download a free PDF or purchase a paper version through the USGS Store.

Both versions include an 18-page pamphlet. Paper On Sleep? This is gantantra essay one of the most eye-catching maps produced by the USGS. Reveals the on sleep geologic history of North America through the organization descriptive interrelation of rock type, topography, and research time. Regional surface processes as well as continent-scale tectonic events are exposed in the three dimensions of essay space and the fourth dimension, geologic time. Created for use in high school and college classrooms, this double-sided USGS map consists of a geologic map, photographs of geologic features, diagrams of plate movement, and more. Research Paper? The map is a companion to The Southern Appalachians, a Changing World and the brochure Birth of the Mountains. Structured activities use man-made features that are found in a typical schoolyard to demonstrate geologic principles. A teacher's guide for hands-on mineral education activities.

Designed to meet the essay om naturen National Science Standards, this product includes 10 activity-based learning exercises that educate students on basic geologic concepts; the processes of paper finding, identifying, and extracting the resources from a mineral deposit; and the uses of minerals. Geared for sur la technique fifth through eighth grade science teachers.. Learn about different types of research paper on sleep rocks and how to identify and collect them. How much metal does the U.S. recycle each year? Annual statistics and thesis for huckleberry finn information about specific metals can be found here. Learn about the occurrence and production of various gemstones in the United States.

The site is organized by state and gemstone. Statistics and information about the worldwide supply of, demand for, and flow of on sleep minerals and materials essential to the U.S. economy, the national security, and protection of the for huckleberry environment. Introductory information about rocks and minerals with a glossary of commonly-used geology terms. Easy access to maps and data related to geology and minerals. To find information about your county, click on on sleep, Geographic Area: United States, then select your state and county. For a simple geologic map of your state, click on essay, the Geological data tab at top, then Geologic maps of US States A review of significant changes in industries that consume metals and research paper industrial minerals. It includes a timeline showing major achievements in mineral production and events that affected the U.S. mineral industry. These are related to overall U.S. mineral consumption and years of war or recession. A color poster (approximate dimensions 36 x 60 inches) showing how we use minerals in our everyday life.

This poster shows the common usage of mineral resources in our homes, offices, and equipment we use daily. Find more examples of common uses for minerals. Descriptions and examples of all the kinds of gantantra essay stone used in the buildings and monuments in the Washington DC area. Discusses the impact of acid precipitation on paper on sleep, our national landmarks. An abbreviated and updated version of this publication is available as a 2-page fact sheet. This 1-hour film provides a global tour of geologic processes through the eyes of several USGS scientists. Two-page, easily-understood fact sheets about important mineral commodities. Learn where each mineral comes from, how it's used, and why it's important. A 23-page booklet giving a brief history of gold mining and thesis the gold fever that has endured for centuries of civilizations.

How is a specific mineral used in the United States? How much of that mineral is produced? These questions are answered in this series of research paper on sleep two-page articles written for over sixty different minerals. Did you know that the average automobile contains 42 lbs of copper? Use this site to learn about the everyday use of minerals, minerals and the environment, mineral supplies, and much more. An additional report on Geology and Nonfuel Mineral deposits of the uc personal essay 1 United States is an excellent source of information, page size maps, and paper illustrations of the geologic processes. Students separate, examine and thesis finn identify the major components of soil to better understand how these components give soil its unique physical characteristics.

This complete lesson plan teaches students how soils develop and research paper provides links between soils, climate, vegetation, and diwas essay geology. Includes materials for both teachers and students (handout, puzzle, field and lab sheets). Students are introduced to the concept of graded bedding, in which particles are sorted by size as they settle out of suspension. Students will discover that water is research a good medium to separate and sort particles, and that particles have different behaviors in water and air. This general guide provides an overview of geologic time and gantantra essay the use of fossils to on sleep determine the age of layers in the earth. This general interest publication provides an essay overview of on sleep how North America's landscape has changed through geologic time. A brief online booklet that explains how the geologic time scale is defined and how the age of the earth is determined. Students investigate radioactivity as a tool for measuring geologic time. The centerfold illustration from the clara thesis popular USGS pamphlet Geologic Time is now available as a downloadable poster in paper both page-size and poster-size resolutions. This diagram is a wonderful representation of the age of the Earth from its creation, through the thesis for huckleberry different geologic eras, and up to the present.

Perfect for classroom walls! Information about USGS research on karst aquifers, which are a vital ground-water resource in the United States. Digital maps delineating areas of the U.S. having karst or the research on sleep potential for development of karst. All 50 states contain rocks with potential for karst development. A brief description of essay karst topography with glossary and questions to ask students. The paper model must be downloaded separately. A two-page fact sheet about sinkholes and their catastrophic occurrence in Missouri. [ Although this targets Cape Cod, many of the concepts can be applied to coastal processes in other locations. Paper? ] Written as an educational guide for dissertation technique the general public. Covers basic coastal processes; landform changes, sea-level change, wind and weather, waves, and tides. Many illustrations. Material to research on sleep use for developing a comprehensive study of coastal wetlands.

Includes background information, suggested activities, glossary, references, and reading list. Gantantra Diwas Essay? Activities can be demonstrated by the teacher or performed by students. Emphasis is on Gulf Coast wetlands. Teachers use wetland artifacts to stimulate a discussion about how we benefit from wetlands (see back of research poster). Describes types of om naturen coasts (rocky shores, sandy beaches, coastal wetlands, and coral reefs) and discusses processes that affect beaches and coastlines including waves, tides, weather, water-level changes, coastal vegetation, and human activities. Provides many links and resources to USGS information related to earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanoes, and wildfires. The best starting point for education links related to USGS earthquake science.

There are separate sections for Educators and Kids, plus animations, photos, FAQs, and research earthquake basics. Use the top menu to essay navigate to earthquake data and a realtime earthquake map. A series of short articles for students, teachers, and parents originally published as aweekly newspaper feature. Concepts introduced in research each feature are designed to uc personal essay 1 address state and paper on sleep national science education standards. Written by prompt 1 USGS scientists, the articles go beyond traditional textbook information to discuss state-of-the-art thinking and technology that we use today. A 20-page online booklet that explains the nature and causes of earthquakes. Describes techniques used to detect, record, measure, and predict seismic disturbances. The severity of an earthquake can be expressed in terms of both intensity and magnitude. Learn the difference between these two terms and how the research paper scales are determined.

Database of online maps and paper maps showing seismic hazards, earthquakes, and faults. Regional maps of dissertation philosophique sur la projected ground motion and shaking intensity, plus interactive tools for creating custom hazard maps and custom earthquake probability maps. This Web site contains information on faults and associated folds in the United States that are believed to be sources of M6 earthquakes during the Quaternary (the past 1,600,000 years). Research Paper? Maps of these geologic structures are linked to detailed descriptions and references. Many of the faults described in this database are in California . View and download posters that provide detailed information and essay a brief discussion about large earthquakes soon after they occur. Images include the epicentral area, plate tectonic environment, earthquake history, and generalized seismic hazard of the region. Research Paper? The posters serve as a one-stop-shop for barton information about large earthquakes that have occurred since 2002. Explore numerous resources created for the 50th anniversary of the second largest earthquake ever recorded and the tsunami that it created. Watch videos, animations, archival film, and a public lecture; read short fact sheets and summaries; and research paper delve into historical photographs. An interactive story map of 1964 Anchorage is an especially good way to engage students.

Booklets written for the general public to explain everything that residents need to know about earthquakes in descriptive essay their area: Where are the faults and what are the dangers? Why is it important to prepare? How do I prepare for a significant earthquake? Ever wonder how to read the data on a USGS seismogram? Learn the basics in a 4-minute video tutorial. Practice with real-time seismogram displays, and paper check out this visualization of a shaking building compared to the siesmogram. [Note: the terms seismogram, heliplot, and webicorder are essentially interchangeable] Maps showing the probability of significant earthquakes on each of the major faults. This general interest publication describes the San Andreas Fault system and barton its history of earthquakes. This thematic map documents earthquake activity in the northeastern United States from the time of the first settlers. A companion fact sheet is research paper also available for download. Several of the largest historical earthquakes to strike the continental U.S. occurred in the winter of 1811-1812 along the New Madrid Seismic Zone, which stretches from just west of Memphis, Tennessee into southern Illinois.

Download and print the Bicentennial of the 1811-1812 New Madrid Earthquake Sequence poster, and learn more about earthquakes in the central United States with the fact sheet Earthquake Hazard in the Heart of the Homeland. Construct a simple earthquake machine to clara demonstrate the principles of seismology. Includes supporting instructional material. The best starting point for information about tsunamis. Follow links to research basic information and an amazing list of animations and simulations. Could a tsunami happen in barton thesis the Unites States?

Here's what we know about tsunamis that have struck our coasts in the past. A very basic explanation of how earthquakes can trigger a tsunami. Includes diagrams. This on-line publication describes the causes and impacts of large tsunamis, with examples from around the Pacific Rim. Follow along with scientists as they discover clues about a mysterious tsunami that struck Japan in on sleep 1700. Could it have originated from a large earthquake in North America? Learn how we use the past to help warn of future hazards. Dissertation Sur La Technique? Also watch an archived public lecture about this tsunami.

The best starting point for Landslide information. Research Paper? Quick links to Landslides 101, photos, glossary, hazards, and preparedness. This four-page fact sheet provides a brief introduction to types of landslides and mass movement associated with gravity and stream floods. What is philosophique sur la technique a landslide? Where do they occur? What causes them? How are they monitored? How can they be prevented?

All these questions are answered in this 129-page publication. Written for a general audience, it is heavily illustrated with diagrams and photographs. A two-page fact sheet with basic information about landslide hazards and research on sleep safety issues related to essay om naturen wet weather conditions in landslide-prone areas. Download PDF files of maps showing the research locations of debris flow (landslide) areas in the United States. A catastrophic 1982 rainstorm triggered 18,000 landslides in the Bay Area, claiming 25 lives and causing $66 million in property damage. Learn what USGS scientists have discovered in the last two decades about landslide dynamics and which slopes are most susceptible to gantantra essay sliding. The starting point for all USGS volcano science.

Interact with a real-time status map of U.S. volcanoes and follow links to a Resource Page for Educators, photos, web cams, volcano lists and information, and paper on sleep simple descriptions of dissertation philosophique volcano hazards. For region-specific information, explore the USGS websites for: Alaska Volcano Observatory California Volcano Observatory Cascades Volcano Observatory Hawaii Volcano Observatory Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. A three-unit guide that provides science content and research paper inquiry-based activities about volcanoes of the Cascade Range for middle-school students, with an emphasis on Mount Ranier. Includes more than 30 activities, a field guide, glossary, and supplementary information. A 45-page online booklet that summarizes basic information about barton thesis volcanoes: their types, different kinds of research eruptions, related features, volcano research, and more. Download a pdf file of this 18x27 poster showing a diagram of a cut-away volcano and the various hazards associated with volcanoes either during or between eruptions. The poster can also be ordered for free through the USGS Store ($5.00 handling fee).

Product number 208285. Download a pdf file of this 20 x 24 poster showing a timeline of eruptions in the Cascade Range. The poster can also be ordered for free through the USGS Store ($5.00 handling fee). Philosophique Technique? Product number 208284. On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano exploded violently, causing the worst volcanic disaster in the history of the United States. The right-side menu has links to six downloadable (MP4) video clips about the research paper on sleep 1980 eruption, volcano monitoring, and volcanic processes.

Download and print a poster: 30 Cool Facts about Mount St. Helens (free through the USGS Store). This highly interactive site uses animations, illustrations, activities, and quizzes to show how eruptions at Mount St. Helens were accurately predicted by USGS scientists, then allows students to predict an actual eruption using real data. Over a third of Alaska's 140 volcanoes have been active in the last 300 years. This online publication has chapters covering the tectonic setting, rocks, eruption styles, landforms, community impact, effect on climate, and monitoring of Alaska's volcanoes.

Each chapter has 3-4 detailed classroom activities for grades 6-12 and many supplemental materials. Many of these activities can be applied to volcanoes in thesis for huckleberry finn essays other locations! Written for a general audience and richly illustrated with diagrams and photographs, this report describes the eruptive history of paper on sleep two of thesis essays Hawai'i's active volcanoes, Kilauea and research on sleep Mauna Loa. What is volcanic ash? How does it affect agriculture, transportation, communications, water supplies, and human health? Learn all this and more at the USGS Volcanic Ash Web site. The USGS Scientist-in-Charge of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory answers basic questions about Yellowstone in clara thesis three online videos, each lasting about seven minutes. The video shows an excerpt of our Caldera Demonstration Model, which can be reenacted in the classroom. Use this interactive map to research on sleep view the locations and boundaries of past and present wildfires. The best starting point for a wealth of general information about water science. Organization Descriptive? What is paper on sleep water?

What are its properties and how are they measured? How is water used? How does the om naturen USGS measure streamflow and collect water samples? A glossary, picture gallery, and activity center are among the many additional features. A comprehensive list of water-related materials created for the classroom and for research paper the general public. Go here to find historical and real-time water data for classroom use. For data from a specific river or stream, the interactive National Water Information System Mapper is a good starting point. Find scientific information about your local watershed.

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Students use macaroni or beans to calculate the statistics of floor recurrence (see back side of poster). Frequently Asked Questions about floods and droughts. Page Last Modified: Wednesday, 14-Jun-2017 12:12:18 EDT.

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Contemporary Issue on Chit Funds -“The Invincible” An contemporary issue report on CHIT FUNDS “THE INVICIBLE” 2013-2014 Made by : Fakhruddin Badshah PREFACE This document sketches the the meaning, introduction, overview,its working,online chit funds, I threw some light on latest news about research paper on sleep, this sector and gantantra also tried to cover the latest upsteram and research paper downsteam aspects of this sector (chit fund companies). Uc Personal 1! My aim of research paper on sleep, writing on organization of a descriptive this issue is who will going to stop the fraudulant activities being done by this companies. I chose this segemnt for my contemporay because this is going very common among the people in today’s time. So I thought lets give away the the detail of this segment to the people. Research On Sleep! With the clara thesis help of this document people will come to paper know what exactly going on thesis for huckleberry essays in this domain. Paper On Sleep! This sector is expanding rapidly like anything.

This developments has become a catalyst for the growth of vigourous chit fund companies in prompt, all over India. So what provisions should be made to curb the alleged false practices done by these companies or segment. Paper On Sleep! Thus it is the to philosophique sur la think and act on it to protect the interest of small investors and their hard earned incomes. Index Introduction| 5-7| Overview of chit fund| 8| How chit fund works| 9-11| 2012-2013 Highlighted News about research paper on sleep, chit-fund| 12-13| Who will stop chit funds? | 14-18| Report of essay, MCA| 18-21| Benefits| 21-22| Drawbacks| 23| Safety from Chit funds| 24| CHIT FUNDS – “The Invincible” Introduction: A chit fund is a type of savings scheme practiced in India, besides other forms of savings scheme offered by various public and private sector banks, post offices, insurance corporations etc. Chit Funds are indigenous financial institutions in India that cater to the financial needs of the low-income households, which have been excluded from the formal financial system. Paper On Sleep! Chit”, in the legal purview, means a transaction whether called chit, chit fund, chitty, kuri or by any other name by or under which a person enters into organization descriptive essay, an agreement with a specified number of persons that every one of them shall subscribe a certain sum of money (or a certain quantity of grain instead in the case of villages) by way of periodical installments over research paper on sleep, a definite period and that each such subscriber shall, in his turn, as determined by lot or by auction or by tender or in such other manner as may be specified in barton thesis, the chit agreement, be entitled to the prize amount.

In simple words, A chit fund is a savings-borrowing scheme, in which a group of people enter into an agreement to contribute fixed amounts periodically, for on sleep, a specified period of time. The amount so collected (or the chit value) is distributed among each of the barton persons in turns, which is determined by way of lots or an auction. Chit funds provide an opportunity to save excess cash on a daily, weekly or monthly basis, and research give an easy access to it in finn, case of emergency. Chit funds are the Indian equivalent of the Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCA) that are famous throughout the world. ROSCAs are a means to “save and borrow” simultaneously.

It is considered one of the best instruments to cater to the needs of the poor. It enables poor people to convert their small savings into lump sums. The concept of chit funds originated more than 1000 years ago. Research On Sleep! Initially it was in the form of an informal association of traders and organization descriptive households within communities, wherein the members contributed some money in return for an accumulated sum at research paper the end of the barton tenure. Participation in Chit funds was mainly for the purpose of purchasing some property or, in other words, for “consumption” purposes. However, in recent times, there have been tremendous alterations in the constitution and functioning of Chit funds.

While in research paper on sleep, most places ROSCAs are user-owned and organized informally, in dissertation philosophique sur la, India, chit funds have been formally institutionalized as well. Legally recognized firms provide a variety of chit schemes. A Chit Fund can either be legally registered or unregistered. Registered Chit Funds, as the name suggests are being regulated under the various Chit Fund acts. While unregistered Chit Funds are unorganized and mostly run by the close friends, relatives or family members of the investor. Unregistered Chit Funds which exceed 100 ($2) in value are illegal in India, although it is on sleep, very well known that unregistered Chit Fund industry is very popular in India, mainly in the rural and semi-urban area, where people have very little access to for huckleberry finn essays the banking services and where financial illiteracy is more. The regulation of the Chit Fund industry was put in place by the Government of India to address the problem of misuse of informal Chit Funds by unscrupulous promoters and founders running away with the on sleep participant’s funds, leaving the members with little recourse to retrieve their money back. Chit funds in India are governed by thesis essays various state or central laws. Organized chit fund schemes are required to research paper on sleep register with the Registrar or Firms, Societies and Chits. Various Chit Fund Acts governing the industry in om naturen, India are as under: * Union Government – Chit Funds Act 1982 (Except the State of Jammu and Kashmir) * Kerala – Kerala Chitties Act 1975 * Tamil Nadu – Tamil Nadu Chit Funds Act, 1961 * Karnataka: The Chit Funds (Karnataka) Rules, 1983 * Andhra Pradesh – The Andhra Pradesh Chit Funds Act, 1971 * New Delhi- The Chit Funds Act,1982 and Delhi Chit Funds Rules, 2007 * Maharashtra – Maharashtra Chit Fund Act 1975 Uttar Pradesh: Uttar Pradesh Chit Funds Act, 1975 * Goa, Daman Diu: The Goa, Daman and Diu Chit Funds Act, 1973 * Pudducherry/Pondicherry: The Pondicherry Chit Funds Act, 1966. An overview of chit funds: The economic development of a country depends upon the availability of resources.

The main activities that contribute to the growth are production and employment. Production depends upon the inputs of the factors such as finance, raw materials, labor etc. The most important here bring finance, which is the chief mobilized of research, all the factors of production. In a money economy, finance for development initially comes from private savings. These private savings give to the secondary deposits; this is where the financial institutions come into picture. Thesis! Financial institutions occupy a central place in mobilizing savings from the people and make it available to the trade, commerce and industries either as a capital or loans. The non banking sector comprises of money lenders, indigenous bankers, pawn brokers, nidhis, “chit funds” etc.

The origin of chit funds can be traced way back to the 17th century when the economic wizards of state of on sleep, Malabar (now known as the thesis finn state of paper on sleep, Kerala) started this activity. Those were the organization of a descriptive essay people who actually founded this financial institution. It became so popular and on sleep numerous that people started adopting this activity as a profession by the 18th century all over. As the chit industry grew the dissertation philosophique number of people involved in this industry also grew. This gave rise to many misconceptions, frauds, mismanagement etc. Research Paper On Sleep! , in this industry. To prevent this State Government of Travancore took the first initiative and introduced the first Chit Fund Regulation being the Chit Fund Act 1914. One important regulation introduced by this act was that of gantantra, a commission payable to the foreman. The Act brought about a ceiling limit on the commission payable to the foreman that is 5% maximum which is still the same even to on sleep this date. How chit funds works: Chit funds which are popular from a very long time but still some people don’t know how exactly this chit fund works and invest their money illogically. This can be understood by the following procedure: Let’s say there are 20 people who come together and of a descriptive essay form a group. Each one will contribute Rs 1,000 per month and this will continue for next 20 months (equal to number of people in the group).

In this group there will be one organizer, who will take the pain of research, fixing the meetings, collecting money from each other and then doing other procedures. So each month all these 20 people will meet on a particular day and deposit Rs 1,000 each. That will make a total of essay, Rs 20,000 every month. Now there will be a bid on who will take this money. Naturally there will be few people who are in need of big amount because of some reason like some big expenses, liquidity crunch, business problem, Beti ki Shaadi etc etc Out of all the paper people who are in need of money, someone will bid the lowest amount, depending on how desperate he is for this money. The person who bids for the lowest amount wins the bid. Suppose out of total 3 people who bid for 18,000, 17,000 and Rs 16,000, the one who bids the essays lowest will win. In this case it’s the person who has bid Rs 16,000.

There will also be “organizer charges” which are around 5% (standard) of the total amount, so in this case its 5% of Rs 20,000, which is Rs 1,000. So out of the total 16,000 which this winner was going to research paper on sleep get, Rs 1,000 will be deducted and the winner will get only essay, Rs 15,000, Rs 1,000 will be organizer charges and Rs 4,000 is the profit, which will be shared by each and every member (all 20 people), it comes out to paper on sleep be Rs 200 per diwas, person, and it will be given back to research paper on sleep all 20 members. So here you can see that the main winner took a big loss because of clara barton, his desperate need of getting the money and others benefitted by it. So each person actually paid just 800, not 1,000 in this case (they got 200 back). Note that when a person takes the money after bidding, he can’t bid from next time, only 19 people will be eligible for research paper on sleep, bidding. Now next month the same thing happens and suppose the best bid was Rs 18,000 , then winner will get 17,000 (after deducting the organizer fees) and the rest 2,000 will be divided back to people (Rs 100 each) . So each person is paying effectively Rs 900. This way each month all the people contribute the money, someone takes the money by bidding lowest, organizer gets his charges and organization of a descriptive the rest money is divided back to paper members. You will realize that the person who takes the money at the end will get all the money except organizer fee, as there is no one else to bid now. So the person will get around Rs 19,000 in the end, if you try to find out the returns which he got out of the whole deal, it will depend on two things, how much lower bids were each month and the fees paid to organizer, if bids and charges are very low, then a person will make more money at barton the cost of other situations. So this is research paper, pretty much how a chit fund works, there are various versions of chit funds and how they work , but the idea was to communicate the dissertation basic model and research on sleep how it works. | Online Chit Funds is also running with pace of thesis finn essays, E-commerce With the on sleep advent of ecommerce in India, Chit funds have also started going online. Online chit funds conduct auctions online and subscribers can pay their monthly dues and receive prize amount online through online transactions including electronic fund transfers.

Each member will have an online account through which they can manage their chit funds. 2012-2013 Highlighted News about chit-fund: . Cunning strict approaches adopted by RBI to of a essay protect the investors from delusive acts of chit fund companies. On Sleep! 2. Last year in the month of December, The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) warned all the prompt state governments about the mushrooming of chit funds and also written to them to take appropriate actions against them for duping depositors. 3. RBI Governor Duvvuri Subbarao said, “The responsibility for checking the chit funds and for prosecuting the violation of law is of the state government. Paper! We have written to all the state governments to be vigilant about this and to take appropriate action”. . D Subbarao also called for greater awareness among police and the general public for checking the proliferation of the chit funds in the country. 5. For Huckleberry! On 6th December 2012, Minister of State for Corporate Affairs RPN Singh said that 87 companies have come under the scanner for alleged irregularities related to chit fund schemes and money circulation in the garb of multi-level marketing. The Registrar of Companies (RoC) and its Regional Directors have been asked to scrutinize the research paper on sleep balance sheets and inspect the clara barton books of accounts and other records of these 87 companies. Research Paper On Sleep! . India’s market regulator, Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) had banned companies such as Rose Valley and MPS Greenery Developers from accepting deposits from the philosophique technique public. 7. Research Paper! The former chief minister also pointed it out that small savings through post offices and co-operatives has suffered a lot as many people are depositing their money to these chit funds expecting huge return. 8. In Bhubneshwar, The crime branch told that they are making a short documentary to sensitize people about illegal non-banking financial companies (NBFCs).

The film will feature a host of financial management companies like Seashore, Ashore and Saffex, whose irregularities were exposed recently. The Economic offences wing (EOW) of the Crime Branch has registered at least 30 cases against several fraud companies in the past six months for embezzling public deposits after giving them false promise of high return. Senior functionaries (Head) of the dissertation sur la technique companies were arrested and their bank accounts being ceased. 9. EOW also making plan to start a toll free number to research on sleep protect people from fraudulent activities done by chit fund companies. Finn! 10. Government making steps towards the projection of model; rules to check chit fund and paper MLM (Multi-level Marketing) frauds. The central government will soon make stringent provisions in place, like hefty financial penalty, jail terms, de-listing from the registrar of companies (RoC) roster, among others. Who will stop chit funds?? In October 2012, a women and her elder daughter were running a chit fund, committed suicide by consuming acid in Puthur in Trichy as they were unable to repay their investors. These women had started a Diwali chit fund in the year 2011 and attracted around 300 investors in gantantra essay, the area.

They had collected around `9lakh from the investors. As per norms, the chit fund company should have repaid the money with interest or given assured gifts to the investors before Diwali of the year 2012. When the investors pressurize the women, they decided to research end their lives and consumed poison. Clara Thesis! Investors are helpless. On Sleep! This is not the gantantra only case there are numerous. Most chit fund investors are the rural poor and research paper or small investors. Neither the victimized investors nor the police bring to book the persons responsible. Only the poor agents remain in place from whom the uc personal essay 1 money cannot be recovered. According to research paper Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), there are 4256 listed or registered chit fund companies which are running their business in the country while India chit-fund association estimates that the country has in thesis for huckleberry essays, total 15000 (registered and unregistered) companies which manage billions of rupees worth of research on sleep, funds. Gantantra Essay! ShriRam Capital, one of the largest players, operates in four southern states and manages over USD 800 million.

Some hope that recent hiccups in India’s once-booming microfinance sector, whose rise was led by microcredit, could bring even more business their way. One can imagine how big the research on sleep business is all over for huckleberry essays, India. Too many regulators could not stop irregularities in chit funds. Everybody agrees that irregularities need to on sleep be stopped because these are causing harm to a lot of small investors. But the question is; who will stop it?

In 1978, when the RBI banned chit funds, it came under the ministry of corporate affairs as a collective investment scheme. Descriptive Essay! Another way these companies work is research paper, through private placement of the non-convertible debentures or collective investment scheme. In this case, SEBI has the power to regulate it. Sahara and clara thesis many other big names are in on it. Research! Any debenture or private placement cannot be done by more than 50 people. In contrast, these kinds of companies collect money from thousands of barton, investors.

If the number of investors of research paper, share and debenture is more than 50, it needs to be registered in the market and the SEBI would control it. RBI wants the thesis finn state government to take steps: In this context, RBI has a different take. Subbarao, Governor, RBI, has advised the state governments to make their law stronger to save common investors from the research paper on sleep chit fund trap. It has written letters to essay om naturen the states to develop a definite action plan to research on sleep take step against diwas, these multi levels marketing player. Subbarao explained that RBI has no power to regulate chit funds.

So, it has asked state government to take the initiative to prevent the mushrooming of money market agencies. RBI can train police and other legal bodies about chit funds but cannot instruct the police to do so. It is a state subject to research on sleep plan and executes the philosophique technique prevention process of chit funds. Research On Sleep! Corporate Affairs ministry looking into it: Union corporate Affairs Minister Sachin Pilot has said that the central government is looking into the issue of some chit funds and the Ponzi scheme that allegedly dupe small investors by using legal loopholes. It would also encourage state government to take necessary action against these firms. These firms are now misusing the loopholes, pilot added. Furthermore he added, “Our main objective is to dissertation philosophique sur la technique protect small investors from these companies, who are taking their (investors) hard earned money. Research! ” As many as 87 companies have come under the scanner for alleged irregularities related to barton chit fund schemes and money circulations. Minister of State for corporate Affairs R. P. Research On Sleep! N. Singh has informed the Rajya Sabha that the gantantra diwas directions have been issued on the basis of specific complaints received by the ministry against these companies, which are “alleged to be carrying on activities related to prize chit fund and money circulation in the garb of multi-level marketing. Legislative hodgepodge: Singh further said that SFIO (Serious Fraud Investigation Office) has recommended setting up of a specific central regulatory agency for the implementation of the prize chit and research paper money circulation scheme (Banning) act, 1978. The act is administered by the Department of Financial services (DFS) which has constituted an Inter-Ministerial Group consisting of representatives from DFS, Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), RBI, Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), Department of Consumer Affairs and Central.

Report of Ministry of Corporate Affairs: List of Companies not registered but found doing Chit Business Beware of these Companies. Never join them. M/s. P. V. R. Chits (P) Ltd. , B-50, Flatted Factories, Okhla Phase-III, N. Delhi-20. Uc Personal 1! | M/s. Narmal Chits (P) Ltd. , 1427, Gurudwara Road, Kotla Mubarakpur,N. Delhi-3. | M/s. Sahara Chits (P) Ltd. , WZ/A-49, Krishna Park Extension, N. Delhi-18. | M/s. Twenty Second Century Chit Fund (P) Ltd. , 4205-4206, Sant Nagar, Main Road, Rani Bagh, Delhi-34. | M/s. Skylla Chits (P) Ltd. , D-223/115, Laxmi Chambers, Laxmi Nagar, Delhi-92. | M/s.

Hari Vimal Chits (P) Ltd. Research Paper! , Shop No. 8, M. R. Market, Rangpuri, N. Technique! Delhi-70. | M/s. Merchant Chits (P) Ltd. , CA-24/2, Tagore Garden, N. Paper On Sleep! Delhi-27. | M/s. Mehar Chits (P) Ltd. Thesis Essays! , IIIrd Floor, 528, Krishna Gali, Katra Neel, Chandni Chowk, Delhi-6| M/s. Vinamar Chits (P) Ltd. , 170-E, Kamla Nagar, Delhi-7. | M/s. Vinamar Chits (P) Ltd. , 272, Hakikat Nagar, Mall Road, Delhi-9. | M/s. Well King Chits (P) Ltd. , C-47, Acharya Niketan, Mayur Vihar, Phase-I,Delhi-91. | M/s. Aegis Chit Fund (P) Ltd. , E-484, Greater Kailash-II, New Delhi-48. | List of Companies which have been debarred from doing any Chit Fund business in Delhi NAME| ADDRESS| A. G. CHIT FUND PVT. Research! LTD. | | ARJIT CHITS PVT. LTD. Thesis Essays! | | BHAGMAL CHITS PVT. LTD. Paper! | | CHOJI PRITAM CHITS PVT.

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Delhi. | HONOUR CHITS (P) LTD. | 2352, Sevak Bhawan,IIIrd Floor, Shop No. Paper! 9,Beadon Pura,Karol Bagh, N. Delhi. | * Source Ministry of thesis, corporate Affairs. Benefits of Chit funds: Chit Fund is an attractive Investment Option which caters to people from all walks of life. It is specifically beneficial to the Salaried Class, Professionals, Businessmen and research on sleep Self Employed. The uniqueness of Chit Fund as a method of clara thesis, Financial Planning stems from the fact that, it is both a tool for saving and borrowing. In other words, it serves the dual purpose of being an investment for paper on sleep, your savings and in clara barton, times of need the research Subscriber can bid for the Prize Amount in order to meet any unexpected expenditure. The benefits of Investing in Chit Fund are numerous. You can choose how much you want to save per organization descriptive essay, month. Chit funds companies offers chits of various denominations and monthly subscriptions amount ranges from Rs 2500/=(Chit value Rs 1 lakh) to monthly subscription of Rs 1,25,000. * The rate of research paper, return is very high compared to other Investment Options and it is also secure form of Investment. * Your Monthly payments will be the gantantra diwas essay Chit Subscription Amount minus the Dividend.

The details of the Dividend entitled for Deduction and the Balance Amount payable shall be informed every month, which is mandatory. It inculcates the habit of saving and setting apart a particular amount every month towards investment for paper, a rainy day. Prompt! * It is good for the Housewife to keep or save their small savings in Chit funds as they will get the research paper on sleep money at the time of utmost financial need for household purposes. * It is generally used by diwas housewives, employees of same company, peer groups, friends, and family members or some associations. * If it is used in proper or genuine way then it is makes a worth to invest in chit funds (Organized or unorganized). Drawbacks: Chit-funds do not offer any pre-determined or fixed returns. * Higher returns are earned when there are more number of members in the group or if the duration of the scheme is longer. * One would earn more, when more members need emergency funds. Paper On Sleep! Thus returns cannot be calculated and decided when one joins the scheme. * No security in unregistered chit fund companies. So there are more chances of essay 1, getting hoax by these fraud companies. * Organizer gets benefited more from your savings. * No guarantee if fixed returns. * In chits interest earnings are lower than Fixed deposits (FD). High degree of research paper, risk is associated with chits, so relying on chit funds for essay, saving could be more dangerous. * Chit does not make money; it is research paper on sleep, just a mechanism for liquidity and emergency funds. * Many chit fund owners are collecting huge volume of money from the common people by making false promises to them. Many poor people of our state are being allured by these chit fund owners and depositing their hard-earned money.

But the people are not getting back returns for their investments How to be a Safe investor in Chit Funds: With the plethora of thesis, chit fund companies around, the safety of research paper, a chit fund lies in choosing the for huckleberry finn essays right one. In a registered chit fund company, under legal binding, the activities are regulated and institutionalized by the Chit Fund Act. And hence could be considered safe. However, other unregistered companies operating informally do exist. It has been also seen that depositors are being lured by chit funds companies or firms with higher returns than what banks offer them. These companies are also flourishing in the rural belts where banking penetration is research paper, low.

One should carefully analyze the pros and cons before making investment in chit funds. Therefore one needs to exercise caution while choosing where he desires to invest. Chit funds definitely are an attractive option for regular saving. It inculcates a disciplined approach to financial planning. It has the added advantage of bringing a combination of savings as well as hassle free borrowing.

This dual purpose investment tool could be a friend in need at times of unexpected financial emergencies. Thence BE SAFE AND BE SELECTIVE while going for for huckleberry finn, any chit fund schemes.

Essay on Emotions: Definition, Characteristics and Importance. In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning and Definitions of Emotions 2. Characteristics of Emotions 3. Kinds 4. Importance 5. Research. Theories. Meaning and Definitions of Emotions: Emotion plays a major role in influencing our behaviour. Life would be dreary without feelings like joy and sorrow, excitement and disappointment, love and barton thesis, fear, hope and dismay. Emotion adds colour and spice to life. Emotions are feelings such as happiness, disappointment and sorrow that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements that influence behaviour. Research On Sleep. The word emotion is derived from the Latin word ‘Emover’ which means to stir up’ or to clara barton excite’. Emotion can be understood as an agitated or excited state of our mind and body.

1. Charles G Morris: “Emotion is a complete effective experience that involves diffuse physiological changes and can be expressed overtly in characteristic behaviour patterns”. “Emotion is an affective experience that accompanies generalized linear adjustment and mental and physiological stirred up states in research paper, the individual and that shows itself in his overt behaviour”. “Emotion is thesis essays, a ‘Moved or ‘stirred up’ state of an organism. It is a stirred up feeling, that is the way it appears to the individual himself. It is a disturbed muscular and glandular activities, that is the way it appears to on sleep an external observer”. Emotion is an affective experience that one undergoes during an instinctive excitement. For example, when a child perceives a bull coming towards him (cognition) he experiences an affective experience in the form of the arousal of accompanied emotion of fear and consequently tries to essay run away. McDougall discovered 14 basic instincts and concluded that each and every emotion, whatever it may be is the product of paper on sleep, some instinctive behaviour.

These instincts, with their associated emotions, are listed as follows: On the basis of these definitions, emotions can be understood as some sort of feelings or affective experiences which are characterized by some physiological changes that generally lead them to perform some or the other types of essay, behavioural acts. Some of the paper, important characteristics of emotions are as follows: 1. Emotional experiences are associated with some instincts: Every emotional experience is associated with one or the other innate instinct. An emotion is aroused under the influence of an instinctive excitement. One can experience emotion of anger only after riding on the instinctive waves of uc personal prompt, pugnacity or combat.

2. Emotions are the product of research, perception: Perception of a proper stimulus (object or situation) is needed to start an emotional experience. The organic changes within the body (favourable or unfavourable) then, may intensify the emotional experience. 3. Emotions bring physiological changes: Every emotional experience involves many physical and physiological changes in the organism. Some of the gantantra essay, changes which express themselves as overt behaviour are easily observable. For example, the heart beating, reddened eyes, flushed cheeks, choke in the voice, or an attack on an emotion aroused stimulus. In addition to these easily observable changes, there are internal physiological changes, e.g. Research. changes in the circulation of om naturen, blood, impact on the digestive system and changes in the functioning of some glands like adrenal glands. 4. The core of an emotion is paper, feeling:

Actually every emotional experience, whatever it may be involves feelings—a sense of response aroused in the heart. Descriptive. Feeling and emotions—both are affective experiences. There is only the difference of degrees. After perceiving a thing or a situation, pleasure or displeasure feelings can be aroused. There may be some intensity or degree of strength in these feelings. Some Other Characteristics of Emotions: 1. Emotions are prevalent in every living organism. 2. They are present at all stages of development and can be aroused in young as well as in old. 3. One emotion can give rise to a number of similar emotions.

4. Emotions are individualistic, and research, they differ from person to person. 5. Uc Personal Essay Prompt 1. Emotions rise abruptly but subside slowly. An emotion once aroused, tends to persist and leaves behind an emotional need. 6. Paper On Sleep. Some emotions can be aroused by a number of different stimuli, objects or situations. 7. There is gantantra essay, a negative connection between the upsurge of research on sleep, emotions and intelligence. Reasoning and sharp intellect can check sudden upsurge of emotions. Also under emotional experiences, the reasoning and thinking powers are decreased. 8. Barton. Emotions have the quality of displacement. The anger aroused on account of one stimulus gets transferred to another situation.

The anger resulting from being rebuked by the boss gets transferred to paper on sleep beat the children at home. Emotions have both positive as well as negative effects. 1. Negative emotions: Unpleasant emotions like fear, anger and jealousy which are harmful to for huckleberry the individual’s development are termed as negative emotions. 2. Positive emotions: The pleasant emotions like affection (love), amusement, curiosity and happiness which are very helpful and essential for normal development are termed as positive emotions. By their nature of paper on sleep, being both positive and negative, it should not be assumed that all the essay om naturen, positive emotions are always good; and the negative emotions are bad. While weighing their impact, other factors like frequency and intensity, nature of on sleep, situations and the stimuli aroused should also be considered.

Excess of clara thesis, everything is bad. Emotions with too much of intensity and frequency, whether positive or negative, bring harmful effects. But the on sleep, so-called negative emotions are essential for human welfare. The emotion of fear prepares an individual to face the danger ahead. The child who has no emotions of clara barton thesis, fear is sure to get affected because it does not learn to save itself against a possible danger. Emotions occupy a very important position in a person’s life, as they motivate many in their job endeavors. A person in love makes sacrifices for the object of his love.

The love of their offspring spurs the parents to great sacrifices. Emotions have a stimulating effect, for example, a person who is in a happy state of research paper, mind invariably makes others also happy and sees happiness around him. Similarly, a person who is angry makes others angry. Organization Of A Essay. Thus emotion is contagious. Emotions also play a crucial role in creative and artistic activities. The ability to understand and interpret the paper on sleep, emotional states of others is very important in our social life. It is diwas essay, clear that emotions play a major role in our behaviour and in understanding other’s behaviour.

Sometimes, emotions are beneficial and at other times they are harmful. It depends on the intensities and duration of emotion. When emotion becomes intense, whether pleasant or unpleasant, they usually result in some description of research paper, thought or behaviour. So also when emotions are prolonged or excessive they do harm because of the sustained physiological changes that accompany them. (a) James-Lange theory of emotion: One of the earliest theories of emotion was started by the American Psychologist William James as “we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble” this theory presented in the late 19th century by James and prompt, the Spanish psychologist Carl Lange. This theory proposes the following events in emotional states. Perceiving an emotion inducing event or situation. (b) Cannon-Bard theory of emotions: In response to the difficulties seen in the James-Lange theory, Walter Cannon and paper, later Philip Bard suggested an alternative view.

Their theory assumes that both physiological arousal and the emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve impulse, which cannon and Bard said it starts in the brain from thalamus. According to the theory, after an emotion inducing stimulus is clara barton thesis, perceived the research, thalamus initiates the emotional response. In turn, the barton, thalamus sends a signal to the automatic nervous system thereby producing a physiological response. Research On Sleep. At the gantantra, same time the thalamus communicates a message to research paper the cerebral cortex regarding the uc personal essay 1, nature of the emotion being expressed. In contrast, the James-Lange theory holds that bodily reactions are not the base of felt emotions.

This theory has led to a lot of paper on sleep, research but now we understand that it is the hypothalamus and the limbic system and not the thalamus that plays a major role in emotional experience, also that the physiological and emotional responses occur at the same time has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. Perceiving an emotion inducing an event or situation. (c) Schachter-Singer theory of emotion: This theory maintains that the uc personal prompt, emotion we feel is due to paper our interpretation of an arousal or stirred up. Bodily state of emotion arousal is much the same for most of the emotions we feel that even if there are physiological differences in the body’s pattern of responses, people cannot perceive them. Since the bodily changes are ambiguous, the theory says any number of emotions can be felt from stirred up bodily condition. People are said to have different subjective felt emotions because of difference in thesis for huckleberry, the way they interpret and on sleep, label a particular state of organization of a essay, arousal. We experience the emotion that seems appropriate to the situation in which we find ourselves.

Perceiving an emotion inducing event to situation. The sequence of events in the production of emotional feeling according to this theory: a. Perception of a potential emotion producing situation. b. An aroused bodily state which results from paper on sleep, this perception and thesis for huckleberry finn, which is paper, ambiguous. c. Interpretation and labelling of the bodily states so that it fits the perceived situation. Schachter and Singer devised an experiment to test this theory. In the study, subjects were told that they would receive an om naturen, injection of a vitamin called suproxin. Research Paper. In reality, they were given epinephrine, a drug that causes an increase in physiological arousal including higher heart rate, respiration rates and a reduced facies, responses that typically occur during strong emotional reaction. Although one group of subjects was informed of the actual effects of drugs, another was not informed. Subject in both the groups was then individually placed where an assistant of the experimenter acted in one or two ways. In one condition he acted angry and hostile that he would refuse to answer the personal questions on a questionnaire that the experimenter has asked him to complete.

In the other condition his behaviour was quite the opposite. He behaved extremely happy; flying of papers, airplane in general acting in a very pleasant happy manner. The purpose of the experiment was to determine how the gantantra essay, subjects would react emotionally to the assistant’s behaviour. Paper On Sleep. When they were asked to describe their own emotional state at the end of the experiments. Subjects who had been told of the effects of the drugs were un-effected by uc personal 1, the behaviour of the assistant. Paper. They thought their psychological arousal was due to the drug, and therefore, did not have the need to find reasons for essays, their arousal. Hence they reported experiencing no emotion. On the other hand, subject who had not been told of the drugs real effects was influenced by the assistant’s behaviour. The subjects exposed to the angry assistant reported that they felt angry.

While those exposed to happy assistant felt happy. The result suggests that uniform subjects turned to research paper on sleep the environment and the behaviour of others of expectations of the finn, physiological arousal they were permitted. The result of the research paper, Schachter experiments support a cognitive view of emotion in which emotions are determined jointly by a relatively non-specific kind of psychological arousal and clara, labelling of the arousal based on the cues from the environment. (d) Cognitive appraisal theory of emotion: This theory emphasizes the appraisal of on sleep, information from several sources, since appraisal involves cognition or the processing of information from the environment, memory and the body, this theory is a cognitive one. The theory says that the emotions we feel result from appraisal of the environmental situation and within the body. (e) Donald B Lindsley’s theory of activation: The implications of the Cannon- Bard theory are suggesting that “emotions serve an emergency function by preparing the organism for appropriate action” led the way to the modern activation theory of emotion. The theory was actually propounded in 1951 by Donald B Lindsley. In general, activation theory refers to essay the view that emotion represents a state of heightened arousal rather than a qualitatively unique type of psychological, physiological or behavioural process.

Arousal is considered to lie on a wide continuum, ranging from a very low level such as deep sleep, to such extremely agitated states as rage or extreme anger. Emotion-provoking stimuli activate the reticular activating system in the brain stem which in turn sends impulses both upward, towards the cortex and downward, towards the research, musculature. To evoke a significant emotional behaviour, the reticular system must be properly activated. However, the organization of a, activating system tries to serve only a general function and the specific structures in the brain organize the input and determine the particular form of emotion to be expressed. Welcome to PsychologyDiscussion.net!

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