Re application essays

Appraisal Form of Product Specialist Essay Sample. The Product Specialist arranges one-on-one sales presentations, group discussions and educational programs for medical specialists. A product specialist possesses in-depth knowledge of essays, their company’s product and presents the finn, latest in medical news and treatment programs using that specialized knowledge in order to increase the company’s sales targets. The Product Specialist can also have clear sales targets. Essays. The requirement for this position is to be in what a good statement possession of a bachelor degree or higher in life sciences, business or health care related degrees. Re Application. Positions require experience as a Medical Representative or comparable position.

The candidate may require knowledge of a certain expertise, and have specific sales experience and training. Working Environment. Outdoors and should have a driving license to be able to meet with customers and follow up on sales Skills. * Service oriented approach, flexible and proactive towards changing clients#8217; needs * Determination to reach challenging goals and create business opportunities * Keep up to progressive movement essay, date with market trends and new developments utilizing information for business improvement * Actively develop commercial initiatives. * Open and clear communicator. * Understands clients#8217; needs. * Set goals and deadlines and plans to deliver effectively * Recognize problems reacting quickly and effectively to resolve them Responsibilities. * Meet sales objectives and forecasts. * Operate within the annual expense budget established for re application the territory * Accurately forecast the future sales results of current sales activities * Maintain, cultivate and expand existing customers in line with company growth strategies * Organize projects, trainings or activities which support sales objectives * Report all knowledge and information regarding sales activities, customers gained and lost, competitive activities, results of marketing programs, etc. to vacation in spanish, management * Inform the customers of the latest medical news and trends Appraisal Form. Graphic Scale Method. Title: Product Specialist. Key Work Responsibilities: 1. Re Application. Meet sales objectives and forecasts. 2. Progressive Essay. Accurately forecast the future sales results of re application essays, current sales activities. Thesis For Huckleberry Finn. 3. Re Application. Maintain, cultivate and expand existing customers in line with company growth strategies. 4. Report all knowledge and my summer in spanish essay information regarding sales activities, customers gained and lost, competitive activities, results of marketing programs, etc. to management.

Goals to Be Achieved: 1. 10,000 units to be sold within ending fiscal year. 2. Obtain market share not less than 25% in assigned territory 3. Two standalone meetings were key opinion leaders talk about the product Communication. 1 2 3 4 5 Below expectationsFail to report on time, cant interpret competitive activities nor measure the results of marketing programs| Meets expectationsSubmit reports on time, but seeks assistance in how to re application essays, report competitive activities, cant measure results of marketing programs| Role ModelSubmit reports on movement, daily basis, reports to marketing department on competitive activities, report results of marketing programs. all in essays perfect manner| Rules and Regulations. 1 2 3 4 5 Below expectationsNot fully aware of corporate code of conduct and look back not fully aware of essays, procedures that are needed to be followed | Meets expectationsFully aware of corporate code of conduct but not fully aware of procedures that are needed to be followed | Role ModelFully aware of corporate code of conduct and make a good thesis procedures needed to re application essays, be followed | 1 2 3 4 5 Below expectationsGood relation with customers, customers aren’t updated with latest researches and medical updates, has no customers ready to make a stand-alone meeting | Meets expectationsGood relation with customers, customers are updated with latest researches and medical updates, 3 customers are ready to make a stand-alone meeting | Role ModelExcellent relation with customers, customers are updated with latest researches and medical updates, at least 5 customers are ready to progressive, make a stand-alone meeting| 1 2 3 4 5 Below expectationsOnly when asked Provide info to essays, other team member regarding common customers, doesn’t accept tasks outside assigned territory | Meets expectationsProvide info to other team member regarding common customers, takes extra tasks in other territory when asked| Role ModelProvide info to other team members regarding common customers, eager to take extra tasks. A Good. even if not in assigned territory| 1 2 3 4 5 Below expectationsAchieve only one of the assigned goals | Meets expectationsAchieve only re application essays 2 of the assigned goals| Role ModelAchieve all assigned goals | Critical Incident Method. Continuing duties | Targets| Critical Incidents.

Customers to essays, be visited per day| Minimum of 7 customers per day| Minimum of 8 visits per day for re application two consecutive months| Customer coverage rate| Customers should be visited at least twice per analysis of phd thesis at wuhan month| Good planning, and customers were visited three times per month| Company#8217;s car should be well maintained | Regular maintenance and damages should be fixed immediately | Company#8217;s car was in a very bad condition and essays rear bumper fell off. Is this the perfect essay for you? Save time and order Appraisal Form of Product Specialist. essay editing for only $13.9 per page. My Summer Essay. Top grades and quality guaranteed! Relevant essay suggestions for Appraisal Form of Product Specialist. The diagram above shows that the respective sales (in red) and profits (in blue) across five stages are illustrated. The typical Products Life Cycle consists of five main aspects :#8230; Product Development and Standardization. New Product * It can be a replacement product for some but imitative to the other.

Classification of New Product 1. Re Application Essays. Innovative Product * These product were created upon realization#8230; Unit 9 Exploring Creative Product Promotion P2. Look Back In Anger. Promotion is an re application essays important marketing activity – it is a component of the marketing mix. The marketing mix consists of the Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Packaging, Physical Evidence and#8230; RED product swot analysis. ‘ Brand’ are valuable assets in market place so its important to branding of the at wuhan, product.Value of essays, Brand is more than the product.Brand refers to create praticular amount of awareness,#8230; Total product, average product and back marginal product. In the background to re application, supply, we notice about the terms #8220;total product#8221;, #8220;marginal product#8221; and #8220;average product#8221;.

These three figures are the foundation upon which the analysis of short-run production#8230; This paper will discuss the thesis, generic product development process. The product development process represents the basic sequence of steps or activities that a firm employs to conceive, design, and bring#8230;

Short Essay On Flower Rose Essays and Research Papers. Why do I have to write an essay ? I just need help with my homework. It would be great if you could help me please. It's due tomorrow and . this is taking to long. I hope you enjoy your pizza. Thank you.

Pakhtuns Knowledge I downstairs Disown owns Die opened Isospin Keith Judo then Hallam Just by Haut so Thought so Splash poet Kite is re application Kebabs Loire Sound Organ Kaput Haifa Sites Heightens Roses are red Violets are blue This essay is my summer in spanish essay stupid And so are you My homework is. Gratitude , Help , Help me 384 Words | 3 Pages. Compare and Contrast two key themes in Alice Walker’s ‘The Flower ’ ‘The Flower ’, written by re application Alice Walker is a . short story about a young 10 years old girl called Myop who has loses her innocence because of what she had found in the forest. This short story was written during the first half of the 1900’s where there were civil rights in America. Alice Walker, who is an American-African writer, wrote this story to let the thesis for huckleberry finn, reader be aware of what is happening and how the African-American people are. Chicken , English-language films , Flower 1216 Words | 3 Pages. The Flowers – critical essay Question: Choose a novel or short story in which there is a clear turning point. . Briefly describe what leads up to the turning point and explain the effect it has on the rest of the novel or short story. Answer The short story, “The Flowers ” by Alice Walker, has a clear turning point. There are many clues in the story which symbolise the turning point coming closer. The turning point is when the re application, main character, a young girl, steps into the skull of look in anger, a lynched.

Black people , Fiction , Ku Klux Klan 1692 Words | 5 Pages. to be called plain ‘ Rose ’. Like my name suggested, I’m into flowers . I knows all sorts of flowers and my favourite . flower have to be the legendary Red Rose . Re Application Essays? I runned a flower shop near Trafalgas Square. Back In Anger? I worked alone at the flower shop ,which was called ‘ Flower Rose ’. It was winter and my business went slow. It was snowing and the sky was showing some shade of essays, dark blue, even though it was just 4.30 p.m. Analysis Of Phd At Wuhan? I tend to get lonely ,especially at this time of re application, year; where flower do not naturally exist. 2007 singles , 2009 singles , Debut albums 1185 Words | 3 Pages. Flower Flower is abeautiful things for me.I like it so much.Ilike to give all person that.I love them flowers to . Thesis For Huckleberry Essays? exepres my love and recpect for them.We can see the flower in many places such us:garden house and farms.It have amany beautiful colours like:red,light pink and re application dark pink,yellow and white.for me I like the movement essay, red flower becous it meems the love.Know I wont to give my teacher this flower to re application exepres my love and analysis of phd at wuhan recpect for her.

Information about flowers Municipal offline Avatar municipal. Flower , Flowering plant , Fruit 2058 Words | 7 Pages. The Flowers By: Alice Walker Characters: * Myop – daughter of a sharecropper. * Dead man – an old corpse found in the woods. . Setting: * Farm – where the re application essays, parents of my summer, Myop work. * Woods – where Myop wanders to find flowers . Symbolism: * Summer – light-heartedness, carefree outlook in life the most children hold. Re Application? * Flower – innocence, universal symbol of thesis for huckleberry, joy and life. * Dead man – loss of innocence, reality of life. * Noose – impossibility of remaining innocent. Re Application Essays? . Child , Childhood , Life 1232 Words | 4 Pages. A flower , sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, . also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of look in anger thesis, sperm and egg from the same flower ). Re Application? Some flowers produce diaspores. Flower , Flowering plant , Gynoecium 1007 Words | 3 Pages. ONLINE SHORT ESSAY Technical Requirements: No more than two (2) pages, typed, double-spaced, 12-point font, one (1)-inch . Thesis For Huckleberry Finn? margins. Please put your name and re application essays current mailing address in a header on each page of the essay and number the pages. These technical requirements, including the page limit, will be strictly enforced, and movement students submitting non-conforming essays risk receiving the grade of “F” on this assignment.

Deadline: Friday, February 8, 2013, 12:00 Noon. The essay must. Academia , Academic dishonesty , Essay 888 Words | 3 Pages. “ Flowers ” Robin Jenkins effectively conveys loss of innocence and ant war through sophisticated symbolism in the short . story “ Flowers ”. Re Application Essays? It tells the story of a young girl, Margaret, who was evacuated from the city of Glasgow to the highlands of Scotland in an attempt to back thesis avoid the inhumanity of re application, war, but it is in citation of phd at wuhan the highlands where she truly witnessed the brutality of war. The character of Miss Laing is used to show the glamour of re application essays, war. Thesis For Huckleberry? At the re application essays, beginning of the story Miss Laing is portrayed. Fiction , Flower , Glasgow 815 Words | 3 Pages. ? Flowers play important roles in our everyday lives. For Huckleberry? They are beneficial to essays all of us.

When someone is in citation analysis thesis at wuhan the hospital, we bring . flowers to cheer them up. Flowers are a great pick-me-up. You send flowers to your loved ones on re application essays, special occasions like Mother's Day or on birthdays to show how much you care. You might even get cuttings out of your garden to brighten up a room or for the fragrance. Flowers also have healing properties. Not only do flowers help relieve stress, they are used in my summer in spanish medicine. Calendula , Flower , Fruit 2006 Words | 7 Pages.

For Feb. 9, 2011 in class - Short essay questions – You may use your book. Work Email by yourself. Email . (s.matson@atscholen.nl) your answers by re application cutting and pasting these questions onto a new document. You may use secondary sources (if its so intensely relevant that you just can’t do without) but then make sure you CITE them! DO NOT plagiarize from the Internet!! If your work reads too well I will upload it onto Turnitin. No kidding.

Please cite relevant passages in the book by using their. Crime and back Punishment , Murder 720 Words | 3 Pages. The Role of Isolation and Madness The Fall of the House of Usher Short Story Essay “Isolation is a self-defeating dream.” As . quoted by Carlos Salinas de Gartani. In the “Fall of the House of Usher” written by Edger Allen Poe, and re application is one of his most popular short stories. There have been many understandings and back in anger thesis theories regarding the theme and nature of this short story. Essays? In this story the use of diction, the overall setting and the characters relationships influence what the main theme revolves. Edgar Allan Poe , English-language films , Fiction 1444 Words | 4 Pages. The Loss of of phd, Innocence Alice Walker (1944), an African/American woman was born in Eatonton, Georgia. She won the American Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize . for Fiction for her best-known novel, The Color Purple (1982). Her short story, The Flowers , is from 1973, a time where the Civil Rights Movement was trying to create an equal society, where blacks and whites could live peacefully together. It was also a time, where many African-American people lived in fear of the racism of the white (reportingcivilrights).

A Story , English-language films , Flowers 1093 Words | 3 Pages. A Rose for re application essays, Emily, written by engel essays William Faulkner, is a short fiction about the re application, life and progressive essay death of Miss Emily Grierson under the . background of Southern United States’s decay in 19th century. “ Miss Brill” is essays Katherine Mansfield’ short story about back thesis, a woman’s Sunday outing to the park, revealing her thought about essays, others as she watches a crowd from a park bench. Seemingly very different in look in anger the imagery and language, portray of the main characters and plot, the two fictions all show out essays two elderly women. Fiction , For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her , Life 1391 Words | 4 Pages. ?Seminar Essay : The Themes of Alienation and Loneliness in the Novel If a person is lonely, it means that he or she is affected with or . characterized by a depressing feeling of being alone. However, everyone’s definition of loneliness is different because people experience it for different reasons. Loneliness is an look in anger, emotion everyone has experienced before, but it does contribute to growth, mentally and re application essays emotionally. Loneliness is felt by Charlie Gordon throughout Flowers for Algernon. What Make A Good Thesis Statement? Charlie’s varying. Flowers for re application, Algernon , Friendship 1230 Words | 3 Pages. Short Essay Questions 1. I was watching a new episode of White Collar an interesting, yet overly dramatic crime show and I . distinctively remember four commercials.

The first one was for some fancy restaurant that showed a nice juicy steak with a ton of appetizing food on the table. The next commercial, ironically, was for some gym that showed a man that had muscles in places I frankly didn’t know could gain muscle, the man was outrageously big. The next commercial was for another show by the same. Crime , Federal Bureau of Investigation , Fossil 916 Words | 3 Pages. Beauty of a Flower “We can complain because rose bushes have thorns, or rejoice because thorn bushes have roses . . - Abraham Lincoln” Most important living organism other than human beings are animals and plants.

Flowers and weeds have a huge role in life that they tend to play. Flowers and weeds are completely different in which they grow to reproduce or grow to destroy. Knowingly that weeds also reproduce. Flowers are known to be a brightly colored and conspicuous example of such a part of. Flower , Human , Organism 1107 Words | 3 Pages. ?Exemplification Essay Organization and Essay Assignments Overview This is to thesis help clarify our two essay . assignments.

The two 5-paragraph essays that we will write this semester will each have an introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion paragraph. Re Application? The first essay will be a simple expansion of the Exemplification (Example) Paragraph, so it will logically be about the same person you chose as the topic for your example paragraph. The second essay will be a basic Justification. Essay , Inigo Montoya , Paragraph 2011 Words | 4 Pages. Darla Abraham BA 2410 III41 Professor Shaffer December 13, 2010 Test 2 – Short Essay 1. Engel V Vitale Essays? What is the difference between . organization-centered and individual-centered career planning? Why should HR departments facilitate individual-centered career planning if these individuals might not stay with the organization for their entire career?

Organization-centered career planning focuses on jobs and on identifying career paths that provide for the logical progression of people between jobs in. Collective bargaining , Drug addiction , Drug test 1185 Words | 4 Pages. Flower arrangement is the combination of several elements to produce a visually pleasing display of fresh, silk or dried flowers . . Flowers are arranged in re application several basic designs, including vertical, horizontal, triangular, crescent, and oval arrangements. Other options include a minimal arrangement, such as the what a good thesis, lazy “S” or “Hogarth’s Curve,” and free-standing arrangements. Essays? Hogarth’s curve is in spanish essay named for re application essays, English painter William Hogarth who introduced designs shaped like the curves of the letter “s” into. Curve , Flower , Inflorescence 1059 Words | 4 Pages. ? International Migration: A Very Short Introduction. Engel? By Khalid Koser . Demography UM 237. Wadiyah Lattimore. FEBUARY 27/ 2014. . Human migration , Human rights , Lifestyle 1065 Words | 3 Pages.

?Danielle Sherstad Merle Alix English II 30 January 2015 Rhetorical Analysis of “The Rose -Elf” The Rose -Elf “Written by Hans . Christian Anderson” is one of his lesser known pieces of literature but like so many of his works he tells quite an interesting and re application sad story that ends with justice done. There are many meanings that one could take from the what a good thesis, story; ones of re application essays, revenge, romance or that no matter how small one is they are important, but one of the more prominent themes is one of life. Such as the. 2007 albums , Debut albums , Earth 1138 Words | 5 Pages. Short Story Essay on A Rose For Emily and Barn Burning Human behavior is thesis one of the re application essays, most studied and make a good thesis talked . about traits of human beings, for it makes us who we are after all. It is prevalent in books, movies, stories, and re application most importantly life, everything we do involves it.

In all of the short stories we read, aspects of human behavior where the basis of the writings. My Summer Vacation Essay? The short stories A Rose For Emily and Barn Burning show excellent human reactions to life's challenges through the. Chimpanzee , Hominidae , Human 1038 Words | 3 Pages. Faulkner’s A ROSE FOR EMILY The possible meanings of both the title and the chronology of William Faulkner’s “A Rose for . Emily” have been debated for essays, years. What is not under debate, however, is that the thesis at wuhan, chronology deliberately manipulates and delays the reader’s final judgment of essays, Emily Grierson by altering the evidence. In other words, what the chronology does is as important as when the events actually take place. In the same way, what the v vitale, title does reveals as much as the debate over. A Rose for Emily , Allusion , Barn Burning 1848 Words | 6 Pages. Flowers For Algernon: Quarter Four Book Review: Flowers for Algernon, is a science fiction novel written by Daniel Keys. . Taking place in essays the mid 1960s, the story revolves around Charlie Gordon, a mentally retarded young man from New York, whose life is completely altered when he becomes the test subject for thesis essays, an intelligence science experiment.

At this time, those with metal issues are considered to be less than human beings. Flowers For Algernon, is composed of re application, progress reports written by Charlie. Developmental psychology , Flowers for Algernon , Human 971 Words | 3 Pages. “Entering the Conversation” Mike Rose’s essay , “Entering the Conversation,” questions the prevailing methods of teaching college level . Look Back In Anger? literacy to essays under-prepared students. The core courses for incoming freshmen “have traditionally served to for huckleberry finn exclude working-class people from the essays, classroom. Movement Essay? It doesn’t, of re application, necessity have to be that way” (12).

Rose is trying to prove that an education in the humanities does not have to be exclusive or elitist. Just because remedial students lack literacy skills. Abraham Maslow , Education , Maslow's hierarchy of look in anger, needs 1181 Words | 3 Pages. A r A Rose for Emily Kristina Linseisen-Snead ENG/125 September 26, 2011 Rocquie O'Rourke A Rose for Emily The . first short story published by re application William Faulkner (1930, 1897-1962), A Rose for Emily, invites the reader into the dark and oftentimes deranged world of Emily Grierson. Of Phd? The Southern Gothic story takes the reader on a transforming journey alongside the main character from a sweet and innocent young girl to a mental-ill spinster. The main character Emily was once a bright and. A Rose for Emily , English-language films , Fiction 920 Words | 3 Pages. The Story of an Hour and a Rose for Emily Essay.

Compare Contrast The Story of an Hour and A Rose for re application, Emily Kate Chopin's The Story of an Hour and William Faulkner's A Rosefor Emily both . characterize the nature of marriage and thesis for huckleberry womanhood bydelving into the psyches of their female protagonists. Also, althoughChopin makes no clear reference to geographic locale in The Story of anHour, both authors usually set their stories in essays the American South, whichimpacts these characterizations. These two tales share many other points ofreference in finn common. Black-and-white films , Female , Fiction 2219 Words | 6 Pages. Flowers for Algernon In his novel, Flowers for Algernon, Daniel Keyes, tells the re application, story of Charlie Gordon, a mentally retarded . 32 year old man. An experimental surgery takes him from the darkness of stupidity, into the bright light of intelligence only to what a good thesis force him back into re application essays the dark. Enabling him to achieve a state if higher intelligence is thought to be an make a good thesis, improvement of Charlie’s life. Re Application? If it really is for the better becomes uncertain. Before the operation, Charlie’s intelligence and emotions.

Charly , Daniel Keyes , Family 975 Words | 3 Pages. The Name of the Rose; Movie vs Essay. Amanda Trombley English 102 Professor Coletta The Name of the Rose Essay May 13, 2010 The Name of the Rose : . Novel vs. Movie Often times when a novel becomes a movie, critics judge the movie on what make statement, a more difficult scale than they would if the movie did not have a book to be compared too. Re Application Essays? When a situation like this occurs, the audience tends to what make a good thesis lean one way or the other, towards the novel or towards the re application essays, movie. From my experiences, I have liked the books either more or just equally as much as.

Jean-Jacques Annaud , Jorge Luis Borges , Semiotics 2021 Words | 5 Pages. Flowers For Algernon Essay Summary. ? Flowers for Algernon, written by Daniel Keyes, is a non-fiction short story that is an analysis, emotional roller coaster. Charlie . learns the ups and downs of the life of a genius and was happy and carefree in his innocence. Eventually he learns shame and it is the only thing he remembers at the end of the story.

All Charlie knew was that he wanted to be smart and essays this operation could get him his greatest desire in thesis essays one easy procedure. Before long, the scientists first try this experiment on a mouse to. Flowers for Algernon , Human , Intelligence 1727 Words | 5 Pages. A Rose for re application essays, Emily A Rose for Emily A Rose for Emily is one of the most authentic short . stories by Faulkner. His use of engel essays, characterization, narration, foreshadowing, and symbolism are four key factors to why Faulkner's work is idealistic to re application all readers. Introduction I Characterization A. Emily as the protagonist B. For Huckleberry? Emily's state of essays, mind II Narration A. Progressive Movement Essay? Narrator as a story teller and observer B. Narrator looks into past III Foreshadowing A. Theme B. Mood C. Past and Present IV Symbolism A. Character , Fiction , Joyce Carol Oates 2302 Words | 6 Pages. A Rose for Emily analitical essay. ?A Rose for Emily “When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral.” Miss Emily was both a tradition and re application essays an obligation of the essay, . town. Re Application Essays? When her father was alive, he sheltered her from relationships and hardship. After his death however, Emily was left with hardly any money, save for a crumbling manor and no relationships in sight –she was thirty at the time.

Later, a Yankee named Homer Baron came to town for a job. Progressive Movement? They (Emily and Homer) started seeing each other every Sunday. However. Death , English-language films , For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her 960 Words | 3 Pages. Introduction Faulkner's most famous, most popular, and most anthologized short story, A Rose for Emily evokes the terms . Southern gothic and grotesque, two types of literature in which the general tone is one of gloom, terror, and re application understated violence. What Statement? The story is Faulkner's best example of these forms because it contains unimaginably dark images: a decaying mansion, a corpse, a murder, a mysterious servant who disappears, and, most horrible of all, necrophilia — an erotic or sexual attraction. A Rose for Emily , African American , Joyce Carol Oates 2502 Words | 6 Pages. Life full of flowers Hans Christian Andersen told us: just living is not enough. One must have sunshine, freedom, and a little . flower .” When you were young, happiness was simple; now that you've grown up, simplicity is happiness. Do you still remember the childhood you spend with beautiful nature, fragrant of grasses and essays blooming flowers ? Back to the Latin word “eudaimonia”: the engel, highest good for human beings.

Actually the explanation to this complicated word sometimes can be very simple, just. Emotion , Feeling , Flower 862 Words | 3 Pages. Short Essay on Inerrancy and Inspiration. Dareld A. Osborne THEO201_B01_200930 Short Essay #1 Short . Essay on Inerrancy and Inspiration The topic of my essay is Inerrancy and re application essays Inspiration. Inerrancy is the recognizing that what God revealed and inspired is accurate, reliable, authorative, and without error. (Towns pg. 29) Inspiration is the supernatural guidance of the what, writers of scripture by the Spirit of God, also accuracy and re application essays reliability. (Towns, pg.

29) The key to both inerrancy and inspiration. Ark of the Covenant , Bible , Christianity 869 Words | 3 Pages. How has Jane Yolen made use of the features of a fairytale to explore the themes in Briar Rose ? Jane Yolen’s novel Briar Rose . (1992) combines enchanting fairy tale elements with realistic historical attributes to create an engaging representation of personal discovery/the horrors that defined the engel v vitale essays, holocaust/OR answer Q. Yolen unfolds her narrative through multiple narrative layers and literary techniques to convey the essays, central ideas of human determination and resilience, and the significance of. Andrew Lang's Fairy Books , Fairy , Fairy tale 928 Words | 3 Pages. Yolen enlightens and a good statement inspires responders through the re application essays, use of structure, language and other techniques. Engel V Vitale? The novel Briar Rose by Jane Yolen is re application essays a . heart wrenching story of sleeping beauty intertwined with the horrors of the Jewish Holocaust. The structure of the novel is altered in a way to interweave three stories including Gemma's Briar Rose fairy tale, Becca's quest and in spanish Josef's story. The use of language techniques explores the idea of the characters as it gives an understanding of re application, their circumstances. Fairy , Fairy tale , Fiction 1325 Words | 4 Pages. Giving human-like qualities The Sick Rose * Sick * Songs of experience * Badness * Unhealthy * Depressed . * Infected * Imperfection * Aware or not? * The rose is sick. Analysis? * Personification * Rose * Nature * Beauty * Exotic * Love * Romanticism * Female * Perfection * Innocence * Smelling good * Corruption of essays, love O Rose thou art sick * Starting with”o” . 2009 albums , Adam and Eve , Human nature 579 Words | 7 Pages.

Short Essay on Inerrancy and a good thesis statement Inspiration. Chris Ray THEO 201-B25 LUO Short Essay # 1 Short Essay on Inerrancy and Inspiration Upon sitting . down to essays read and study the Bible, one needs to have several questions answered before one can begin to allow the Scripture to have an impact on one’s life. These questions should address the authority of the Bible (which will also address the author of the Bible), the citation at wuhan, inspiration of the Bible, and the inerrancy of the Bible. Re Application Essays? The first question stated above is the most important question to progressive essay answer. Bible , Christianity , God 816 Words | 3 Pages.

The Man Who Loved Flowers - Short Essay. Questions to the short story “The Man Who Loved Flowers ” by Stephen King 1. Re Application? Describe the essays, setting and atmosphere. The story . takes place in May 1963. The summer is just around the essays, corner and everybody is smiling to the man in the gray suit because he exudes, he is hopeless in love with the progressive movement essay, girl Norma. After he bought the tea roses for Norma, the afternoon turns to essays evening and the bright atmosphere is back thesis replaced by darkness and gloomy cityscape when he makes his way to he’s loving Norma. 2. Edgar Allan Poe , Fiction , Gothic fiction 277 Words | 2 Pages. ?Shaminika Paris Ballard English 201.722 Professor Gardner 4/6/12 Essay 2` RELUCTANT TO CHANGE It is common for an individual to find comfort . in essays familiar surroundings after being faced with a traumatic experience. In William Faulkner’s A Rose for progressive essay, Emily, the subject of the story is Emily Grierson, whose family in re application the South was once considered to what a good thesis be the closest thing to true aristocracy. Emily’s father had been an affluent man who believed that nobody was good enough to marry his daughter; he warded.

Death , Family , For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her 1056 Words | 5 Pages. ?English 2360, Spring 2014 Dr. Robin Cohen Professor: Dr. Robin Cohen Office: Flowers Hall M18 Phone: 245-3013 (office); 245-2163 . Essays? (Dept. of English); (512) 382-0011 (home) E-mail: rc08@txstate.edu Office hours: Wednesday, 1-4, and by appointment Teaching Assistant: Mallory Chesser Office: Flowers Hall 125 Phone: 245-7688 E-mail: mlc185@txstate.edu Office hours: Tues. 1-3 and by appointment This syllabus supplements the Sophomore Literature Program Syllabus, available online. Academic dishonesty , Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , American literature 721 Words | 4 Pages. Books Rose for thesis finn essays, Emily a (Short Story) Title: Faulkner's A Rose for Emily. Subject(s): BOOKS; ROSE for re application, Emily, A ( Short story) Author(s): Wallace, James . M. Source: Explicator, Winter92, Vol. 50 Issue 2, p105, 3p Abstract: Asserts that Faulkner's `A Rose for essay, Emily' is about, among other things gossip, and how through the narrator, we implicate ourselves and reveal our own phobias and fascinations.

Narrator's comments vitally important; Approach reading by ignoring all temptations to discuss Oedipal complexes, sexual preferences, and. Alderman , For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her , Homosexuality 1008 Words | 3 Pages. ? THE NOVEL “BRIAR ROSE ” IS SHAPED BY INTENSE FOCUS ON EXTRAORDINARY HUMAN EXPERIENCES. EXPLORE SOME OF THESE EXPERIENCES AND EVALUATE HOW . THEY IMPACT ON THE LIVES OF ATLEAST TWO CHARACTERS Briar Rose is shaped by an intense focus on extraordinary human experiences. Yolen reveals this throughout the novel. Briar Rose mainly focuses on human experiences.

It focuses on Genocide and the Holocaust. It does this through characters. The characters explain and share what they went through during. Fairy , Fairy tale , Family 2042 Words | 4 Pages. Criticism of The Sick Rose By analyzing more information from different authors, I was able to draw a greater amount contrast from the . authors. I had a better feel for what they were trying to essays convey when they wrote their critical essays in their books.

Whatever the case, it was easier to judge The Sick Rose by having more sources to reflect upon. Michael Riffaterre centers his analysis of look back in anger thesis, The Sick Rose in re application essays The Self- sufficient Text by make a good using internal evidence only [to analyze. Allegory , Allen Ginsberg , Critical path method 935 Words | 3 Pages. the lead: Deja vu means already seen. It is the phenomenon of having the strong sensation that an essays, event or experience currently being experienced had been . experienced in the past. 3. overview of the my summer vacation essay, topic/summary of the story: Briar Rose is a novel about a women, Becca, whos grandmother dies. when Becca was younger her grandmother, Gemma, would tell Becca and her sisters the story of Sleeping Beauty. when Gemma dies, Becca, goes to Poland to discover her grandmother’s past. Becca. Doctor of re application, Philosophy , Empiricism , Present 252 Words | 3 Pages.

Briar rose by thesis finn Jane Yolen explores three distinct narrative voices to re application allow the reader to explore the progressive movement, events of the holocaust from three . different perspectives. Hence, The composer of the novel Briar Rose uses distinctive qualities illustrate the message that through telling stories, and listening to stories, the individual come to a better understanding of themselves, of others and the world. Essays? Jane Yolen , the composer of the what a good, novel Briar Rose uses distinctive qualities to explore the concept that. Adolf Eichmann , Extermination camp , Fairy tale 1642 Words | 4 Pages. characteristics for re application essays, people who want to engel be successful in essays the future. Gardner (2008) and Fernandez (2014) both pointed out that talent is an essential part to . cultivate people to what a good thesis adapt the re application, changeable future even with different aspects of talent. This essay will illustrate similarities and differences between Gardner (2008) and Fernandez (2014)’s opinion. The similarity will focus on the connection between creativity and curiosity and demonstrate why curiosity is the most important skill to vacation in spanish essay build. It. Chief executive officer , Cognition , Cognitive science 990 Words | 4 Pages. Captain-Introvert Literature / Prose / Non-Fiction / Philosophical . ©2012-2013.

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Essay On Katherine Mansfield Short Story “Mansfield sheds a vivid light onto my summer vacation in spanish essay ordinary lives” In what way and how effectively do . you think Mansfield achieves this? Refer to two stories. In the stories Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding and Her First Ball by Katherine Mansfield, an example of ordinary lives is shown. Essays? This is illustrated by both characters, Frau Brechenmacher, who attends a wedding, and look back in anger Leila, who attends her first ball. Essays? As both stories are instances of people’s lives, we see.

Anton Chekhov , D. H. Progressive Movement? Lawrence , John Middleton Murry 991 Words | 3 Pages. ?THEO 201 Short Essay # 2 Short Essay on Christology Jesus was both a human being and God. Re Application? . This essay will discuss the Biblical basis for Jesus' humanity and deity. It will also explain how Jesus can be God and man at the same time and what that means. Jesus had to become incarnate to save humanity and it will be explained why. V Vitale? It will also be discussed the dangers of essays, overemphasizing and denying the humanity and deity of look in anger thesis, Christ, as well as some of the common objections to the traditional.

Christ , Christianity , Christology 878 Words | 4 Pages. by steven ERP is re application essays short for enterprise resource planning which is designed to improve both external customer relationship . s and internal collaborations by automating tasks and activities that streamline work process, shorten business process cycles, and statement increase user productivity. ERP software integrated all facets of an operation, including product planning, development, manufacturing processes, sales and marketing. Re Application Essays? In this short essay , three ERP application softwares from Oracle. Business process management , Customer relationship management , Enterprise resource planning 813 Words | 5 Pages. “Camo Rose ” It was April 2010 at Florida State University’s Ruby Diamond Concert Hall.

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Name: Li Pun Wah, Rachel Student ID: 1155062752 Course: UGFH1000SD Subject: Short Essay Date of re application essays, Submission: 6th March, 2015 . Question 1: Love between Calypso and Odysseus The love between Calypso and look Odysseus can be discussed mainly on the grounds of Pausanias, Socrates. Re Application Essays? The love between Calypso and Odysseus can be considered as Common Eros, according to arguments of Pausanias in Symposium. Common Eros is regarded as “composed of the female and thesis for huckleberry essays male elements”1 and “one falling in love with the essays, other’s. Calypso , Greek mythology , Love 1181 Words | 4 Pages. A Rose for Emily: Memorable Short Story. Yi An Pan Mr. For Huckleberry Finn Essays? Timothy Johnson English 24 October 2007 In William Faulkner’s memorable short story, “A Rose For . Emily”, the main character, Emily Grierson, is very complex and not easily forgotten. In order to re application essays fully grasp and comprehend her character traits, we also have to take into consideration her way of life and other external factors that contributed to her character.

First and foremost, she embodies the pre-war tradition of the South and this makes her very averse to change. Miss. Character , Death , Fiction 981 Words | 3 Pages. How do the movement, writers interest and satisfy the readers? In this essay , I will be analysing three short stories and re application will be . explaining through my writing how the stories interest and vacation essay satisfy the readers. Essays? I will express the aims of the stories through the eyes of my writing and evaluate the short stories in detail. Essay? The stories that I will be analysing are all set in different places. The first short story I will be focusing on re application, is “The Sniper”.

This is a story written by essay Liam O’Flaherty, which is set. Black people , Edgar Allan Poe , Fiction 2152 Words | 5 Pages. “The Flowers ” by Alice Walker is a short story written in the 1970’s. The story focuses on Myop, a ten year old African American . girl who loves to explore the land in which she lives. Carefree and re application essays naive, Myop decides to my summer vacation travel further away from her ‘Sharecropper cabin’ and travels deep inside the woods to unfamiliar land where she discovers the decomposed body of an African American man. It is then Myop quickly grows up and suddenly becomes aware of the world in which she lives. The story relies. Fiction , Garden of Eden , Short story 1483 Words | 4 Pages. ?Alina Rozental Mrs.

Muzaurieta English 9, pd 1A 12/19/2012 9th Short Stories, Formal Essay Final “Poor people put a low . Essays? value on themselves and my summer their efforts” (Daymond John). This represents the great work many underprivileged people must go through to earn simple things that would be easy to acquire for people of a wealthy society. People trapped in a lower class have a difficult time attaining happiness. A poor maid’s daughter struggles for a simple friendship and to gain respect from re application essays, her. Capital accumulation , Guy de Maupassant , Poverty 1345 Words | 4 Pages. In the engel essays, story “A Rose for re application, Emily” by William Faulkner, the voices of the townspeople and narrator paint a character portrait of make a good thesis statement, Miss Emily as a . Re Application? reclusive woman who doesn’t have the strongest grasp on reality.

Despite her odd behavior and vacation in spanish refusal to re application essays accept the evolving world around her, the essay, town collectively feels a “respectful affection” (391) for her, though it eventually gives way to re application essays morbid curiosity and engel v vitale essays finally fear. Though it is found out essays she may have done bad things, she is vacation essay not a bad person and. Accept , For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her 1003 Words | 3 Pages.

7 Reasons This Is An Excellent Resume For Someone With No Experience. Re Application Essays! Writing your very first resume can be a daunting process. And it doesn't help to know that recruiters spend an what make a good average of six seconds reviewing a resume before they make the initial decision on candidates, according to research conducted by TheLadders , an online job-matching service for professionals. Many students don't know what should and re application should not be included in their first resume, says Amanda Augustine, a career expert at TheLadders. While there are no hard and fast rules when writing a resume, it really depends on what content you have to work with, there are some preliminary guidelines all students or new professionals should follow. Look! She says the re application essays most important things to think about when you're creating your first resume are your job goals and your audience. Ask yourself: If I handed the resume to someone who knew nothing about my college major or career direction, could they easily identify the of phd thesis type of role I'm targeting and re application why within the first 30 seconds? . To get a clearer picture of what makes a resume great, we asked Augustine to create a sample of an excellent one for someone with little to no experience. While your resume may look different, depending on the industry you're in, the one below should serve as a useful guide for entry-level professionals with very little work experience: Skye Gould/Business Insider. V Vitale Essays! What makes this an excellent resume for someone with no experience? Augustine outlines the following reasons: 1. The layout is clean and easy to read. . The same font type is used throughout the document.

Dates and locations are consistently represented, so it's easy to scan and pick out the important information. In addition, the headers and main sections of information are centered on the page, which TheLadders eye-tracking study revealed is re application how recruiters tend to for huckleberry finn essays scan resumes, she says. 2. It includes a link to the job seeker's professional profile. . While it may seem a little premature, it's important for students to develop good social media habits from the essays get-go. Create one professional profile dedicated to of phd your future career, she suggests. If you're studying to work in re application a more creative field, consider developing an online portfolio to look in anger thesis display as part of your contact information. In addition, increase the security settings on your personal accounts so they're hidden away. 3. The job seeker' s goals are clear. . Maria's professional title and summary at the top of the resume clearly indicate her interest in securing an re application essays internship in advertising or public relations. Engel V Vitale Essays! If her resume was passed along to someone by a friend, the re application essays reader wouldn't have to guess, Augustine says. Progressive! While Maria's personal brand is still under development, her summary references the value she already brings to the table: the relevant degree she's pursuing, her experience using social media, and her writing skills.

4. Re Application Essays! It plays up the job seeker's selling points. Look In Anger Thesis! . Maria is pursuing her first internship and doesn't have any relevant work experience to speak of. As a result, we've shifted around the components within her resume to essays showcase her strengths: her relevant coursework, leadership activities, achievements, and skills, Augustine explains. Her work experience is moved to the bottom of the engel resume because it's not directly tied to her internship goals. However, it's important to essays include this information because it demonstrates Maria's work ethic and thesis skills.. 5. Re Application Essays! It includes some references to essays high school. . If you're pursuing your first internship, it's all right to incorporate some information about your high school career. This includes any awards, honors, or scholarships you may have received or sports you may have played.

If you were valedictorian or salutatorian of your class, or you held an re application office in an honor society or relevant club, include it in your first resume, Augustine says. Progressive Movement Essay! This information paints a picture for the reader of essays a well-rounded student who was active in and out of school. 6. It lists her social media skills.. If you grew up with Facebook and other social media channels, it may seem silly to add these to your resume €” doesn't everyone know their way around Instagram today? she says. But the reality is that this knowledge is an asset to many employers, and not everyone in the job market possesses it.

If you're targeting internship opportunities in marketing, public relations, advertising, journalism, or even customer service, include these skills in your resume. Engel V Vitale! Many employers are looking for interns to re application essays help manage their online brands; adding these skills to your resume will help them find you. Back In Anger! 7. It doesn't include a list of references. You do not need a line at re application essays the bottom that reads: References available upon request. . As a college student you only get one page of resume real estate €” so don't waste it with this information. Employers don't ask for that information until you make it to a face-to-face interview, and they know you'll provide it if they request it, she says. It's important to remember that experience isn't everything €” and, luckily, employers filling internships don't expect you to have much of it just yet, Augustine says. However, they do want to see an active student who has demonstrated a genuine interest in their position. So, when you sit down to write your first resume, try to think about your previous jobs in a new light. If your experience seems unrelated to engel the internship you want, think about what skills you've practiced or learned that could be applicable, she says. Essays! For instance, as a waitress you're sure to for huckleberry essays develop skills in customer service, sales, and multitasking, all of which could be very valuable to a potential employer. Re Application! SEE ALSO: 15 Things You Should Never Put On Your Resume.

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Cisco Wireless Intrusion Prevention System Configuration Guide, Release 7.4. Cisco Wireless Intrusion Prevention System Configuration Guide, Release 7.4. wIPS Policy Alarm Encyclopedia. View with Adobe Reader on a variety of devices. Chapter: wIPS Policy Alarm Encyclopedia. The addition of WLANs to the corporate environment introduces a new class of threats for network security. RF signals that penetrate walls and extend beyond intended boundaries can expose the network to unauthorized users. Rogue access points installed by re application employees for their personal use usually do not adhere to the corporate security policy. A rogue access point can put the entire corporate network at risk for my summer essay outside penetration and essays, attack. Not to understate the threat of the rogue access point, there are many other wireless security risks and intrusions such as mis-configured and unconfigured access points and DoS (Denial of Service) attacks. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS (wIPS) is progressive movement designed to help manage against security threats by validating proper security configurations and detecting possible intrusions.

With the comprehensive suite of security monitoring technologies, the wIPS alerts the user on more than 100 different threat conditions in the following categories: User authentication and traffic encryption Rogue and ad-hoc mode devices Configuration vulnerabilities Intrusion detection on re application, security penetration Intrusion detection on DoS attacks. To maximize the thesis for huckleberry finn, power of the wIPS, security alarms can be customized to essays, best match your security deployment policy. For example, if your WLAN deployment includes access points made by a specific vendor, the product can be customized to generate the rogue access point alarm when an access point made by another vendor is detected by engel v vitale essays the access point or sensor. Intrusion Detection—Denial of Service Attack. Wireless DoS (denial of service) attacks aim to disrupt wireless services by taking advantage of re application various vulnerabilities of WLAN at Layer one and two. DoS attacks may target the physical RF environment, access points, client stations, or the back-end authentication RADIUS servers.

For example, an for huckleberry finn essays RF jamming attack with a high power directional antenna from a distance can be carried out from the re application essays, outside of your office building. Attack tools used by v vitale essays intruders leverage hacking techniques such as spoofed 802.11 management frames, spoofed 802.1x authentication frames, or simply using the brute force packet flooding method. The nature and protocol standards for wireless are subject to re application essays, some of these attacks. Because of this, Cisco has developed Management Frame Protection, the basis of 802.11i, to proactively prevent many of these attacks. (For more information on back in anger thesis, MFP, see the Cisco Prime Infrastructure online Help.) The wIPS contributes to this solution by an early detection system where the attack signatures are matched. The DoS of the re application, wIPS detection focuses on WLAN layer one (physical layer) and two (data link layer, 802.11, 802.1x).

When strong WLAN authentication and encryption mechanisms are used, higher layer (IP layer and above) DoS attacks are difficult to execute. The wIPS server tightens your WLAN defense by essay validating strong authentication and encryption policies. In addition, the intrusion detection of the re application essays, wIPS on denial of service attacks and security penetration provides 24 X 7 air-tight monitoring on potential wireless attacks. Denial of service attacks include the following three subcategories: Denial of Service Attack Against Access Points.

DoS attacks against access points are typically carried out on the basis of the following assumptions: Access points have limited resources. For example, the per-client association state table. WLAN management frames and authentication protocols 802.11 and 802.1x have no encryption mechanisms. Wireless intruders can exhaust access point resources, most importantly the client association table, by emulating large number of wireless clients with spoofed MAC addresses. Each one of these emulated clients attempts association and authentication with the target access point but leaves the at wuhan, protocol transaction mid-way. When the access points resources and the client association table is re application filled up with these emulated clients and for huckleberry finn essays, their incomplete authentication states, legitimate clients can no longer be serviced by the attacked access point. Re Application Essays? This creates a denial of service attack. The wIPS tracks the client authentication process and identifies DoS attack signatures against the access point. Incomplete authentication and my summer, association transactions trigger the attack detection and statistical signature matching process.

Detected DoS attack results in essays setting off wIPS alarms, which includes the what make a good, usual alarm detail description and target device information. Cisco Management Frame Protection (MFP) also provides complete proactive protection against frame and device spoofing. For more information on MFP, see the essays, Prime Infrastructure online Help. DoS attacks against access points include the following types: Alarm Description and Possible Causes. A form of DoS (denial-of-service) attack is to exhaust the access point's resources, particularly the client association table, by thesis finn flooding the access point with a large number of essays emulated and spoofed client associations. At the 802.11 layer, Shared-key authentication is flawed and rarely used. The other alternative is Open authentication (null authentication) that relies on higher level authentication such as 802.1x or VPN. Open authentication allows any client to authenticate and then associate. An attacker leveraging such a vulnerability can emulate a large number of clients to flood a target access point's client association table by creating many clients reaching State 3 as illustrated below. Essays? Once the client association table overflows, legitimate clients are not able to get associated thus a denial-of-serve attack is committed.

The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects spoofed MAC addresses and tracks the essays, follow-up 802.1x actions and data communication after a successful client association to detect this form of DoS attack. After this attack is reported by the Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS, you may log on to this access point to inspect its association table for the number of client associations. Cisco Management Frame Protection (MFP) also provides complete proactive protection against frame and device spoofing. For more information on MFP, refer to the Cisco Prime Infrastructure Configuration Guide or the Online help. Denial of make thesis statement Service Attack: Association Table Overflow. Alarm Description and essays, Possible Causes. Wireless intruders can exhaust access point resources, most importantly the client association table, by imitating a large number of wireless clients with spoofed MAC addresses. Each one of these imitated clients attempts association and authentication with the progressive movement essay, target access point. The 802.11 authentication typically completes because most deployments use 802.11 Open System authentication, which is basically a null authentication process. Association with these imitated clients follows the authentication process. These imitated clients do not, however, follow up with higher level authentication such as 802.1x or VPN, which would leave the protocol transaction half-finished.

At this point, the attacked access point maintains a state in the client association table for each imitated client. Once the access point's resources and client association table is filled with these imitated clients and their state information, legitimate clients can no longer be serviced by the attacked access point. This creates a DoS (denial of service) attack. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS tracks the client authentication process and identifies a DoS attack signature against an access point. Incomplete authentication and association transaction trigger the essays, Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS's attack detection and statistical signature matching process. Denial of Service Attack: Authentication Flood.

Alarm Description and Possible Causes. IEEE 802.11 defines a client state machine for tracking station authentication and association status. Progressive Movement Essay? Wireless clients and access points implement such a state machine according to the IEEE standard (see illustration below). On the access point, each client station has a state recorded in the access point's client table (association table). This recorded state has a size limit that can either be a hard-coded number or a number based on the physical memory constraint. A form of DoS (denial-of-service) attack floods the access point's client state table (association table) by imitating many client stations (MAC address spoofing) sending authentication requests to the access point.

Upon reception of re application essays each individual authentication request, the target access point creates a client entry in engel essays State 1 of the association table. If Open System authentication is used for the access point, the access point returns an authentication success frame and moves the client to State 2. Re Application Essays? If Shared-key authentication is used for the access point, the access point sends an authentication challenge to the attacker's imitated client which does not respond. For Huckleberry Finn? In this case, the access point keeps the client in State 1. In either case, the access point contains multiple clients hanging in essays either State 1 or State 2 which fills up the thesis, access point association table. Essays? When the table reaches its limit, legitimate clients are not able to authenticate and associate with this access point. This results in a DoS attack. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects this form a DoS attack by tracking client authentication and association states. When the alarm is triggered, the access point under attack is identified. The WLAN security analyst can log on to the access point to check the current association table status. Denial of Service Attack: EAPOL-Start Attack. Alarm Description and Possible Causes.

The IEEE 802.1x standard defines the authentication protocol using EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) over LANs, or EAPOL. My Summer Essay? The 802.1x protocol starts with a EAPOL-Start frame sent by the client station to begin the re application, authentication transaction. The access point responds to an EAPOL-Start frame with a EAP-Identity-Request and some internal resource allocation. An attacker attempts to bring down an access point by thesis flooding it with EAPOL-Start frames to exhaust the access point internal resources. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects this form of DoS (denial-of-service) attack by tracking the 802.1x authentication state transition and particular attack signature.

Denial of re application Service Attack: PS Poll Flood Attack. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. Power management is probably one of the make statement, most critical features of essays wireless LAN devices. Power management helps to conserve power by enabling stations to remain in power saving state mode for longer periods of time and to receive data from the access point only at specified intervals. The wireless client device must inform the access point of the length of time that it will be in the sleep mode (power save mode). At the back in anger, end of the essays, time period, the client wakes up and movement, checks for waiting data frames. After it completes a handshake with the access point, it receives the data frames. The beacons from the essays, access point also include the Delivery Traffic Indication Map (DTIM) to inform the client when it needs to wake up to accept multicast traffic. The access point continues to buffer data frames for the sleeping wireless clients. Using the Traffic Indication Map (TIM), the access point notifies the vacation in spanish essay, wireless client that it has buffered data buffered. Multicast frames are sent after the beacon that announces the DTIM.

The client requests the delivery of the buffered frames using PS-Poll frames to the access point. For every PS-Poll frame, the access point responds with a data frame. Essays? If there are more frames buffered for the wireless client, the access point sets the engel v vitale, data bit in the frame response. The client then sends another PS-Poll frame to get the next data frame. This process continues until all the buffered data frames are received.

A potential hacker could spoof the MAC address of the wireless client and re application, send out a flood of thesis finn PS-Poll frames. The access point then sends out the buffered data frames to essays, the wireless client. In reality, the client could be in the power safe mode and engel v vitale, would miss the data frames. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS can detect this DoS (denial-of-service) attack that can cause the wireless client to lose legitimate data. Locate the device and take appropriate steps to remove it from the wireless environment. Re Application Essays? Cisco Management Frame Protection (MFP) also provides complete proactive protection against frame and device spoofing.

For more information on MFP, refer to the Cisco Prime Infrastructure Configuration Guide or the Online help. Denial of Service Attack: Probe Request Flood. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. A form of Denial of Service attack allows the for huckleberry, attacker to force the target AP into a constant stream of wireless packets intended to serve nonexistent clients. Re Application? During a Probe Request Flood, the attacker will generate large quantities of probe requests targeted at a specific AP. Typical wireless design specifies that an look back in anger thesis AP will respond to re application essays, a probe request by sending a probe response, which contains information about the corporate network. Due to analysis of phd thesis, the volume of essays probe requests transmitted during a flood attack, the AP will be stuck continuously responding, thus resulting in a denial of service for all clients depending on that AP.

The wIPS server monitors the levels of engel essays probe request frames detected and re application, will trigger a Probe Request Flood alarm when the threshold is exceeded. Even in cases where the requests are valid, the volume of the frames could cause problems with wireless activity. Consequently, the source(s) of the offending frames should be located and thesis finn, removed from the enterprise environment. Denial of Service Attack: Re-association Request Flood. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. A form of Denial-of-service attack is to exhaust the AP's resources, particularly the client association table, by re application flooding the engel essays, AP with a large number of emulated and spoofed client re-associations. At the 802.11 layer, Shared-key authentication is flawed and rarely used any more. The only other alternative is Open authentication (null authentication) that relies on higher level authentication such as 802.1x or VPN.

Open authentication allows any client to authenticate and then associate. Re Application? An attacker leveraging such a vulnerability can emulate a large number of clients to flood a target AP's client association table by creating many clients reaching State 3 as illustrated below. Once the client association table overflows, legitimate clients will not be able to get associated thus a denial-of-serve attack is committed. The wIPS server monitors the essay, levels of re-association requests on the network and essays, triggers this alarm if the progressive movement essay, threshold is exceeded. Denial of Service Attack: Unauthenticated Association. Alarm Description and Possible Causes.

A form of DoS (denial-of-service) attack is to re application, exhaust the access point's resources, particularly the client association table, by flooding the access point with a large number of imitated and citation thesis, spoofed client associations. Essays? At the 802.11 layer, Shared-key authentication is flawed and rarely used. The other alternative is Open authentication (null authentication) that relies on a higher level of authentication such as 802.1x or VPN. Open authentication allows any client to authenticate and then associate. What Make Thesis Statement? An attacker leveraging such a vulnerability can imitate a large number of clients to flood a target access point's client association table by creating many clients reaching State 3 as illustrated below. Once the client association table overflows, legitimate clients are not able to get associated causing a DoS attack.

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are unique in that most ways to contain them will not work. Unauthenticated Association Attack is no different. You have an attacker that is essays randomly generating hundreds if not thousands of MAC addresses and crafting those as Association frames and sending them as fast as possible to the target Access Point. Wireless containment on my summer vacation in spanish, this type of attack is clearly not possible. Re Application Essays? What are your options? Locating the source of the attack is your best option. Using a wireless analyzer, lock onto the channel where the attack is coming from. Progressive Movement Essay? Since you will see Association Frames streaming by, take note of signal strength readings from those frames.

Using these signal strength numbers, try to locate the source of the attack by walking around the re application essays, area where you think the attack is being generated from. Denial of Service Attack Against Infrastructure. In addition to attacking access points or client stations, the wireless intruder may target the RF spectrum or the back-end authentication RADIUS server for DoS (denial of service) attacks. The RF spectrum can be easily disrupted by injecting RF noise generated by look back in anger a high power antenna from a distance. Back-end RADIUS servers can be overloaded by a DDoS (distributed denial of service) attack where multiple wireless attackers flood the RADIUS server with authentication requests. Re Application Essays? This attack does not require a successful authentication to perform the attack. DoS attacks against thesis finn infrastructure include the following types: Denial of Service Attack: Beacon Flood.

Alarm Description and re application, Possible Causes. A form of Denial of my summer essay Service attack allows an attacker to re application, inhibit wireless activity for the entire enterprise infrastructure by preventing new associations between valid APs and stations. Typically, an enterprise AP will broadcast beacon frames to all recipients within range to notify users of the network's presence. Upon receipt of this beacon, stations can consult their configurations to verify that this is an appropriate network. Look? During a beacon flood attack, stations that are actively seeking a network are bombarded with beacons from networks generated using different MAC addresses and SSIDs. This flood can prevent the valid client from detecting the essays, beacons sent by the corporate APs, and thus a denial of service attack is initiated. The wIPS server monitors the levels of beacon frames detected and will trigger a Beacon Flood alarm when the threshold is progressive movement essay exceeded. Even in cases where the beacons are valid, the volume of the frames could cause problems with wireless activity. Consequently, the essays, sources of the offending frames should be located and removed from the enterprise environment. Denial of Service Attack: CTS Flood. Attack tool: CTS Jack.

Alarm Description and engel essays, Possible Causes. As an optional feature, the essays, IEEE 802.11 standard includes the RTS/CTS (Request-To-Send/Clear-To-Send) functionality to control the station access to the RF medium. Progressive Movement Essay? The wireless device ready for transmission sends a RTS frame in order to acquire the right to the RF medium for re application essays a specified time duration. The receiver grants the right to the RF medium to the transmitter by sending a CTS frame of the same time duration. All wireless devices observing the CTS frame should yield the media to v vitale essays, the transmitter for transmission without contention. A wireless denial-of-service attacker may take advantage of the privilege granted to the CTS frame to reserve the re application, RF medium for transmission. By transmitting back-to-back CTS frames, an attacker can force other wireless devices sharing the RF medium to hold back their transmission until the attacker stops transmitting the CTS frames. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects the abuse of CTS frames for a DoS attack. Denial of Service Attack: Destruction Attack. Alarm Description and Possible Causes.

MDK3 is engel essays a suite of hacking tools that allows users to utilize a number of different security penetration methods against corporate infrastructures. MDK3-Destruction mode is essays a specific implementation of the suit that uses an what thesis array of the tools to effectively completely shut down a wireless deployment. During an MDK-Destruction attack, the tool simultaneously: Initiates a beacon flood attack, which creates fake APs within the environment, Triggers an authentication flood attack against valid corporate APs, preventing them from servicing clients, and kicks all active connections with valid clients. Additional enhancements allow for the tool to be used to connect the valid clients to the fake APs generated with the beacon flood, causing further confusion in the environment. The wIPS server monitors for the combination of symptoms of an re application essays MDK3-Destruction attack and triggers an alarm when they are detected. Due to what make thesis statement, the dramatic impact that this attack can have on a wireless deployment, it is strongly recommended that the source of the attack be identified and removed immediately in order to essays, resume normal network operations. Denial of Service Attack: Queensland University of thesis for huckleberry finn essays Technology Exploit. Denial of Service Vulnerability in IEEE 802.11 Wireless Devices: US-CERT VU#106678 Aus-CERT AA-2004.02. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. 802.11 WLAN devices use Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) as the basic access mechanism in re application essays which the WLAN device listens to the medium before starting any transmission and backs-off when it detects any existing transmission taking place.

Collision avoidance combines the analysis, physical sensing mechanism and the virtual sense mechanism that includes the Network Allocation Vector (NAV), the re application, time before which the medium is available for transmission. Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) in the DSSS protocol determines whether a WLAN channel is clear so an 802.11b device can transmit on it. Mark Looi, Christian Wullems, Kevin Tham and for huckleberry essays, Jason Smith from the Information Security Research Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, have recently discovered a flaw in the 802.11b protocol standard that could potentially make it vulnerable to re application essays, DoS (denial-of-service) RF jamming attacks. This attack specifically attacks the thesis, CCA functionality. According to the AusCERT bulletin, an attack against this vulnerability exploits the CCA function at the physical layer and causes all WLAN nodes within range, both clients and access points, to defer transmission of data for re application the duration of the attack. When under attack, the device behaves as if the channel is always busy, preventing the transmission of any data over the wireless network. This DoS attack affects DSSS WLAN devices including IEEE 802.11, 802.11b, and low-speed (below 20Mbps) 802.11g wireless devices. Analysis Of Phd Thesis At Wuhan? IEEE 802.11a (using OFDM), high-speed (above 20Mbps using OFDM) 802.11g wireless devices are not affected by essays this attack.

Devices that use FHSS are also not affected. Any attacker using a PDA or a laptop equipped with a WLAN card can launch this attack on SOHO and enterprise WLANs. Switching to the 802.11a protocol is the only solution or known protection against this DoS attack. For more information on this DoS attack refer to : The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects this DoS attack and sets off the alarm. Locate the responsible device and engel essays, take appropriate steps to remove it from the essays, wireless environment.

Denial of Service attack: RF Jamming Attack. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. WLAN reliability and efficiency depend on the quality of the RF media. Each RF is susceptible to essay, RF noise impact. An attacker leveraging this WLAN vulnerability can perform two types of DoS (denial-of-service) attacks: Disrupt WLAN service Physically damage AP hardware. Disrupt WLAN service —At the 2.4GHz unlicensed spectrum, the attack may be unintentional. Essays? A cordless phone, Bluetooth devices, microwave, wireless surveillance video camera, or baby monitor can all emit RF energy to disrupt WLAN service.

Malicious attacks can manipulate the movement, RF power at 2.4GHz or 5GHz spectrum with a high gain directional antenna to amplify the re application, attack impact from a distance. Citation Analysis Of Phd? With free-space and indoor attenuation, a one kilo-watt jammer 300 feet away from a building can jam 50 to 100 feet into the office area. Re Application? The same one kilo-watt jammer located inside a building can jam 180 feet into the office area. During the attack, WLAN devices in what thesis the target area are out of wireless service. Physically damage AP hardware— An attacker using a high output transmitter with directional high gain antenna 30 yards away from an re application essays access point can pulse enough high energy RF power to damage electronics in the access point resulting in it being permanently out of service.

Such HERF (High Energy RF) guns are effective and what make a good thesis statement, are inexpensive to essays, build. Like any RF based disturbance, your best way to resolve this would be to physically locate the device that is triggering the RF Jamming alarm and essays, take it offline. Alternatively with Cisco CleanAir and its signature library, you can get a better description of this device. Find out the wIPS Access Point that triggered this alarm. Using a mobile spectrum analyzer, walk around to locate the source of the interference. Once the device is located, turn off or move the device to an area that won't affect your WLAN. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. As an optional feature, the IEEE 802.11 standard includes the RTS/CTS (Request-To-Send/Clear-To-Send) functionality to control access to the RF medium by stations. Essays? The wireless device ready for transmission sends an RTS frame to acquire the engel, right to the RF medium for re application essays a specified duration.

The receiver grants the right to the RF medium to the transmitter by sending a CTS frame of the same duration. What Thesis Statement? All wireless devices observing the CTS frame should yield the RF medium to the transmitter for re application essays transmission without contention. A wireless denial of service attacker may take advantage of the privilege granted to progressive, the CTS frame to reserve the RF medium for transmission. By transmitting back-to-back RTS frames with a large transmission duration text box, an attacker reserves the wireless medium and re application, force other wireless devices sharing the RF medium to hold back their transmissions. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects the abuse of RTS frames for denial-of-service attacks. Denial of Service Attack: Virtual Carrier Attack. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. The virtual carrier-sense attack is citation analysis implemented by modifying the 802.11 MAC layer implementation to allow random duration values to be sent periodically. This attack can be carried out on the ACK, data, RTS, and CTS frame types by using large duration values.

By doing this the re application essays, attacker can prevent channel access to legitimate users. Engel Essays? Under normal circumstances, the only time a ACK frame carries a large duration value is when the re application, ACK is part of thesis at wuhan a fragmented packet sequence. A data frame legitimately carries a large duration value only when it is essays a subframe in a fragmented packet exchange. One approach to deal with this attack is to place a limit on the duration values accepted by nodes. Any packet containing a larger duration value is truncated to citation of phd thesis, the maximum allowed value. Low cap and high cap values can be used.

The low cap has a value equal to the amount of time required to send an ACK frame, plus media access backoffs for that frame. Essays? The low cap is used when the only packet that can follow the observed packet is an ACK or CTS. This includes RTS and what a good thesis statement, all management (association, etc) frames. The high cap is used when it is valid for a data packet to follow the observed frame. The limit in this case needs to include the time required to send the largest data frame, plus the re application essays, media access backoffs for that frame. The high cap must be used in two places: when observing an ACK (because the ACK my be part of a MAC level fragmented packet) and when observing a CTS. A station that receives an RTS frame also receives the data frame. The IEEE 802.11 standard specifies the exact times for progressive essay the subsequent CTS and data frames. The duration value of RTS is respected until the following data frame is received or not received. Either the essays, observed CTS is unsolicited or the observing node is analysis thesis a hidden terminal. If this CTS is addressed to a valid in-range station, the essays, valid station can nullify this by sending a zero duration null function frame.

If this CTS is addressed to an out-of-range station, one method of defense is to introduce authenticated CTS frames containing cryptographically signed copies of the preceding RTS. With this method, there is a possibility of citation analysis of phd thesis overhead and feasibility issues. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects this DoS (denial-of-service) attack. Essays? Locate the device and thesis, take appropriate steps to re application, remove it from the wireless environment. Denial of Service Attacks Against Client Station. DoS attacks against wireless client stations are typically carried out based on the fact that 802.11 management frames and 802.1x authentication protocols have no encryption mechanism and thus can be spoofed. For example, wireless intruders can disrupt the service to a client station by continuously spoofing a 802.11 disassociation or deauthentication frame from the access point to the client station. Besides the 802.11 authentication and association state attack, there are similar attack scenarios for 802.1x authentication.

For example, 802.1x EAP-Failure or EAP-logoff messages are not encrypted and can be spoofed to disrupt the 802.1x authenticated state to disrupt wireless service. Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS tracks the client authentication process and identifies DoS attack signatures. Incomplete authentication and association transactions trigger the make a good thesis, attack detection and essays, statistical signature matching process. Detected DoS attack results in setting off wIPS alarms that include the usual alarm detail description and target device information. DoS attacks against client station include the following types:

Denial of a good thesis Service Attack: Authentication Failure Attack. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. IEEE 802.11 defines a client state machine for tracking station authentication and re application, association status. Wireless clients and access points implement this client state machine based on the IEEE standard (see illustration below). A successfully associated client station remains in State 3 in vacation order to continue wireless communication. A client station in State 1 and in State 2 cannot participate in the WLAN data communication process until it is authenticated and associated to State 3. IEEE 802.11 defines two authentication services: Open System Authentication and Shared Key Authentication. Wireless clients go through one of these authentication processes to associate with an access point.

A denial-of-service (DoS) attack spoofs invalid authentication request frames (with bad authentication service and status codes) from an associated client in State 3 to an access point. Upon reception of the invalid authentication requests, the re application essays, access point updates the back, client to State 1, which disconnects its wireless service. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects this form of a DoS attack by monitoring for spoofed MAC addresses and authentication failures. This alarm may also indicate an intrusion attempt. When a wireless client fails too many times in authenticating with an access point, the re application, server raises this alarm to indicate a potential intruder's attempt to for huckleberry finn, breach security. This alarm focuses on essays, 802.11 authentication methods, such as Open System and Shared Key. 802.1x and EAP based authentications are monitored by other alarms.

Denial of Service Attack: Block ACK Flood. Alarm Description and citation analysis of phd thesis at wuhan, Possible Causes. A form of Denial of re application Service attack allows an attacker to prevent an 802.11n AP from receiving frames from engel essays a specific valid corporate client. Re Application? With the introduction of the 802.11n standard, a transaction mechanism was introduced which allows a client to transmit a large block of frames at once, rather than dividing them up into segments. In order to initiate this exchange, the client will send an Add Block Acknowledgement (ADDBA) to the AP, which contains sequence numbers to inform the AP of the size of the block being transmitted. Essay? The AP will then accept all frames that fall within the specified sequence (consequently dropping any frames that fall outside of the range) and transmit a BlockACK message back to the client when the transaction has been completed. In order to exploit this process, an attacker can transmit an invalid ADDBA frame while spoofing the re application, valid client's MAC address. Essay? This process will cause the AP to essays, ignore any valid traffic transmitted from the client until the invalid frame range has been reached. The wIPS server monitors Block ACK transactions for analysis of phd thesis signs of spoofed client information. When an attacker is detected attempting to initiate a Block ACK attack, an alarm is triggered. It is recommended that users locate the offending device and eliminate it from the wireless environment as soon as possible.

Denial of re application essays Service Attack: Deauthentication Broadcast. Attack tool: WLAN Jack, Void11, Hunter Killer. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. IEEE 802.11 defines a client state machine for tracking the station authentication and association status. Wireless clients and access points implement this state machine according to the IEEE standard. A successfully associated client station remains in State 3 to continue wireless communication. A client station in State 1 and State 2 can not participate in WLAN data communication until it is authenticated and associated to look in anger thesis, State 3.

A form of DoS (denial-of-service) attack aims to send all clients of an access point to the unassociated or unauthenticated State 1 by re application essays spoofing de-authentication frames from the access point to the broadcast address. With today's client adapter implementation, this form of attack is very effective and immediate in progressive essay terms of disrupting wireless services against multiple clients. Typically, client stations re-associate and re-authenticate to regain service until the attacker sends another de-authentication frame. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects this form of DoS attack by essays detecting spoofed de-authentication frames and tracking client authentication and association states. When the alarm is triggered, the access point under attack is identified. The WLAN security analyst can log on to the access point to a good statement, check the current association table status. Cisco Management Frame Protection (MFP) also provides complete proactive protection against MAC spoofing. Essays? For more information on engel v vitale essays, MFP, refer to essays, the Cisco Prime Infrastructure Configuration Guide or Online help. Denial of Service Attack: Deauthentication Flood. Attack tool: WLAN Jack, Void11.

Alarm Description and Possible Causes. IEEE 802.11 defines a client state machine for tracking station authentication and association status. Wireless clients and access points implement this state machine according to of phd thesis, the IEEE standard. A successfully associated client station stays in State 3 in order to essays, continue wireless communication. A client station in engel State 1 and State 2 can not participate in WLAN data communication until it is authenticated and associated to State 3.

A form of re application DoS (denial-of-service) attack aims to send an access point's client to the unassociated or unauthenticated State 1 by spoofing de-authentication frames from the for huckleberry essays, access point to the client unicast address. With today's client adapter implementations, this form of attack is very effective and re application essays, immediate in terms of disrupting wireless services against the client. Typically, client stations re-associate and re-authenticate to regain service until the attacker sends another de-authentication frame. What Make A Good Thesis? An attacker repeatedly spoofs the de-authentication frames to keep all clients out of service. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects this form of DoS attack by re application detecting spoofed dis-association frames and tracking client authentication and association states. When the alarm is triggered, the access point under attack is identified. V Vitale? The WLAN security officer can log on to the access point to check the current association table status. Denial of Service Attack: Disassociation Flood. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. IEEE 802.11 defines a client state machine for re application essays tracking the station authentication and association status.

Wireless clients and access points implement this state machine according to the IEEE standard. Progressive Movement? A successfully associated client station stays in State 3 in re application order to continue wireless communication. A client station in State 1 and State 2 can not participate in what make a good thesis statement WLAN data communication until it is authenticated and associated to re application, State 3. A form of for huckleberry finn essays DoS (denial-of-service) attack aims to send an access point's client to the unassociated or unauthenticated State 2 by spoofing dis-association frames from the access point to the broadcast address (all clients). With today's client adapter implementations, this form of attack is re application effective and immediate in terms of disrupting wireless services against multiple clients. Typically, client stations re-associate to regain service until the attacker sends another dis-association frame. An attacker repeatedly spoofs the what make thesis statement, dis-association frames to keep all clients out of service. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects this form of DoS attack by re application detecting spoofed dis-association frames and tracking client authentication and association states.

When the alarm is triggered, the access point under attack is identified. Progressive Movement Essay? The WLAN security officer can log on to the access point to check the current association table status. Denial of Service Attack: EAPOL Logoff Attack. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. The IEEE 802.1x standard defines the authentication protocol using EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) over re application essays LANs, or EAPOL. The 802.1x protocol starts with a EAPOL-Start frame to begin the authentication transaction. At the engel, end of an authenticated session when a client station wishes to log off, the client station sends an 802.1x EAPOL-Logoff frame to terminate the session with the access point.

Since the re application essays, EAPOL-logoff frame is not authenticated, an attacker can potentially spoof this frame and log the user off the access point, thus committing a DoS (denial-of-service) attack. Essays? The client station is re application unaware that it is v vitale logged off from the re application essays, access point until it attempts communication through the WLAN. Vacation In Spanish Essay? Typically, the re application essays, client station discovers the disrupted connection status and re-associates and authenticates automatically to regain the thesis finn essays, wireless connection. The attacker can continuously transmit the spoofed EAPOL-Logoff frames to be effective on this attack. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects the re application, use of FATA-jack by monitoring on spoofed MAC addresses and authentication failures. This alarm may also indicate an intrusion attempt. When a wireless client fails too many times in authenticating with an access point, the Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS raises this alarm to indicate a potential intruder's attempt to breach security. This alarm focuses on 802.11 authentication methods (Open System, Shared Key, etc). Thesis For Huckleberry? EAP and re application essays, 802.1x based authentications are monitored by other alarms.

Denial of Service Attack: FATA Jack Tool Detected. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. EEE 802.11 defines a client state machine for tracking station authentication and association status. Wireless clients and thesis for huckleberry, access points implement this state machine based on the IEEE standard. A successfully associated client station stays in State 3 in re application essays order to continue wireless communication. A client station in State 1 and in State 2 cannot participate in the WLAN data communication process until it is authenticated and associated to State 3. IEEE 802.11 defines two authentication services: Open System Authentication and Shared Key Authentication. Wireless clients go through one of these authentication processes to associate with an access point.

A form of vacation DoS (denial-of-service) attack spoofs invalid authentication request frames (with bad authentication service and status codes) from an associated client in re application State 3 to an access point. Upon reception of the invalid authentication requests, the access point updates the client to State 1, which disconnects its wireless service. FATA-jack is one of the commonly used tools to run a similar attack. It is essay a modified version of WLAN-jack and it sends authentication-failed packets along with the reason code of the previous authentication failure to the wireless station. This occurs after it spoofs the MAC address of the access point. Re Application Essays? FATA-jack closes most active connections and at times forces the user to reboot the station to continue normal activities. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects this form of DoS attack by tracking the spoofed pre-mature EAP-Failure frames and the 802.1x authentication states for each client station and access point.

Locate the device and v vitale, take appropriate steps to remove it from the wireless environment. Denial of Service Attack: Premature EAP Failure Attack. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. The IEEE 802.1x standard defines the authentication protocol using EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) over essays LANs, or EAPOL. The 802.1x protocol starts with a EAPOL-Start frame to begin the authentication transaction. When the 802.1x authentication packet exchange is complete with the back-end RADIUS server, the access point sends an EAP-Success or EAP-Failure frame to what thesis, the client to indicate authentication success or failure.

The IEEE 802.1X specification prohibits a client from displaying its interface when the required mutual authentication is not complete. This enables a well-implemented 802.1x client station to avoid being fooled by a fake access point sending premature EAP-Success packets. An attacker keeps the client interface from displaying (therefore Denial-of-Service) by continuously spoofing pre-mature EAP-Failure frames from the access point to the client to disrupt the authentication state on the client. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects this form of re application DoS attack by tracking spoofed premature EAP-Success frames and the 802.1x authentication states for each client station and access point. Locate the device and progressive essay, take appropriate steps to essays, remove it from the wireless environment. Intrusion Detection—Security Penetration.

A form of wireless intrusion is to breach the WLAN authentication mechanism to gain access to the wired network or the wireless devices. Dictionary attacks on the authentication method is progressive a common attack against an access point. The intruder can also attack the wireless client station during its association process with an access point. Re Application Essays? For example, a faked access point attack on a unsuspicious wireless client may fool the client into associating with faked access point. This attack allows the intruder to gain network access to the wireless station and potentially hack into progressive essay its file system. The intruder can then use the essays, station to access the wired enterprise network. These security threats can be prevented if mutual authentication and strong encryption techniques are used. The wIPS looks for weak security deployment practices as well as any penetration attack attempts.

The wIPS ensures a strong wireless security umbrella by progressive validating the best security policy implementation as well as detecting intrusion attempts. If such vulnerabilities or attack attempts are detected, the wIPS generates alarms to bring these intrusion attempts to essays, the administrator's notice. Security penetration attacks include the following types: Alarm Description and Possible Causes. WLAN devices using static WEP key for encryption are vulnerable to engel v vitale essays, the WEP key cracking attack. Cisco Systems introduced LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) to leverage the re application, existing 802.1x framework to avoid such WEP key attacks.

The Cisco LEAP solution provides mutual authentication, dynamic per session and per user keys, and configurable WEP session key time out. The LEAP solution was considered a stable security solution and is easy to configure. There are hacking tools that compromise wireless LAN networks running LEAP by using off-line dictionary attacks to break LEAP passwords After detecting WLAN networks that use LEAP, this tool de-authenticates users which forces them to reconnect and provide their user name and password credentials. The hacker captures packets of legitimate users trying to re-access the network. The attacker can then analyze the traffic off-line and guess the v vitale essays, password by testing values from a dictionary. The main features of the re application essays, ASLEAP tool include: Reading live from any wireless interface in RFMON mode with libpcap Monitoring a single channel or performing channel hopping to thesis for huckleberry finn, look for target networks running LEAP.

Actively deauthenticating users on LEAP networks, forcing them to reauthenticate. This allows quick LEAP password captures. Only de-authenticating users who have not already been seen rather than users who are not running LEAP. Reading from stored libpcap files. Essays? Using a dynamic database table and index to allow quick lookups on large files.

This reduces the worst-case search time to .0015% as opposed to progressive, lookups in a flat file. Writing only the LEAP exchange information to essays, a libpcap file. This could be used to capture LEAP credentials with a device short on disk space (like an iPaq); the LEAP credentials are then stored in the libpcap file on a system with more storage resources to look back, mount the dictionary attack. The source and Win32 binary distribution for the tool are available at http://asleap.sourceforge.net. Cisco Systems has developed the Extensible Authentication Protocol-Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling (EAP-FAST) protocol which stops these dictionary attacks. EAP-FAST helps prevent man-in-the-middle attacks, dictionary attacks, and re application, packet and authentication forgery attacks.

In EAP-FAST, a tunnel is created between the client and the server using a PAC (Protected Access Credential) to authenticate each other. After the tunnel establishment process, the client is then authenticated using the user-name and password credentials. Some advantages of my summer vacation EAP-FAST include: It is not proprietary. It is compliant with the IEEE 802.11i standard. It supports TKIP and WPA. It does not use certificates and re application, avoids complex PKI infrastructures. It supports multiple Operating Systems on PCs and Pocket PCs. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects the citation at wuhan, de-authentication signature of the ASLEAP tool.

Once detected, the server alerts the wireless administrator. The user of the attacked station should reset the re application, password. The best solution to counter the ASLEAP tool is to replace LEAP with EAP-FAST in the corporate WLAN environment. Cisco WCS also provides automated security vulnerability scanning that proactively reports any access points configured to utilize weak encryption or authentication. For more information on automated security vulnerability scanning, refer to Cisco WCS online help. Starting with Apple OSX Lion, Apple has a new feature called AirDrop. This new feature is supported on newer MacBook, MacBook Pro and iMac.

What this new feature allows users to do is what make a good quickly setup a wireless file transfer system. Essays? To achieve this, both of the users that want to progressive, share files need to open their finder and click on the AirDrop link. Once both of the systems are in range of each other and the link is setup, the users will see the other user's login icon in the AirDrop window. They can then drag-and-drop files onto the other users icon to begin a file transfer. This could potentially create a security risk due to unauthorized Peer-to-Peer networks being dynamically created in your WLAN environment. File sharing is also a concern here. The system monitors the wireless network for traffic consistent with an AirDrop session. Cisco recommends that you locate users creating AirDrop sessions and re application, inform them of your company policies regarding unauthorized Peer-to-Peer networks.

Alarm Description and Possible Causes. Airpwn is a framework for thesis for huckleberry 802.11 packet injection. Airpwn listens to incoming wireless packets, and if the data matches a pattern specified in the config files, custom content is injected (spoofed) from the wireless access point. Re Application? Airpwn utilizes the inherent delay when a client sends a request to the internet. Analysis? Since the Airpwn attacker is re application essays closer, it will be able to quickly respond.

As an example, the hacker might replace all images on progressive essay, a website that the visitor is trying to view, showing only what the hacker wants the visitor to re application, see. Airpwn only works on open wireless networks and citation, WEP encrypted networks when the attacker knows the WEP key. Cisco Enterprise monitors the wireless network for potential traffic that is consistent with an Airpwn attack against Open or WEP decrypted Access Points and notifies the WLAN administrator. It is recommended that security personnel identify the device and locate it using the re application, Floor Plan screen. The attacking station should be removed from the wireless environment as soon as possible. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects the wireless device running the vacation, AirSnarf tool. Appropriate action must be taken by the administrator to remove the re application, AirSnarf tool from the analysis, WLAN environment. Alarm Description and re application essays, Possible Causes. Certain frame transmissions from a valid corporate client to an AP can cause a crash in engel v vitale some AP models due to insufficient or invalid data. A wireless attacker can take advantage of this vulnerability by transmitting the defective frames in order to essays, bring down a corporate AP.

By sending EAP-TLS packets with flags set to 'c0' and no TLS message length or data, APs from some vendors can be rendered inoperable until they are rebooted. During this reboot process, attackers may have a brief opportunity to gain access to the corporate network, resulting in back in anger a potential security leak. The wIPS server monitors EAP-TLS transmissions and triggers an alarm if defective or invalid frames are detected. Although this issue may not always represent a wireless attack, it is an issue that should be remedied in order to maintain the health of the overall wireless deployment. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. 802.11 Fuzzing is the process of introducing invalid, unexpected or random data into re application essays the 802.11 frames and then replaying those modified frames into vacation in spanish essay the air.

This can cause unexpected behavior to the destination device including driver crashes, operating system crashes and stack based overflows which would allow execution of arbitrary code on re application essays, the affected system. Of Phd Thesis At Wuhan? The CVE website (http://cve.mitre.org/index.html) has numerous reported entries for fuzzing based vulnerabilities on 802.11 frames. The system inspects each beacon frame looking for signs of re application essays fuzzing activity. Most common forms of beacon fuzzing involve expanding the SSID field beyond the limit of 32 bytes and changing the supported data rates to engel v vitale, invalid rates. The system looks for re application these anomalies and will generate the Beacon Fuzzing alarm when the movement, field values are beyond the re application, 802.11 specification. The system monitors the wireless network for traffic consistent with Beacon Fuzzing. It is recommended to locate the look thesis, device and take it offline. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. A common practice amongst WLAN Administrators is to disable broadcasting of the SSID for re application essays an Access Point. The idea behind this is that if people scanning for wireless networks can't see you, then you are safe. Basically you would need to know the SSID in order to connect to look back in anger, that wireless network.

This protects your wireless network from casual drive by essays users who don't have the tools to progressive essay, extract the SSID from hidden networks. Essays? But hackers are a different story. They have the tools, the time and energy to movement, extract the SSID from re application essays hidden networks. There are many tools to perform this type of snooping. If a hidden SSID is look thesis not found through normal methods, hackers can use a brute force method using the essays, tool mdk3. With the tool mdk3, they can perform a Dictionary attack or a word list attack on the hidden network to make, extract the re application, SSID. Cisco Enterprise monitors the wireless network for engel v vitale potential traffic that is essays consistent with a brute force attack against a hidden SSID and notifies the WLAN administrator. It is recommended that security personnel identify the device and locate it using the Floor Plan screen. The attacking station should be removed from the wireless environment as soon as possible. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. This attack takes advantage of an insecure redundancy checking algorithm implemented in essays the WEP protocol.

By compromising a few known properties, an essays attacker is engel able to take an encrypted packet and decrypt it while retrieving the keystream used to re application, encrypt the look, packet. The way the attack works, is the attacker captures a packet and essays, chops one byte off the end of the packet before the movement, ICV. The attacker will then append a guess to the decrypted value of the byte. The packet is fixed by recalculating the ICV then injects this packet to re application, the target AP. If the target AP, re-broadcasts this frame back out, the attacker knows he has correctly guessed the value of the what make a good, decrypted byte. Re Application? The attacker then moves onto back in anger the next byte. As the guesses become successful, the packet being injected actually gets smaller and smaller. If the re application, packet doesn't get re-broadcasted, then the attacker changes the guess and movement, repeats the process, he or she has 256 possible choices to try and guess. Below is an example of the re application essays, tool running trying the my summer essay, various possible guesses.

Once complete, the attacker will have decrypted the entire WEP packet byte by essays byte, which can then be XORed with the original encrypted packet to what statement, produce the re application, plaintext data. The ChopChop Attack is targeted at progressive essay, WEP based Access Points to break the WEP key and gain direct access to the wireless network. Since this particular attack can take less than 5 minutes to perform, there is a good chance the attacker has already gained access to re application, your wireless network. If possible, migrate your WLAN off WEP. WPA2-AES is recommended. If that's not an option, here are some steps to help troubleshoot the situation.

Turn off the radios for the affected AP. This will disconnect all clients that are currently connected. Change the WEP key Turn the radios back on You will need to at wuhan, change the WEP key on all of the devices that were currently connected to the new WEP key that was just set. Monitor NCS to see if the ChopChop alarm happens again. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. DHCP Starvation is an attack where a malicious user broadcasts large amounts of DHCP requests with spoofed MAC addresses. Essays? If enough DHCP request frames flood the network, the attacker could use up all of the remaining DHCP IP addresses that are available for valid users. This would create a DoS condition on the network. There are two tools that can do this fairly easily: Gobbler and Yersinia are publicly available tools that can perform this type of attack.

This type of my summer essay attack is re application essays especially harmful on guest networks or hotspot networks where the my summer in spanish essay, user is allowed to get an IP address before the authentication happens. Mitigation options for this type of attack can be handled at the switch level. For Cisco IOS switches, enable DHCP Snooping. Re Application Essays? For Cisco CatOS, enable port security. The system monitors the wireless network for traffic consistent with a DHCP Starvation attack. Cisco recommends that you locate the user running the attack or implement tighter switch security. Day-0 Attack by WLAN Security Anomaly. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS has detected a single Security IDS/IPS policy violation on a large number of devices in the wireless network. Either the number of a good thesis statement devices violating the specific policy in re application the time period specified are observed or there is a sudden percentage increase in the number of devices as specified in the threshold settings for the alarm.

Depending on the Security IDS/IPS violation, it is thesis statement suggested that the re application, violation be monitored individually to determine the source and in anger, destination of re application essays this attack. If this is an increase in the number of rogue devices, it may indicate an for huckleberry finn essays attack against the network. If there is a sudden increase in the number of client devices with encryption disabled, it may be necessary to revisit the Corporate Security Policy and enforce users to use the highest level of encryption and authentication according to the policy rules. Day-0 Attack by Device Security Anomaly. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects a device violating a large number of Security IDS/IPS policies. Re Application? This device has either generated a number of essay Security IDS/IPS violations in the time period specified or there is a sudden percentage increase as specified in the threshold settings for the various alarms. The device should be monitored and located to carry out further analysis to check if this device is compromising the Enterprise Wireless Network in any way (attack or vulnerability).

If this is a rogue device, the WLAN administrator may use the integrated over-the-air physical location capabilities, or trace device on re application essays, the wired network using rogue location discovery protocol (RLDP) or switchport tracing to find it. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. Cross-Site scripting vulnerabilities are well known and consist of publicized attacks that target web applications to gain access to the underlying server or the citation analysis at wuhan, web application itself. It does this by injecting a client-side script into web pages viewed by the user. This attack is performed using a device to broadcast the client-side code as the SSID. Once a WLAN monitoring system picks up the malicious SSID and records it, if the system is web based and there are Cross-Site Scripting vulnerabilities, then that system will be exploited once the device with the malicious SSID is clicked. Cisco Enterprise monitors the wireless network for Access Points and Ad-hoc devices broadcasting malicious Cross-site scripting (XSS) traffic. It is recommended that security personnel identify the device and locate it using the floor plan screen. The device should then be removed from the re application essays, wireless environment as soon as possible. Some commonly used scan tools include: NetStumbler (newer versions), MiniStumbler (newer versions), MACStumbler, WaveStumbler, PrismStumbler, dStumbler, iStumbler, Aerosol, Boingo Scans, WiNc, AP Hopper, NetChaser, Microsoft Windows XP scans. Alarm Description and Possible Causes.

The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects wireless devices probing the WLAN and thesis for huckleberry, attempting association (i.e. association request for an access point with any SSID). Such devices could pose potential security threats in one of the following ways: War-driving, WiLDing (Wireless LAN Discovery), war-chalking, war-walking, war cycling, war-lightrailing, war-busing, and war-flying. Legitimate wireless client attempting risky promiscuous association. War-driving, war-chalking, war-walking, and war-flying activities include: War-driving- A wireless hacker uses war-driving tools to discover access points and publishes information such as MAC address, SSID, and security implemented on the Internet with the access points' geographical location information. War-chalking- War-chalkers discover WLAN access points and mark the WLAN configuration at public locations with universal symbols War-flying-War-flying refers to sniffing for wireless networks from the air. The same equipment is used from a low flying private plane with high power antennas.

It has been reported that a Perth, Australia-based war-flier picked up e-mail and Internet relay chat sessions from an altitude of 1,500 feet on re application essays, a war-flying trip. To prevent your access points from analysis of phd being discovered by these hacking tools, configure your the re application essays, access points to progressive movement essay, not broadcast SSIDs. Use the Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS to see which access points are broadcasting (announcing) their SSID in the beacons. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. IEEE 802.1x provides an EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) framework for wired or wireless LAN authentication. An EAP framework allows flexible authentication protocol implementation. Some implementations of 802.1x or WPA use authentication protocols such as LEAP, MD5, OTP (one-time-password), TLS, and TTLS. Re Application Essays? Some of these authentication protocols are based upon the user name and analysis thesis, password mechanism, where the user name is transmitted clear without encryption and the password is re application essays used to answer authentication challenges. Most password-based authentication algorithms are susceptible to dictionary attacks. During a dictionary attack, an attacker gains the thesis for huckleberry finn, user name from the unencrypted 802.1x identifier protocol exchange. The attacker then tries to guess a user's password to gain network access by using every word in a dictionary of common passwords or possible combinations of passwords.

A dictionary attack relies on the fact that a password is often a common word, name, or combination of both with a minor modification such as a trailing digit or two. A dictionary attack can take place actively online, where an re application attacker repeatedly tries all the in anger thesis, possible password combinations. Online dictionary attacks can be prevented using lock-out mechanisms available on the authentication server (RADIUS servers) to lock out the user after a certain number of invalid login attempts. A dictionary attack can also take place off-line, where an attacker captures a successful authentication challenge protocol exchange and then tries to match the essays, challenge response with all possible password combinations off-line. Unlike online attacks, off-line attacks are not easily detected. Engel Essays? Using a strong password policy and periodically expiring user passwords significantly reduces an essays off-line attack tool's success. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects online dictionary attacks by tracking 802.1x authentication protocol exchange and the user identifier usages. Upon detection of a dictionary attack, the alarm message identifies the user name and attacking station's MAC address.

The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS advises switching user name and engel v vitale essays, password based authentication methods to re application, encrypted tunnel based authentication methods such as PEAP and EAP-FAST, which are supported by many vendors including Cisco. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. The Fake AP tool is look in anger meant to protect your WLAN acting as a decoy to confuse war-drivers using NetStumbler, Wellenreiter, MiniStumbler, Kismet, etc. The tool generates beacon frames imitating thousands of counterfeit 802.11b access points. War-drivers encountering a large amount of access points are not able to identify the real access points deployed by the user. This tool, although very effective in fending off war-drivers, poses other disadvantages such as bandwidth consumption, misleading legitimate client stations, and re application, interference with the thesis for huckleberry finn, WLAN management tools. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS does not recommend running the Fake AP tool in your WLAN.

The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS recommends that the administrator locate the device running the Fake AP tool and take appropriate steps to remove it from the wireless environment. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects such wireless STAs running the DHCP service and providing IP addresses to unaware users. Once the essays, client is identified and reported, the WLAN administrator may use the integrated over-the-air physical location capabilities, or trace device on the wired network using rogue location discovery protocol (RLDP) or switchport tracing to find the device. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects such wireless STAs running the DHCP service and providing IP addresses to unaware users. Once the client is identified and reported, the WLAN administrator may use the integrated over-the-air physical location capabilities, or trace device on the wired network using rogue location discovery protocol (RLDP) or switchport tracing to find the v vitale, device. Fast WEP Crack (ARP Replay) Detected. Alarm Description and essays, Possible Causes. It is essay well publicized that WLAN devices using static WEP key for encryption are vulnerable to WEP key cracking attack (Refer to Weaknesses in essays the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4 - I by Scott Fluhrer, Itsik Mantin, and Adi Shamir).

The WEP secret key that has been cracked by any intruder results in no encryption protection, thus leading to a good thesis, compromised data privacy. The WEP key that is in most cases 64-bit or 128-bit (few vendors also offer 152-bit encryption) consists of the secret key specified by re application the user linked with the 24-bit IV (Initialization Vector). Progressive Movement Essay? The IV that is determined by the transmitting station can be reused frequently or in consecutive frames, thus increasing the re application essays, possibility of the secret key to be recovered by engel wireless intruders. The most important factor in any attack against the WEP key is the key size. For 64-bit WEP keys, around 150K unique IVs and for re application essays 128-bit WEP keys around 500k to a million unique IVs should be enough. With insufficient traffic, hackers have created a unique way of generating sufficient traffic to make thesis, perform such an essays attack. This is called the replay attack based on arp-request packets. Such packets have a fixed length and can be spotted easily. By capturing one legitimate arp-request packet and resending them repeatedly, the other host responds with encrypted replies, providing new and possibly weak IVs. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS alerts on weak WEP implementations and progressive movement, recommends a device firmware upgrade if available from the device vendor to correct the IV usage problem.

Ideally, enterprise WLAN networks can protect against WEP vulnerability by using the TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) encryption mechanism, which is now supported by re application essays most enterprise level wireless equipment. TKIP enabled devices are not subject to my summer vacation, any such WEP key attacks. Cisco WCS also provides automated security vulnerability scanning that proactively reports any access points configured to utilize weak encryption or authentication. For more information on automated security vulnerability scanning, refer to the Cisco WCS online help. Alarm Description and Possible Causes.

It is well publicized that a WLAN device using a static WEP key for encryption is vulnerable to various WEP cracking attacks. Refer to re application, Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4 - I, by Scott Fluhrer, Itsik Mantin, and Adi Shamir for more information. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS alerts on detecting a potential fragmentation attack in progress, and recommends that WEP not be used in the corporate environment and that appropriate measures be taken to avoid any security holes in the network and upgrade the wireless network infrastructure and devices to use the more secure IEEE 802.11i standard. HT Intolerant Degradation Services. Alarm Description and Possible Causes.

While 802.11n deployments provide the potential for what a good thesis dramatically increased wireless range and re application essays, speed over legacy implementations, these benefits can be easily lost or offset if a single legacy device is introduced to the network. To help prevent this situation, the wIPS server will trigger an HT-Intolerant Degradation of Service alarm when it detects packets transmitted between n-capable devices at sub-n speeds. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. While 802.11n deployments provide the potential for progressive movement essay dramatically increased wireless range and speed over legacy implementations, these benefits can be easily lost or offset if a single legacy device is introduced to the network. To help prevent this situation, the wIPS server will trigger an HT-Intolerant Degradation of Service alarm when it detects packets transmitted between n-capable devices at sub-n speeds. Alarm Description and Possible Causes.

The addition of WLANs in the corporate environment introduces a whole new class of threats for network security. RF signals that penetrate walls and extend beyond intended boundaries can expose the network to unauthorized users. A rogue access point can put the entire corporate network at risk for outside penetration and attack. Not to understate the essays, threat of the rogue access point, there are many other wireless security risks and intrusions such as mis-configured access points, unconfigured access points, and DoS (denial-of-service) attacks. One of the most effective attacks facing enterprise networks implementing wireless is the my summer essay, use of a honey pot access point. Re Application? An intruder uses tools such as NetStumbler, Wellenreiter, and MiniStumbler to discover the SSID of the corporate access point. Then the intruder sets up an access point outside the analysis thesis at wuhan, building premises or, if possible, within the premises and re application essays, broadcasts the discovered corporate SSID. An unsuspecting client then connects to this honey pot access point with a higher signal strength. Once associated, the intruder performs attacks against thesis finn essays the client station because traffic is diverted through the honey pot access point.

Once a honey pot access point is identified and reported by the Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS, the WLAN administrator may use the integrated over-the-air physical location capabilities, or trace device on re application, the wired network using rogue location discovery protocol (RLDP) or switchport tracing to find the rogue device. Hot-Spotter Tool Detected (Potential Wireless Phishing) Alarm Description and Possible Causes. A hotspot is any location where Wi-Fi network access available for the general public. Hotspots are often found in airports, hotels, coffee shops, and other places where business people tend to congregate. It is currently one of the most important network access service for business travelers. The customer requires a wireless-enabled laptop or handheld to connect to the legitimate access point and to receive service. Most hotspots do not require the user to have an advanced authentication mechanism to connect to the access point, other than using a web page to for huckleberry, log in. The criterion for entry is only dependent on whether or not the subscriber has paid subscription fees. Essays? In a wireless hotspot environment, no one should trust anyone else. Due to current security concerns, some WLAN hotspot vendors are using 802.1x or higher authentication mechanisms to validate the identity of the user.

The four components of a basic hotspot network are: Hotspot Subscribers-Valid users with a wireless enabled laptop or handheld and valid login for v vitale accessing the hotspot network. WLAN Access Points-SOHO gateways or enterprise level access points depending upon re application essays the hotspot implementation. What Make A Good? Hotspot Controllers-Deals with user authentication, gathering billing information, tracking usage time, filtering functions, etc. This can be an essays independent machine or can be incorporated in what make a good thesis statement the access point itself.

Authentication Server-Contains the essays, login credentials for the subscribers. In most cases, hotspot controllers verify subscribers' credentials with the authentication server. Hotspotter automates a method of what make thesis penetration against wireless clients, independent of the re application, encryption mechanism used. For Huckleberry Essays? Using the Hotspotter tool, the essays, intruder can passively monitors the citation analysis of phd thesis, wireless network for essays probe request frames to v vitale essays, identify the SSIDs of the networks of the Windows XP clients. After it acquires the preferred network information, the intruder compares the network name (SSID) to a supplied list of commonly used hotspot network names. Once a match is found, the re application essays, Hotspotter client acts as an engel v vitale access point. The clients then authenticate and associate unknowingly to this fake access point. Once the client gets associated, the re application, Hotspotter tool can be configured to run a command such as a script to kick off a DHCP daemon and other scanning against the new victim. Clients are also susceptible to this kind of attack when they are operating in different environments (home and office) while they are still configured to include the what make a good, hotspot SSID in the Windows XP wireless connection settings. The clients send out re application probe requests using that SSID and make themselves vulnerable to my summer vacation in spanish, the tool. Once the rogue access point is identified and reported by the Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS, the WLAN administrator may use the integrated over-the-air physical location capabilities, or trace device on re application, the wired network using rogue location discovery protocol (RLDP) or switchport tracing to find the rogue device.

Identical Send and Receive Address. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. In order to inhibit wireless activity in a corporate network, attackers will often modify wireless packets to thesis finn essays, emulate various different characteristics, including changes to the packets' Source and Destination MAC information. In cases where these fields are identical, the Identical Send and Receive Address alarm will be triggered in re application order to alert IT personnel of a potential attack. In a normal network environment, a packet's Source and Destination will never be identical.

As such, the enterprise administrators should take immediate steps to locate the root cause of the modified packets. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. Standard 802.11 deployments allow for certain frames to be transmitted to individual destinations (also known as unicast frames, such as an my summer essay ACK) and other frames to be 'broadcast' to all recipients in the wireless deployment. In general, these two categories should not overlap, e.g., an Association Request frame should not be sent out as a broadcast to essays, all listening devices. In this scenario, the wIPS server will trigger an Improper Broadcast Frames alarm to alert staff of a potential problem. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. The Karma tool allows a wireless attacker to configure a client as a soft AP that will respond to any probe request detected. This implementation is designed to finn, respond to queries from stations configured to connect to multiple different networks, e.g., SSID Corporate for re application work and SSID Home for what make thesis statement home use. Re Application? In this example, the soft AP may be configured to respond to the probe for Home when the client is at work. In this manner, the attacker tricks the corporate client to route potentially sensitive network traffic to the false AP. The wIPS server will trigger a Karma Tool alarm if a wireless station is discovered using the my summer vacation in spanish, tool within the corporate environment.

Users should locate the attacking device and eliminate it immediately. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack is one of the most common 802.11 attacks that can lead to confidential corporate and private information being leaked to hackers. In a MITM attack, the hacker can use a 802.11 wireless analyzer and monitor 802.11 frames sent over the WLAN. By capturing the wireless frames during the association phase, the hacker gets IP and MAC address information about the wireless client card and access point, association ID for the client, and the SSID of the wireless network. A commonly used method for performing the MITM attack involves the hacker sending spoofed dis-association or de-authentication frames. The hacker station then spoofs the MAC address of the client to continue an re application essays association with the access point. Essay? At the same time, the essays, hacker sets up a spoofed access point in another channel to keep the client associated. This allows all traffic between the valid client and movement essay, access point to pass through the hacker's station.

One of the most commonly used MITM attack tools is Monkey-Jack. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS recommends the use of strong encryption and authentication mechanisms to thwart any MITM attacks by hackers. One way to avoid such an re application essays attack is to prevent MAC spoofing by essay using MAC address exclusion lists and re application, monitoring the RF channel environment. Cisco Management Frame Protection (MFP) also provides complete proactive protection against MITM attacks. For more information on MFP, refer to thesis for huckleberry, the Cisco Wireless Control System Configuration Guide or the re application, WCS online help. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects a wireless client station probing the WLAN for an anonymous association (such as an association request for finn essays an access point with any SSID) using the NetStumbler tool. The Device probing for Access Point alarm is generated when hackers use recent versions of the NetStumbler tool. For older versions, the re application essays, Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS generates the NetStumbler detected alarm.

NetStumbler is the most widely used tool for war-driving and essays, war-chalking. A wireless hacker uses war-driving tools to re application, discover access points and to publish their information (MAC address, SSID, security implemented, etc.) on the Internet with the access points' geographical location information. War-chalkers discover WLAN access points and mark the WLAN configuration at public locations with universal symbols as illustrated above. War-walking is similiar to war-driving, but the hacker is on foot instead of a car. It can run on a good statement, a machine running Windows 2000, Windows XP, or better. It also supports more cards than Wellenreiter, another commonly used scanning tool. War-walkers like to re application essays, use MiniStumbler and similar products to sniff shopping malls and big-box retail stores.

War-flying is sniffing for wireless networks from the air. The same equipment is used from a low flying private plane with high power antennas. It has been reported that a Perth, Australia-based war-flier picked up email and Internet Relay Chat sessions from an what make a good thesis statement altitude of 1,500 feet on essays, a war-flying trip. To prevent your access points from being discovered by these hacking tools, configure your access points to not broadcast its SSID. You can use the Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS to see which of analysis thesis at wuhan your access points is broadcasting an SSID in the beacons. Cisco WCS also provides automated security vulnerability scanning that reports any access points configured to broadcast their SSIDs.

For more information on automated security vulnerability scanning, refer to re application, the WCS online help. To prevent your access points from being discovered by these hacking tools, configure your access points to not broadcast its SSID. You can use the Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS to see which access point is broadcasting its SSID in the beacons. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects a wireless client station probing the WLAN for an anonymous association (i.e., association request for an access point with any SSID) using the of phd, NetStumbler tool. The Device probing for access point alarm is generated when hackers more recent versions of the NetStumbler tool. For older versions, the re application, Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS generates the NetStumbler detected alarm. NetStumbler is the most widely used tool for war-driving, war-walking, and war-chalking. A wireless hacker uses war-driving tools to discover access points and publish their information (MAC address, SSID, security implemented, etc.) on the Internet with the access points' geographical location information. War-chalkers discover WLAN access points and mark the WLAN configuration at public locations with universal symbols as illustrated above.

War-walking is similar to war-driving, but the engel, hacker conducts the illegal operation on foot instead of by car. The NetStumbler web site (http://www.netstumbler.com/) offers MiniStumbler software for re application use on Pocket PC hardware, saving war-walkers from carrying heavy laptops. My Summer In Spanish? It can run on essays, a machine running Windows 2000, Windows XP, or later. It also supports more cards than Wellenreiter, another commonly used scanning tool. Engel Essays? War-walkers typically use MiniStumbler and similar products to sniff shopping malls and re application, big-box retail stores. War-flying is sniffing for wireless networks from the air. The same equipment is used, but from a low-flying private plane with high-power antennas. It has been reported that a Perth, Australia-based war-flier picked up e-mail and Internet Relay Chat sessions from an altitude of 1,500 feet on a war-flying trip. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS alerts the user when it observes that a station running Netstumbler is associated to a corporate access point.

Publicly Secure Packet Forwarding (PSPF) Violation. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. Publicly Secure Packet Forwarding (PSPF) is a feature implemented on WLAN access points to block wireless clients from communicating with other wireless clients. With PSPF enabled, client devices cannot communicate with other client devices on progressive movement, the wireless network. For most WLAN environments, wireless clients communicate only re application essays with devices such as web servers on the wired network. By enabling PSPF it protects wireless clients from being hacked by a wireless intruder. PSPF is progressive essay effective in protecting wireless clients especially at wireless public networks (hotspots) such as airports, hotels, coffee shops, and college campuses where authentication is null and anyone can associate with the access points.

The PSPF feature prevents client devices from inadvertently sharing files with other client devices on the wireless network. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects PSPF violations. If a wireless client attempts to communicate with another wireless client, the Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS raises an alarm for a potential intrusion attack. This alarm does not apply if your WLAN deploys wireless printers or VoWLAN applications because these applications rely on re application essays, wireless client-to-client communication. Probe Request Fuzzed Frame Detected. Alarm Description and Possible Causes.

802.11 Fuzzing is the process of introducing invalid, unexpected or random data into thesis for huckleberry finn the 802.11 frames and then replaying those modified frames into the air. This can cause unexpected behavior to essays, the destination device including driver crashes, operating system crashes and stack based overflows which would allow execution of arbitrary code on the affected system. The CVE website (http://cve.mitre.org/index.html) has numerous reported entries for fuzzing based vulnerabilities on 802.11 frames. The system inspects each Probe Request frame looking for signs of fuzzing activity. Most common forms of Probe Request fuzzing involve expanding the SSID field beyond the limit of 32 bytes and engel, changing the supported data rates to invalid rates. The system looks for these anomalies and will generate the re application essays, Probe Request Fuzzing alarm when the field values are beyond the 802.11 specification.

Probe Response Fuzzed Frame Detected. Alarm Description and look back in anger, Possible Causes. 802.11 Fuzzing is the essays, process of introducing invalid, unexpected or random data into the 802.11 frames and then replaying those modified frames into the air. This can cause unexpected behavior to the destination device including driver crashes, operating system crashes and look back in anger, stack based overflows which would allow execution of arbitrary code on the affected system. The CVE website (http://cve.mitre.org/index.html) has numerous reported entries for fuzzing based vulnerabilities on 802.11 frames.

The system inspects each Probe Response frame looking for signs of essays fuzzing activity. Most common forms of Probe Response fuzzing involve expanding the SSID field beyond the limit of 32 bytes and of phd thesis, changing the supported data rates to invalid rates. The system looks for these anomalies and will generate the Probe Response Fuzzing alarm when the field values are beyond the 802.11 specification. The system monitors the re application, wireless network for traffic consistent with Probe Response Fuzzing. Engel V Vitale Essays? It is recommended to locate the device and re application, take it offline.

Host AP tools: Cqure AP. Alarm Description and vacation essay, Possible Causes. A hotspot is any location where Wi-Fi network access available for the general public. Hotspots are often found in airports, hotels, coffee shops, and other places where business people tend to congregate. It is essays currently one of the most important network access service for business travelers. Thesis For Huckleberry Essays? The customer requires a wireless-enabled laptop or handheld to connect to the legitimate access point and to receive service. Essays? Most hotspots do not require the user to have an advanced authentication mechanism to connect to the access point, other than using a web page to log in. In Anger? The criterion for entry is only dependent on whether or not the subscriber has paid subscription fees. In a wireless hotspot environment, no one should trust anyone else.

Due to current security concerns, some WLAN hotspot vendors are using 802.1x or higher authentication mechanisms to validate the identity of the user. Basic components of a WLAN Hotspot network. The four components of a basic hotspot network are as follows: Hotspot Subscribers—Valid users with a wireless enabled laptop or handheld and re application, valid log in for accessing the essays, hotspot network. WLAN Access Points—SOHO gateways or enterprise level access points depending upon the hotspot implementation. Hotspot Controllers—Deals with user authentication, gathering billing information, tracking usage time, filtering functions. This can be an independent machine or can be incorporated in re application essays the access point itself. Authentication Server—Contains the movement, log in credentials for the subscribers. In most cases, hotspot controllers verify subscribers' credentials with the authentication server.

Hotspotter automates a method of penetration against essays wireless clients, independent of the encryption mechanism used. Using the Hotspotter tool, the intruder can passively monitor the wireless network for citation of phd thesis probe request frames to identify the SSIDs of the networks of the Windows XP clients. After it acquires the preferred network information, the essays, intruder compares the network name (SSID) to a supplied list of commonly used hotspot network names. When a match is found, the Hotspotter client acts as an access point. The clients then authenticate and associate unknowingly to this fake access point. When the client gets associated, the look in anger, Hotspotter tool can be configured to run a command such as a script to kick off a DHCP daemon and other scanning against the new victim. Clients are also susceptible to this kind of attack when they are operating in different environments (home and office) while they are still configured to include the hotspot SSID in the Windows XP wireless connection settings. The clients send out re application essays probe requests using that SSID and make themselves vulnerable to the tool. Soft APs or Software Access points should be treated as a Rogue device. The following steps should help eliminate this threat. Use integrated over-the-air physical location capabilities to locate the Rogue device Wireless Containment to prevent any devices from connecting to of phd at wuhan, the Soft AP Trace the device on the wired network using rogue location discovery protocol (RLDP) or switch port tracing to find the rogue device.

Alarm Description and re application essays, Possible Causes. Spoofed mac address detected is a type of attack where a hacker will change their factory assigned wireless mac address to essay, either gain access to a restricted wireless network by impersonating a valid connected user or to hide their presence on the wireless network. There are two types of re application Spoofed MAC address attacks, Client based and AP based. For client based Spoofed MAC address attacks, the client could be trying to progressive essay, impersonate a valid user. An example of re application essays this would be a wireless hacker trying to get onto an access controlled hotspot by spoofing their wireless mac address of a client that is already connected, in effect piggybacking on the connection. Another popular example would be in a hotel environment where a hacker bypasses the payment process to get on the wireless network by look in anger spoofing their wireless mac address of a paid user. Another type of re application Spoofed MAC address attack is AP based. In this case, the thesis for huckleberry essays, hacker is trying to hide their presence on the wireless network by spoofing the mac address of a corporate access point. Re Application Essays? This is a typical rogue scenario. Suspicious After Hours Traffic Detected.

Alarm Description and Possible Causes. One way to detect a wireless security penetration attempt is to match wireless usage against the time when there is not supposed to be any wireless traffic. The wIPS server monitors traffic patterns against the office-hours configured for this alarm to thesis for huckleberry essays, generate alerts when an abnormality is found. Specific suspicious wireless usage sought after by the wIPS server during after-office hours include the following: Client station initiating authentication or association requests to the office WLAN that may indicate security breach attempts.

Wireless data traffic that may indicate suspicious download or upload over the wireless network. For global wIPS deployment, the configurable office-hour range is defined in local time. The access point or sensor can be configured with a time zone to facilitate management. Re Application? For the office and manufacturing floor mixed WLAN, one can define one set of office hours for the office WLAN SSID and another (for example, 6am to 9pm) for the manufacturing floor WLAN SSID. If this alarm is triggered, the administrator should look for devices responsible for the suspicious traffic and take appropriate steps to locate it and remove it from the wireless environment. Unauthorized Association By Vendor List. Alarm Description and look back, Possible Causes. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS enables network administrators to include vendor information in a policy profile to allow the system to effectively detect stations on the WLAN that are not made by approved vendors. Once such a policy profile is created, the system generates an alarm whenever an access point is re application associating with a station by for huckleberry essays an unapproved vendor. See the diagram below. As the diagram shows, the access points in ACL-1 should only re application associate with stations made by Cisco and my summer vacation, the access points in ACL-2 can only associate with stations manufactured by Intel.

This information is entered in the wIPS system's policy profile. Any association between the access points and non-Cisco or non-Intel stations is re application unauthorized and triggers an alarm. In the enterprise WLAN environment, rogue stations cause security concerns and what a good thesis statement, undermine network performance. They take up air space and compete for network bandwidth. Since an access point can only accommodate a limited number of stations, it rejects association requests from stations once its capacity is reached. An access point laden with rogue stations denies legitimate stations the re application, access to the network. Common problems caused by rogue stations include connectivity problems and degraded performance. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS automatically alerts network administrators to movement, any unauthorized access point-station association involving non-conforming stations using this alarm. Once the alarm has been triggered, the unauthorized station must be identified and actions must be taken to resolve the issue. One way is to block it using the rogue containment.

Unauthorized Association Detected. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. In an enterprise network environment, rogue access points installed by employees do not usually follow the network's standard deployment practice and therefore compromise the integrity of the re application, network. Look Thesis? They are loopholes in network security and re application, make it easy for intruders to hack into the enterprise wired network. One of the major concerns that most wireless network administrators face is unauthorized associations between stations in an ACL and a rogue access point. Since data to v vitale, and from the stations flows through the essays, rogue access point, it leaves the engel v vitale, door open for hackers to obtain sensitive information. Rogue stations cause security concerns and undermine network performance. Re Application Essays? They take up air space and compete for bandwidths on the network. Since an access point can only serve a certain number of stations, it rejects association requests from stations once its capacity is reached.

An access point laden with rogue stations denies legitimate stations access to thesis statement, the network. Re Application Essays? Common problems caused by rogue stations include disrupted connections and degraded performance. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS can automatically alert network administrators to any unauthorized access point-station association it has detected on the network through this alarm. The WLC new feature MAC Address Learning will prevent this violation from back happening, it is recommended to enable this feature. Alarm Description and re application essays, Possible Causes. The Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS detects a wireless client station probing the WLAN for thesis for huckleberry finn an anonymous association (i.e. association request for an access point with any SSID) using the Wellenreiter tool.

Wellenreiter is a commonly used tool for war-driving and war-chalking. A wireless hacker uses war-driving tools to essays, discover access points and to publish their information (MAC address, SSID, security implemented, etc.) on the Internet with the access points' geographical location information. War-chalkers discover WLAN access points and mark the WLAN configuration at public locations with universal symbols as illustrated above. War-walking is what make a good thesis similar to war-driving, but the hacker is on foot instead of a car. Re Application? War-walkers like to use Wellenreiter and similar products to sniff shopping malls and movement, big-box retail stores. War-flying is sniffing for wireless networks from the air. The same equipment is used, but from a low flying private plane with high power antennas.

It has been reported that a Perth, Australia-based war-flier picked up e-mail and Internet Relay Chat sessions from an altitude of re application 1,500 feet on a war-flying trip. The tool supports Prism2, Lucent, and Cisco based cards. The tool can discover infrastructure and ad-hoc networks that are broadcasting SSIDs, their WEP capabilities, and can provide vendor information automatically. It also creates an ethereal/tcpdump-compatible dumpfile and an Application savefile. It also has GPS support. Vacation? Users can download the tool from Wellenreiter website.

To prevent your access points from being discovered by these hacking tools, configure your access points to not broadcast its SSID. You can use the Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS to re application essays, see which of your access points is broadcasting an SSID in the beacons. Cisco WCS also provides automated security vulnerability scanning that reports any access points configured to broadcast their SSIDs. For more information on look back thesis, automated security vulnerability scanning, refer to the WCS online help. WiFi Protected Setup Pin Brute Force. Alarm Description and essays, Possible Causes.

WiFi Protected Setup is a feature on most consumer grade Access Points that allows for easy device setup without the need for progressive complex passwords. The feature allows the user to either use the push button method or enter in the pin found on the bottom of the Access Point to connect. A vulnerability was announced in December 2011 by Stefan Viehböck and independently discovered by re application Craig Heffner. What Make Statement? The vulnerability is with the external registrar that only requires the devices pin. This mode is re application essays susceptible to brute force attacks against the pin. There are currently 2 active tools in the wild exploiting this. The basic idea behind the v vitale essays, attack is re application when a pin authentication fails, the what a good thesis, access point sends back an EAP-NACK message to essays, the client. With this EAP-NACK message, the attacker is able to determine if the first half of the pin is correct.

The last digit of the pin is known since it is a checksum for in spanish the pin. Re Application Essays? This reduces the attempts to brute force the pin down to 11,000. It is essay recommended to re application essays, disable the external registrar feature of WiFi Protected Setup on your Access Point. Most manufacturers have this feature on v vitale essays, by default. The system monitors the wireless network for traffic consistent with WiFi Protected Setup Pin brute force. It is recommended to locate the device and take it offline. Alarm Description and Possible Causes. The WiFiTap tool allows a wireless attacker to configure a client to communicate directly with another client, without connecting to a corporate AP.

This implementation allows the intruder to target an attack against the individual client, bypassing any security measures configured on the corporate network. Re Application Essays? The attacker then has access to all files and information stored on citation of phd at wuhan, the victim client station. The wIPS server monitors for use of the WiFiTap tool and triggers an alarm if it is detected. Users should attempt to locate the essays, attacking device and analysis thesis, remove it from the wireless environment.