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Book Reports/Themes of The Crucible book report 3474. Arthur Miller enriches the reader's experience of free online writing classes, The Crucible by. List For Essays! strategically portraying various themes throughout the play. Miller's themes. include social drama, personal tragedy, hysteria, superstition, greed and. vengeance, authority and judgment, theocracy, justice, historical drama, and. fear of the unknown. The theme of social drama is a direct result from the time period that. Miller wrote The Crucible. The play was written during the Red Scare, when. Americans were in fear of a Russian takeover of the United States of America. Free Writing Classes! This is reflected in The Crucible, because the people in the play are in. fear of some entity, the entity being witchcraft and not communism.

The Salem tragedy, which is about to begin in these pages, developed from a paradox. It is a paradox in whose grip we still. live, and there is no prospect yet that we will discover its. revolution. Simply, it was this: for literary analysis essay man good purposes, even high. purposes, the free online, people of Salem developed a theocracy, a combine of. state and religious power whose function was to keep the community. together, and to prevent any kind of disunity that might open it. to destruction by material or ideological enemies. It was forged. for a necessary purpose and accomplished that purpose. But all. organization is and must be grounded on the idea of exclusion and. prohibition, just as two objects cannot occupy the same space. Evidently, the list of sites, time came in New England when the repressions of. order were heavier than seemed warranted by the dangers against. Free Writing! which the order was organized. The witch-hunt was a perverse. List Of Sites For Essays! manifestation of the panic which set in among all classes when the. balance began to turn toward greater individual freedom (pgs. 6- The theme of personal tragedy exists today as it did during the period. when Miller wrote the free writing, play.

Today, personal tragedy can be the loss of a. loved one or even a couple decides to go its separate routes in life. However, in The Crucible, personal tragedy is crabbe bell questions best personified with John. Proctor. Proctor is the main protagonist of the play and he is well suited. for the free, part. He was devoid of his freedom, privacy, and life. Act four. symbolizes the final decline of crabbe by william bell, Proctor's social status when he is free accused of. Margaret! walking with Lucifer and later confessing to it. He was accused of being a. wizard after it was stated by Putnam that he was trying to overthrow the. court, with a deposition signed by Mary Warren stating that the afflicted. Free Online Writing! girls were frauds. As a result of essay questions, this accusation, Proctor would only be. spared if he would confess to the accusation. Proctor did confess but later. Free Writing! ripped up a signed confession, citing that God had hear his confession and. seen his name on the confession (pgs.

142-143). Hysteria is the basis of the play. The people of Salem are scared, they. are paranoid. Will they be accused and even convicted of compacting with the. Devil? The trials pit neighbor against neighbor, sometimes for financial and. social gain or even out of pure hatred for Goody Doe up the street. Hysteria. is easily depicted in the early stages of the play, when the school for a children, afflicted girls. call out the names of others they claim to have seen with the Devil.

Betty, staring too: 'I saw George Jacobs with the Devil! I saw. Goody Howe with the Devil.' Abigail: 'I saw Good Hawkins with the. Devil!' Betty: I saw Goody Bibber with the Devil! Abigail: I. saw Goody Booth with the Devil!' Again, hysteria is depicted on page 130: Hale to online writing Danforth, Excellency, there. are orphans wandering from house to house; abandoned cattle on the highroads, the stink of rotting crops hangs everywhere, and no man knows when the. harlot's cry will end his life--and you wonder yet if rebellion's spoke? The Puritans did not use science or logic, they relied on God and his. book.

Without science, they explained natural occurrences, like rain, by. The Research! saying that God was angry and was trying to wash away the sins of humanity. Thus, the Puritans were very superstitious. Witches never existed, however. their superstitious belief in witchcraft and the Devil led them to think. otherwise. For example, the free online writing classes, town beggar asks for essay on bullying in high food from Farmer Brown. Framer Brown is a very religious, hard-working, family-man, and he is not. about the relinquish a portion of his hard-earned food to this feeble beggar. As he politely turns away, the beggar mumbles an obscenity. Upon closing the.

door to his cabin on the beggar, Farmer Brown's young son falls down and. breaks a bone. Free Online! Immediately, the old beggar is to blame, superstition points. everything in the beggar's direction. She was hungry, asked for a donation. from Farmer Brown and she is turned away. Being a little upset by Farmer. Brown's actions, she tells him to do something to himself. Following that, Farmer Brown's son is injured and he places the blame on the old beggar, claiming that she placed a hex on Brown's family. Brown takes his problem up. School! with the court, the beggar is convicted and she is hung. The previous example. shows how superstition influenced the free classes, lives of a Puritan family. The theme of. superstition in depicted in The Crucible on pages 76 and 77, when Elizabeth. Essay Of My! Proctor is free online writing classes accused of being a witch: Abigail were stabbed tonight; a needle. were found stuck into her belly. [Elizabeth].

And she charges me? (A poppet. was found in her house with a needle in the stomach, however Mary Warren. claimed that it was in there for safe keeping after she sown the The Research, poppet for. During the witch trials, a few characters were damming people left and. Writing Classes! right for their own profit, sometimes for revenge. Thomas Putnam and Reverend. Parris are among the notorious few who were motivated by greed and revenge. Although it was not stated directly that Parris was looking for money and. The Research! land, a few of his conversations lead the reader to writing the conclusion that Parris. was a televangelist of sorts.

During the margaret feminist essay, play, it was evident that Parris. was concerned more with his reputation and obtaining the deed to the meeting. house. Not long after the fever died, Parris was voted from office, walked. out on the highroad and was never heard from again, page 146. The previous. Free Online Classes! statement mentions the downfall of The Research, Parris. It means that once the hype over. the witch trials died out, the online writing, people of Salem finally rid themselves of the. corrupt Reverend Parris, who was selfish and cared nothing about the people. Putnam was motivated by his quest for more acreage. During the trial of one. George Jacobs, Jacobs first mentioned how much land he owned (film version).

The same thing went for John Proctor and one point during the trials, when he. mentioned to the court that he owned 300 acres of land. Abigail Williams is. the embodiment of revenge. She was in love with John Proctor, but she didn't. feel the bell, same way for his wife. Consequently, Elizabeth Proctor was charged. as being a witch, although she would be spared until she bore her baby.

The theme of judgment and authority revolves around the Puritans' belief. in classes, theocracy. In The Crucible, the feminist, court held power which was influenced by. the free, church, unlike modern society in which there is a separation of church and. state. The court in the play allowed spectral evidence, which could be proven. or disproved by a religious event or person. The main example of theocracy, is the fact that the courts held trials regarding witchcraft, which has its. roots with the Devil and Hell. In fact, the whole play revolves around. theocracy and this theme of judgment and authority, it was about Process, witchcraft. and witchcraft trials. Online! However, there were key individuals that made this. system effective, effective in this instance by putting followers of the bell questions, Devil. to death. The first key individual was Judge Danforth.

Danforth lead the. Online! high court of Salem and decided the fate of 18 Salemites. Danforth could be. described as a tough, yet fair judge during these trials. The other key. individuals were Cheever and Hathorne, who also helped decide whether the. accused was innocent or guilty, although they did not possess as much power as. The theme of justice is very evident throughout the play, since Miller. dedicated the entire third act to a court room drama.

Justice is the play is. not fair, considering that Danforth didn't believe Proctor's word that the. girls were faking their ailments. Justice also seemed to be influenced by The Research Process, the. public's opinion, if someone of a lower class was accused and not well liked. among the other classes, then they would be convicted and put to death. One. of the main characters that publicly stated his opinion on justice and the. Free Online! court system was Reverend Hale. When he witnessed the corruption of the court. and realized that the The Research Process, entire proceedings was a big life, Hale declared his. departure from the court of Salem. I denounce these proceedings, I quit this. court! What also showed the corruption of the court, was how Hathorne. conducted his investigations.

Hathorne scared confessions out the defendants, because he would get in their face and yell at them, sometimes forcing the. defendant into free classes tears. This is most evident in the film version of The. Crucible, because the actions of Hathorne and the other magistrates is easier. The Crucible was also written on the principles of list of sites, historical drama. Writing Classes! It tells of a time when the principles of our society where in the early. stages of creation. The Puritans are like our modern society, yet much. primitive. They had their own sets of laws and governing bodies, as was seen. in The Crucible. Unlike modern society and crabbe bell essay, culture, punishments for free online those. who broke any law were much harsher, including death. In the play, anyone who. was convicted of witchcraft was put to literary invisible man death. Today, someone who does that. might go to jail and possibly put on trial, but the death penalty for. witchcraft in 2000 would be rare.

Man, you will hang! You cannot, Reverend. Hale to John Proctor when Proctor tears up his confession. However, modern. society has adopted principles different to that formed by the Puritans. Unlike the Puritans, there is a definite separation of church and state. And. Online Writing! one final principal adopted by modern society and culture that was based on. principles formed by the Puritans and essay in high school, that was evident in the play, is a. social order. Back in the seventeenth century and as seen in The Crucible, people were grouped according to free their financial and for essays, social status: poor, middle or working class, and the gentlemen or wealthy class. During the time. Classes! that the trials were held, the classes discriminated against the lower of the. three. This is evident even today's society, although it is not as harsh as. it was in the seventeenth century. Finally, the theme of fear of the unknown played a major role in the. play. The Puritans did not know what was going on crabbe by william bell essay, and did not know what was. causing the madness in Salem, Massachusetts.

For all they knew, it was the. actual battle of Good vs. Evil in their own village. The people were scared. since they had no idea what was going on. This theme even applies to today. A great example of being afraid of the unknown is being afraid of the dark, a. common fear among millions of Americans. These people do not know what lurks. in the free online writing, dark, if anything, and they do not know what will happen to them if. they enter the literary analysis essay invisible man, darkness. Comparing this to the Salem tragedies, the villagers. did not know what was going on in the dark or what would happen to them if. Free! they entered the dark, witchcraft and the trials that followed being the dark.

In conclusion, the above themes played an integral role in The Crucible. For A Children! They added to free online classes the overall impact that the play made on the reader's or. Our writers are all Uni graduates able to work effectively on any level under time constraints. Well-versed in most subjects and citation styles, our writers have years of ghostwriting experience doing both academic and professional projects. Every paper is written from scratch based on your instructions and of my for a, there is free online no plagiarism of margaret atwood feminist essay, any kind. Plus, we guarantee free unlimited revisions.

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resume mythe doedipe Résumé : Pour Freud, le complexe #x0153;dipien est la représentation inconsciente par laquelle s’exprime le désir sexuel de l’enfant pour le parent du sexe opposé et son hostilité pour le parent du même sexe. Free Writing? Mais il apparaît que les adultes projettent leurs propres sentiments refoulés sur les enfants, ce que fait Freud en l’occurrence avec le complexe #x0152;dipien. Children? En fait, le désir sexuel qu’il attribue à l’enfant est une projection de l’attitude perverse que ses propres parents avaient envers lui. Online Writing? Examinons de plus près ce dont il est question dans le mythe d’#x0152;dipe. Dans la mythologie grecque, #x0152;dipe était le fils de Laïos et Jocaste. Crabbe By William Bell? Pour échapper à la prédiction d’Apollon, qui prétendait qu’il serait tué par son propre fils, Laïos ordonna à un serviteur d’abandonner l’enfant sur le Mont Cithéron, avec ses deux pieds cloués. Free Online Writing Classes? Mais au lieu de cela, le serviteur le confia à un berger, qui plus tard le donna à Polybe, roi de Corinthe, et à sa femme Mérope qui n’avaient pas de descendance. For A? Ils l’appelèrent #x0152;dipe #150; Oidipos signifiant pieds enflés #150; et l’élevèrent comme leur fils. Le mythe commence par un infanticide, le père faisant tuer son enfant en l’exposant pour qu’il soit dévoré par les bêtes sauvages, ce qui était un supplice courant dans l’Antiquité.

Il est probable que le serviteur ait en réalité obéi à son maître et cloué les pieds de l’enfant, car sans cela ses parents adoptifs ne lui auraient pas donné le nom de pieds enflés . Free Online Writing? Vraisemblablement, un berger aura trouvé l’enfant agonisant et l’aura délivré par compassion. Of Sites For Essays? Il est donc hautement significatif que le mythe d’#x0152;dipe ait été popularisé comme l’histoire d’un fils qui tue son père, alors que les faits montrent exactement le contraire. La mise en acte de la violence paternelle. #x0152;dipe grandit et des rumeurs laissent entendre qu’il n’est pas le fils de ses parents. Writing? Il presse Mérope de lui dire la vérité, mais les réponses de cette dernière sont énigmatiques. Process? Il consulte alors la Pythie de Delphes qui prédit #150; sans lever le secret de ses origines #150; qu’il tuera son père et épousera sa mère. Free Online? Dans Légendes de la Grèce antique (Payot, 1931), on on bullying in high, trouve cette description de sa réaction à la malédiction : A l’ouïe de ces paroles, #x0152;dipe fut pris de vertige, il lui sembla que son c#x0153;ur devenait de pierre et, poussant un cri déchirant, il s’élança hors du temple, sur la voie sacrée, fendant la foule compacte des pèlerins qui s’écartaient devant lui comme des ombres. Free Writing Classes? (1)

Pour comprendre plus encore ce qu’#x0152;dipe a à l’esprit en ce moment très critique, nous avons encore la citation suivante: Il se précipita sans rien voir sur le chemin rocailleux et s’engage dans le défilé qui aboutit à un carrefour. Essay? Trois routes s’y croisent; il frémit en les apercevant, car la Peur, posant sa froide main sur son c#x0153;ur, le remplit d’une terreur sauvage et irraisonnée qui grave dans son cerveau en traits ineffaçables l’image de ce lieu néfaste. Writing? Tout autour de lui, les monts sourcilleux se dressent menaçants et leurs échos semblent répéter la malédiction de la prêtresse. Essay On Bullying In High? Il s’en va droit devant lui, comme une bête traquée, ne se détournant ni à droite ni à gauche. Online Writing? (2) A ce moment précis, #x0152;dipe se trouve face à un vieil homme assis dans un chariot tiré par des mules, entouré de ses fidèles serviteurs. The Research? Comme ces derniers lui commandent de s’écarter, il essaye de forcer le passage par la violence.

Le vieil homme étend sa main pour l’arrêter, mais #x0152;dipe le jette à bas de son char et retourne sa rage aveugle contre les serviteurs, assommant les uns et égorgeant les autres avec son épée pour frayer son chemin. Free Classes? Sans le savoir, il vient de tuer son père biologique Laïos. Le meurtre rituel du fils : une vérité intouchable. Au c#x0153;ur de la quête d’#x0152;dipe, nous trouvons sa détermination à découvrir la vérité sur ses origines. Essay On Bullying? Sa mère adoptive Mérope et la prêtresse de Delphes ont toutes deux conservé ce secret bien gardé, obligeant le fils à endosser le poids de leur silence.

En effet, si Mérope avait informé son fils qu’il était un enfant trouvé, les choses se seraient vraisemblablement déroulées autrement. Online Writing? Mais l’interdit dépassait largement le seul fait de faire connaître une ascendance cachée: ce qui devait resté secret, c’était le meurtre rituel du fils par le père . Voyons maintenant comment #x0152;dipe s’y prit inconsciemment pour révéler l’intouchable vérité. Essay? Son voyage à Delphes, qu’il entreprit seul, avait pour but de lui permettre d’entendre l’oracle d’Apollon, le dieu de la Lumière et de la Vérité. Free Online? Son parcours le conduisit proche du Mont Cithéron, où il fut exposé et faillit perdre la vie lorsqu’il était enfant. Essay School? Selon la légende, il fallait un pas assuré et une tête solide pour marcher sur l’étroit sentier rocailleux qui serpentait entre la montagne et la mer, car les vents s’élancent en hurlant du haut des collines comme les Furies en courroux, précipitant du haut des falaises surplombantes, dans le gouffre béant qui bouillonne au#150;dessous, tout ce qui s’oppose à leur passage . Free Online Classes? (3) Sans aucun doute, cet environnement particulier fit écho à la terreur qu’il avait ressentie face à la fureur de son père et dans sa lutte éperdue pour la vie dans la nature sauvage, avec ses pieds cloués. Plus tard, lorsque la prêtresse prononça la malédiction fatale, celle#150;ci résonna comme la sentence de mort énoncée par son père. Of My School Children? Nous lisons qu’#x0152;dipe fut pris de vertige , ce qui confirme la ré#150;émergence du traumatisme précoce. Online Writing? En sortant du temple, il revécut la dissociation des émotions générée par l’acte brutal, raison pour laquelle il lui sembla que son c#x0153;ur devenait pierre . List Of Sites For Essays? Finalement, il poussa un cri déchirant et plongea dans la remise en acte de sa lutte précoce pour sauver sa vie.

Remarquons combien la réalité présente est incorporée par le processus de dévoilement: les pèlerins sont des ombres , le chemin est un étroit défilé , les monts alentours sont sourcilleux et menaçants . Online? #x0152;dipe est rempli d’une terreur sauvage et irraisonnée , mais poursuit sans rien voir comme une bête traquée . In High? Nous comprenons que ce lieu néfaste représente en réalité la remise en acte de ce qui se produisit des années auparavant sur le Mont Cithéron, dans des circonstances qui furent gravées dans sa mémoire en traits ineffaçables. A cet endroit, le mythe délivre un message qui n’a #150; à ma connaissance #150; jamais été compris auparavant. Free Classes? Au carrefour, le vieil homme qui se trouve devant #x0152;dipe n’est autre que Laïos, son bourreau, entouré de ses hommes de main. School? Le fils est maintenant un guerrier porté par l’incroyable énergie de sa rage si longtemps réprimée. Free? Il peut revivre l’extrême violence qui lui fut infligée de longues années auparavant par ces mêmes protagonistes et résoudre enfin l’origine même de sa névrose. By William Essay Questions? Lorsque son père lève sa main, il se soustrait à l’inexorable mort en assommant celui#150;ci et en tuant ses gardes du corps. Writing? Faisant cela, il révèle la brutale cruauté de l’ordre patriarcal incarné par le père. Il n’est pas surprenant que Freud n’ait jamais prêté attention à l’homicide commis par Laïos sur #x0152;dipe, son fils. School Children? Fondateur de la psychanalyse, il est lui#150;même l’incarnation d’une figure paternelle. Online Writing? Mais aucun de ses disciples n’a réalisé que ce crime était à l’origine de la névrose d’#x0152;dipe.

Cette évidence apparaît si l’on considère ce qui se passa immédiatement après la mise en acte du traumatisme subi par #x0152;dipe: délivré de la terreur qui enfermait son esprit, il surpasse facilement le Sphinx et devient un roi juste et sage. Lorsqu’#x0152;dipe quitta Delphes, poursuit la légende, il jura de ne jamais retourner à Corinthe par peur de voir se réaliser la malédiction d’Apollon et prit la direction de Thèbes. On Bullying School? Il trouva les habitants dans une profonde détresse. Online? Non seulement leur roi Laïos venait d’être tué par des brigands, pensait#150;on, mais la ville était ravagée par un terrible monstre. List Of Sites For Essays? Chaque jour, le Sphinx dévorait l’un d’entre eux parce que personne ne parvenait à résoudre l ’ énigme qu’il imposait. Online Writing? A ce moment précis, #x0152;dipe et le peuple de Thèbe sont sur le point de rejouer ensemble leur fantasmes respectifs dans une relation leader#150;groupe. Analysis Man? Voyons donc ce que ces protagonistes ont à l’esprit. Mourir serait coupable, s’il se trouve, fût#150;ce aux extrémités de la terre, quelqu’un qui ait besoin du bras d’un homme fort et de l’intelligence d’un homme sage. Free Online Classes? Jamais plus je ne reverrai Corinthe, la très fameuse, et ma demeure sur les rives de la mer sonore, car si je retournais auprès des miens, je ne serais pour eux qu’un fléau. By William Essay Questions? Je m’en irai donc dans de lointains pays, et j’apporterai quelque bénédiction à ceux qui ne sont pas de mon sang. Free Writing? (4)

Enfant, #x0152;dipe avait été arraché à sa famille biologique et avait dû renouer des liens affectifs avec ses parents adoptifs, Polybe et Mérope. In High School? Néanmoins, les circonstances tragiques de son abandon précoce par Jocaste, sa mère de sang, laissèrent des blessures qui ne cicatrisent pas. Free Online Writing Classes? Exilé depuis sa plus tendre enfance, il ne connut jamais de repos. The Research? En décidant de ne pas retourner à Corinthe, auprès de ceux qu’il aime, #x0152;dipe remet en scène cette rupture première. Online Classes? Sa demeure sur les rives de la mer sonore #150; perdue pour toujours #150;, c’est le sein maternel. La citation montre clairement ce qu’un leader de cette époque a de si caractéristique.

Pour #x0152;dipe, mourir serait une lâcheté parce qu’il a été rendu responsable du crime que ses parents commirent contre lui. Atwood Feminist Essay? Par conséquent, il se vit comme un fléau . Online Writing Classes? Le choix qui lui reste est d’apporter quelque bénédiction à qui pourra faire usage de sa force et de son intelligence. Crabbe By William Essay Questions? D’un point de vue psychogénique, nous pouvons dire qu’il a pleinement endossé le destin tragique de son rejouement. Free Online? Ainsi, au peuple de Thèbes, #x0152;dipe peut#150;il rapidement affirmer : Je monterai et je défierai le monstre. Crabbe Bell? L’énigme serait bien difficile, en vérité, si je n’arrivais pas à la deviner. Free Online Classes? (5) Dans le même temps, les Thébains vivent dans un profond désespoir.

Leur roi #150; une figure paternelle emblématique #150; est mort et sa dépouille est enterrée loin de son pays natal, au carrefour de trois chemins. Analysis? De ce fait, apparemment, aucun rituel de deuil n’a pu être organisé et tous sont saisis d’une grande anxiété. Writing Classes? Et chose plus affreuse encore, poursuit la légende, leur ville était ravagée par le Sphinx, monstre terrible à visage de femme, mi#150;aigle, mi#150;lion, qui, chaque jour, dévorait un homme, parce qu’il n’y en avait pas un à pouvoir résoudre l’énigme qu’il leur proposait. Process? (6) L’origine de ce fantasme particulier n’est pas mentionnée, mais nous pouvons sans doute possible le mettre en relation avec l’anxiété induite par la perte de la figure paternelle. Online? Remarquons que cette terreur est encore plus grande que le trouble causé par la mort de Laïos. Of Sites For Essays? La disparition soudaine d’un voile invisible semble les plonger tous dans un sentiment d’impuissance innommable, personnifié par la figure maternelle dévorante du Sphinx. Online Writing Classes? D’un point de vue psychohistorique, nous pouvons dire que les Thébains vivent une phase d’effondrement paranoïaque, et qu’ils recherchent une solution illusoire à leur anxiété en sacrifiant rituellement leurs enfants au Sphinx. List Of Sites? Lorsqu’#x0152;dipe propose de défier ce dernier, les Thébains réalisent inconsciemment qu’il pourrait bien être suffisamment fort pour mettre en place un nouveau fantasme de groupe et devenir leur leader. Pour saisir l’espoir qu’ils déposent en lui, nous avons l’extrait suivant : Tous l’accompagnent de leurs prières et de leurs bénédictions jusqu’à la porte de la ville.

Ils le quittent là, car celui qui a dessein d’affronter le Sphinx doit s’en aller seul à sa rencontre et nul ne saurait lui venir en aide. Writing? (7) #x0152;dipe face à la violence maternelle. Voyons de plus près le fantasme organisé par les Thébains autour de la figure du Sphinx. Essay School For A Children? Tandis qu’#x0152;dipe s’avance hardiment vers ce dernier, poursuit l’histoire, son c#x0153;ur bat parce qu’il lui apparaît d’abord comme un oiseau puissant dont les grandes ailes d’or et d’airain miroitent aux rayons du soleil, qui l’enveloppent d’une auréole de lumière. Free Classes? Et au centre de ce cercle lumineux, brille un visage pâle et beau comme une étoile au lever de l’aurore . Process? (8) La figure maternelle se tient sur un rocher surélevé, de sorte qu’#x0152;dipe la contemple depuis le bas, exactement comme il voyait sa mère alors qu’il était nourrisson. Free Online Writing? Elle est distante, mais auréolée du regard aimant que lui offre son enfant. Lorsqu’il s’approche, néanmoins, le feu de la convoitise s’allume dans ses yeux : [le Sphinx] étend vers lui ses griffes cruelles et se met à agiter sa queue de côté et d’autre, comme un lion furieux qui guette sa proie . Literary Essay Man? (9) Et c’est #150; bien sûr #150; ainsi que se comporta sa mère envers lui. Writing Classes? Ses bras ressemblaient aux pattes d’un lion et elle fondait sur lui comme un aigle impitoyable. Margaret Atwood? #x0152;dipe comprend alors que celle qu’il avait inconsciemment idéalisée comme la plus belle des femmes, était en fait le plus vil des monstres au c#x0153;ur meurtri par la convoitise et la cruauté. Online Classes? C’est elle, Jocaste, qui #150; au bout du compte #150; l’abandonna à son sort cruel sur le Mont Cithéron pour conserver les privilèges de son rang. Devant le Sphinx, #x0152;dipe fait face à la violence maternelle (10).

Manifestement, les Thébains s’étaient tenu à distance de la vision insoutenable du Sphinx. By William Essay Questions? Ils avaient choisi un leader puissant #150; Laïos #150; pour refouler la violence de l’homicide maternel. Online Writing Classes? Lorsque leur souverain avait été tué, ils avaient offert des sacrifices humains, précipitant rituellement leurs enfants du haut des falaises pour tenter d’exorciser leur propre traumatisme. Feminist? Seul celui qui aurait le courage de regarder cette réalité en face pourrait les délivrer #150; pour un temps #150; de la malédiction fatale. L’énigme imposée par le Sphinx est une métaphore de la réalisation de l’homme. Online? Le fait qu’elle soit gardée par une figure maternelle en dit long sur l’enjeu que représente la relation mère#150;enfant dans l’accomplissement de l’adulte. In High School? Voici cette énigme: À l’aurore, il se traîne sur quatre pieds; à midi, il marche sur deux; le soir, c’est sur trois qu’il avance en chancelant. Online? Quel est cet être, jamais le même et cependant jamais plusieurs, mais un seul ? (11) Ayant traversé à Delphes la terreur qu’il avait de son père, #x0152;dipe résout sans difficulté la sordide devinette et se libère de l’emprise maternelle : Quel serait cet être, sinon l’homme ? A ces mots, la furie se jette du haut de son rocher et se précipite dans le gouffre ouvert à ses pieds. List Of Sites For Essays? D’une manière significative, elle se donne le genre de mort qui fut infligée à de nombreux jeunes Thébains dans une tentative illusoire pour apaiser les traumatismes très précoces issus de leur enfance.

Nous avons vu jusqu’ici qu’un mode de parentalité basé sur l’infanticide #150; tel qu’il prévalait dans la Grèce antique #150; est l’origine inconsciente des évènements relatés dans le mythe d’#x0152;dipe. Free Writing? La tâche qui est assignée au nouveau leader est celle d’en conserver intacte la structure répressive. On Bullying School? Nous savons que l’histoire ne connaîtra pas une fin heureuse. Online Writing? La solution illusoire que les Thébains choisissent pour réprimer leur anxiété névrotique est donc précaire, parce que les souffrances humaines cherchent un chemin vers une pleine reconnaissance. Of Sites? Finalement, #x0152;dipe se crèvera les yeux et nous examinerons la portée symbolique de cet acte. Free Online? Voyons pour l’instant comment le groupe fait face à une nouvelle phase d’effondrement paranoïaque, matérialisée par une épidémie de peste. Selon la légende, une clameur d’allégresse salua la mort du monstre et #x0152;dipe fut proclamé roi sur l’heure, parce que qui, mieux que le vainqueur du Sphinx, le sauveur de la cité, était digne de régner sur eux? (12) On lui donna la veuve de Laïos en mariage et il hérita des biens du royaume. List Of Sites For Essays? Le pays connut de longues années de prospérité, tantôt dans la paix, tantôt dans la guerre.

Mais un jour, en raison de l’irritation persistante des divinités, une effroyable peste emporta des milliers de victimes. Il est intéressant de revenir sur l’interprétation que Freud fit de ce mythe, au moment où s’accomplit la seconde prédiction de l’oracle de Delphes et qu’#x0152;dipe devient l’époux de sa mère. Free Online? Pour la première fois en 1897, dans une lettre à Wilhelm Fliess, le fondateur de la psychanalyse décoda la destinée tragique d’#x0152;dipe comme le point nodal d’un désir infantile incestueux. The Research? Il écrivait: J’ai trouvé en moi comme partout ailleurs des sentiments d’amour envers ma mère et de jalousie envers mon père, sentiments qui sont, je pense, communs à tous les jeunes enfants, même quand leur apparition n’est pas aussi précoce que chez les enfants rendus hystériques (#x2026;). Online? La légende grecque a saisi une compulsion que tous reconnaissent parce que tous l’ont ressentie.

Chaque auditeur fut un jour en germe, en imagination, un #x0152;dipe, et s’épouvante devant la réalisation de son rêve transposé dans la réalité. Essay Questions? (13) On ne peut qu’être perplexe en considérant le décalage existant entre le mythe et son interprétation par Freud. Online Writing? Aucun indice n’atteste l’existence d’une compulsion qui entraînerait #x0152;dipe #150; prétendument hystérique #150; vers sa mère biologique. Essay Of My School Children? Plus prosaïquement, la veuve de Laïos fait partie du butin offert au vainqueur du Sphinx, parmi d’autres biens. Free Writing? Comme nous l’avons vu précédemment, les souffrances refoulées de Freud lui font projeter sur l’enfant des sentiments pervers qui témoignent en réalité de sa propre névrose. Crabbe Questions? Malgré cela, la vulgarisation du complexe d’#x0152;dipe tel qu’il fut imaginé par Freud a contribué à voiler d’une suspicion pathologique tout l’amour qu’un enfant manifeste naturellement envers sa mère.

Dans le mythe grec, l’effroyable peste est attribuée au fait que le meurtrier de Laïos n’a jamais été découvert. Free Online Writing? Malgré des investigations plus intenses, l’épidémie poursuit ses ravages et les Thébains se tournent alors à nouveau vers des sacrifices humains pour tenter de calmer leur sombre désespoir. Analysis? Une génération s’est écoulée depuis le couronnement d’#x0152;dipe. Free Writing Classes? Le leader a vieilli et la cité se souvient à peine qu’un jour il les tira des griffes du Sphinx. Essay? Une nouvelle issue fantasmatique est sur le point d’émerger: le sacrifice du leader lui#150;même. Pour tirer l’affaire au clair, #x0152;dipe interroge Tirésias, le devin aveugle qui a connu six générations de mortels. Free Online Classes? C’est lui qui #150; bien des années auparavant #150; avait rapporté la malédiction d’Apollon prédisant que Laïos serait tué par son premier fils. By William Essay? Tirésias se refuse d’abord à parler, mais devant les insinuations d’#x0152;dipe qui le soupçonne de cacher la vérité, il finit par prononcer une nouvelle imprécation: Malheur à toi, #x0152;dipe, malheur à toi! Car tes yeux voient et cependant tu n’aperçois pas ce que tu es, et tu ne discernes point tes propres actes. Writing? Bientôt, étranger sur une terre étrangère, tu erreras privé de la vue, tâtant le sol de ton bâton; et, à l’ouïe de ton nom et de ton crime, les hommes s’éloigneront de toi, remplis d’horreur. Man? (14)

Pourquoi l’omniscient Tirésias ne mentionne#150;t#150;il pas le crime que Laïos a commis sur son propre fils? Quelle est cette crainte mortelle qui se glisse dans le c#x0153;ur d’#x0152;dipe, pareille à un reptile visqueux et rampant? Manifestement, ce n’est pas une vérité qui saisit celui#150;ci mais un nouveau mensonge, un message contradictoire qui crée dans son esprit ce que les psychologues nomment aujourd’hui un double n#x0153;ud. Free Writing Classes? #x0152;dipe est prisonnier de la sentence qui le rend coupable du meurtre de son père en dépit de son innocence . List? C’est ce conflit intrapsychique qui caractérise le destin d’#x0152;dipe et fait de lui un personnage si proche de nous. Free Writing Classes? En tant que leader de Thèbes, il avait essayé d’adoucir les souffrances de ses contemporains. Literary Analysis Essay? Maintenant, il va également supporter le poids de leur aveuglement. Le seul témoin à comparaître dans l’affaire de ce présumé crime, est un des plus fidèles serviteurs de Laïos. Online Classes? C’est lui qui fut chargé d’exécuter la sentence de mort prononcée contre #x0152;dipe, lui encore qui estropia l’enfant avant de l’abandonner à l’un des bergers de Polybe. Process? Questionné par #x0152;dipe, il commence par nier, puis est contraint d’avouer. Free Writing Classes? Un dialogue significatif se tient alors devant l’assistance royale, durant lequel le crime réellement commis par Laïos est à peine mentionné. The Research Process? D’une manière prévisible, le fils victime devient bientôt le bourreau de son père : #x0152;dipe: #150; Qui t’avait chargé de me mettre à mort sur la pente de la montagne ? Serviteur: #150; N’en demande pas davantage, ô roi, je t’en conjure!

Il est des choses qu’il vaut mieux taire. #x0152;dipe: #150; (#x2026;) Parle, je te l’ordonne. Free? Dussé#150;je même apprendre de toi que je suis fils d’esclave, je suis prêt à le supporter. Serviteur: #150; Tu n’es pas fils d’esclave, mais de race royale. Analysis Invisible Man? Ne m’en demande pas davantage, ô roi! #x0152;dipe: #150; Parle, vieillard, parle. Free Classes? Ton silence excite mon courroux. Essay School For A? Je t’obligerai à tout dire, dussé#150;je employer la violence. Serviteur: #150; Oh! Ne porte pas sur moi des mains cruelles! C’est par égard pour toi que je voulais me taire.

Je t’ai reçu de ta mère, et ton père était? le roi Laïos. Free Online Writing Classes? Tu le rencontras dans son chariot au carrefour de trois chemins, lorsque tu fuyais Delphes, et, dans ta fureur, tu le tuas sans le connaître. Of Sites For Essays? Malheur à moi! Car les dieux m’ont choisi pour être le témoin involontaire de leurs oracles. Online Classes? (15) Par la bouche du fidèle serviteur, trois secrets sont mis à jour successivement: l’infanticide ordonné par le père, les origines royales d’#x0152;dipe et les circonstances de la mort de Laïos. Essay School For A? Mais seul le dernier retient l’attention de l’assistance parce que la culpabilité d’#x0152;dipe a déjà été établie par l’oracle.

Au contraire, Laïos et Jocaste #150; les parents infanticides #150; ne sont pas remis en question: les Thébains n’ont simplement pas la maturité affective nécessaire pour le faire. Free Writing? La légende raconte que, de prime abord, ceux#150;ci eurent de la peine à saisir le sens des paroles prononcées par le serviteur. Essay Of My School For A? Mais lorsqu’ils comprirent que l’épouvantable prédiction s’était accomplie et qu’#x0152;dipe avait tué son père, un tumulte s’éleva de la foule. Il y a une autre raison qui explique cette issue prévisible. Writing? #x0152;dipe est un enfant abandonné, condamné à mort par ses parents biologiques. Literary Invisible? Inconsciemment, il reconnaît son destin dans la malédiction de Tirésias. Online Writing? Il remet donc à nouveau sa vie entre les mains d’une projection parentale représentée par la foule en colère, avec ces paroles : Chassez#150;moi de ce pays, ô peuple de Thèbes!

Traitez#150;moi comme il vous semblera bon; car les dieux ont fait de moi un maudit et un impur, et ma mort seule vous délivrera de la peste. Essay Of My For A Children? (16) Tirésias, porte#150;parole du rejouement. Il est temps d’examiner de plus près le rôle joué par le devin Tirésias, dans le déroulement du drame mythique. Free? Ce personnage central avait prédit à Laïos qu’il serait tué par son premier fils, justifiant la décision du roi d’exposer #x0152;dipe sur le Mont Cithéron. Feminist Essay? C’est lui également #150; bien des années plus tard #150; qui dévoile à ce dernier son destin funeste d’aveugle errant. Online Classes? Au moment où le leader de Thèbes s’apprête à remettre sa vie entre les mains de la foule, l’homme sage prononce à la place son bannissement. Analysis? Alors, écrasé de honte et de douleur, #x0152;dipe arrache ses propres yeux #150; témoins de ces choses inconcevables #150; accomplissant ainsi la prédiction de Tirésias. Writing? Les mortels semblent n’être que des pantins dans les mains des dieux, tels que prophètes et prêtresses s’en font les porte#150;parole.

Mais le sont#150;ils vraiment ? Pourquoi Laïos eut#150;il foi en la malédiction d’Apollon ? Pourquoi #x0152;dipe prit#150;il les mots de la prêtresse de Delphes pour une vérité? Enfin, pourquoi les Thébains ne mirent#150;ils pas en doute l’imprécation de Tirésias en se fondant sur la bonne foi et la droiture d’#x0152;dipe ? Il y a une réponse unique à ces questions: parce que les protagonistes n’étaient pas conscients de la violence parentale infanticide à laquelle ils furent soumis. Children? En conséquence, il leur était impossible de se soustraire au rejouement de cette violence, qu’ils mettent en acte par l’identification projective à des figures royales et le sacrifice rituel de bouc émissaires. Online Classes? Si les prophètes étaient si bien avisés, ce n’était pas du fait d’un degré supérieur de conscience, mais de leur intuition des rejouements qui enchaînent les humains à leur destinée. Incidemment, la légende décrit très justement le vieux Tirésias comme celui qui connaissait les choses cachées du présent et de l’avenir . Essay? Il n’est pas mention du passé, et pour cause, puisque c’est dans le passé refoulé que réside la clé des rejouements présents et à venir! Cette disposition magique de l’esprit explique pourquoi les hommes de l’Antiquité prenaient si facilement les mots des prophètes pour leur propre compte, pourquoi prédictions rimaient le plus souvent avec condamnations. Free Online Classes? Il y avait des émotions interdites que personne ne pouvaient ressentir, et #x0152;dipe était allé plus loin que ce qui était communément accepté en ces temps. Feminist? Tirésias le condamne précisément sur cette transgression : #x0152;dipe, n’accuse pas les dieux de ton destin fatal.

Nul ne peut approcher son doigt de la flamme sans se brûler, qu’il agisse sciemment ou non, C’est sans le connaître, en effet, que tu as frappé ton père. Writing Classes? Mais le sang répandu retombe sur ta tête, car ce fut ton âme irascible qui, faute de frein, s’emporta comme une bête furieuse. Of Sites? Si tu n’avais pas porté la main sur un vieillard, jamais tu n’aurais tué ton père. Online Writing Classes? (17) Finalement, qu’est#150;ce que symbolise l’aveuglement qu’#x0152;dipe inflige à sa propre vue, se condamnant à vivre dans l’errance pour le restant de ses jours? Depuis toujours, il a porté le secret de ses origines.

Sa force et sa droiture extraordinaires l’ont conduit à l’orée d’une vérité inconcevable: ses parents biologiques sont des meurtriers. On Bullying In High? Mais le processus de dévoilement met en péril la structure sociale, inconsciemment construite pour permettre le refoulement des traumatismes infanticides. Classes? Sa mort semble inévitable, en tant que rejouement du sacrifice routinier de si nombreux enfants pendant l’Antiquité. Essay Man? Lorsque Tirésias prononce à la place un bannissement, ce dernier fait également la promesse suivante: Et cependant, dans le miroir confus de la prophétie, je crois te voir, reposant dans un bosquet d’arbres sacrés, gardien tutélaire du pays qui sera ton dernier asile, après que tes pieds auront parcouru jusqu’au bout la voie de l’expiation et que les jours de ton pèlerinage seront accomplis. Online Writing? (18) L’aveuglement et l’errance sont pour #x0152;dipe une alternative à la mort. Margaret Feminist Essay? C’est le prix qu’il paie pour ce qu’il a vu. Free Online Writing Classes? Mais en se conformant aux paroles de Tirésias, il va inaugurer un nouveau standard de comportement pour les générations à venir: la figure d’un fils qui mutile sa conscience pour laver le crime de son père. List? Parce qu’il a su dompter son âme fougueuse et porter la peine de son prétendu péché, #x0152;dipe incarne une structure de refoulement d’un type nouveau, qui préfigure la personnalité ambivalente du Moyen âge. M.A.

Cotton #150; 04.2001 / www.regardconscient.net. (1) E. Writing? F. On Bullying? Buckley (traduction de S. Writing? Godet), Légendes de la Grèce antique , Librairie Payot Cie, 1931, p. List For Essays? 17. (10) Gravure tirée de E. Online Classes? F. Of Sites? Buckley, op. Free? cit . Essay? , p. Free Online Writing? 25. (13) Lettre du 15 octobre 1897, citée par Elisabeth Roudinesco et Michel Plon in essay school for a children Dictionnaire de la psychanalyse , éd. Online Writing? Fayard 1997, p. Margaret Atwood Essay? 744.

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Pat was extremely successful with this resume. She received several job offers within just a few weeks, and accepted a position she loves as a CEO at writing, a Chicago non-profit. Account Executive – Marketing Sales Resume. Markita did not have a resume when we started working with her, so we created this one from scratch. We included many items to draw the atwood reader’s attention, including quotations from the client and from her supervisors, as well as a graph (graphs speak loudly in the marketing sales industry!) Markita was rapidly offered 7 interviews and 2 jobs using this resume. Julie’s resume is an example of a hybrid.

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contract resume The Path of the Law. by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. When we study law we are not studying a mystery but a well-known profession. We are studying what we shall want in order to appear before judges, or to advise people in such a way as to keep them out of court. The reason why it is a profession, why people will pay lawyers to argue for them or to advise them, is that in societies like ours the command of the public force is intrusted to the judges in certain cases, and the whole power of the state will be put forth, if necessary, to carry out classes their judgments and decrees. People want to know under what circumstances and how far they will run the risk of coming against what is so much stronger than themselves, and hence it becomes a business to find out when this danger is to be feared. The object of our study, then, is prediction, the by william, prediction of the incidence of the public force through the instrumentality of the courts. The means of the study are a body of reports, of treatises, and of statutes, in this country and in free England, extending back for crabbe, six hundred years, and online, now increasing annually by hundreds.

In these sibylline leaves are gathered the scattered prophecies of the literary invisible man, past upon the cases in free online which the axe will fall. Essay School For A. These are what properly have been called the oracles of the law. Far the most important and pretty nearly the whole meaning of every new effort of legal thought is to make these prophecies more precise, and to generalize them into a thoroughly connected system. The process is one, from a lawyer's statement of a case, eliminating as it does all the dramatic elements with which his client's story has clothed it, and retaining only the facts of legal import, up to the final analyses and abstract universals of theoretic jurisprudence. The reason why a lawyer does not mention that his client wore a white hat when he made a contract, while Mrs. Quickly would be sure to dwell upon it along with the free online writing, parcel gilt goblet and the sea-coal fire, is that he foresees that the public force will act in the same way whatever his client had upon his head. It is to make the prophecies easier to be remembered and to be understood that the Process, teachings of the decisions of the past are put into general propositions and gathered into textbooks, or that statutes are passed in a general form. The primary rights and free online classes, duties with which jurisprudence busies itself again are nothing but prophecies. Literary Analysis Essay Invisible. One of the many evil effects of the confusion between legal and moral ideas, about which I shall have something to say in a moment, is that theory is apt to get the free writing, cart before the horse, and literary invisible, consider the free online classes, right or the duty as something existing apart from and school for a children, independent of the consequences of its breach, to which certain sanctions are added afterward.

But, as I shall try to free online classes show, a legal duty so called is nothing but a prediction that if a man does or omits certain things he will be made to suffer in this or that way by judgment of the court; and so of a legal right. The number of our predictions when generalized and reduced to a system is not unmanageably large. They present themselves as a finite body of dogma which may be mastered within a reasonable time. It is a great mistake to be frightened by the ever-increasing number of reports. Essay In High School. The reports of a given jurisdiction in the course of a generation take up pretty much the whole body of the free online, law, and restate it from the present point of by william questions, view. We could reconstruct the corpus from them if all that went before were burned. The use of the earlier reports is mainly historical, a use about which I shall have something to say before I have finished. I wish, if I can, to lay down some first principles for online writing classes, the study of this body of dogma or systematized prediction which we call the law, for men who want to use it as the instrument of their business to enable them to prophesy in their turn, and, as bearing upon the study, I wish to point out an ideal which as yet our law has not attained. The first thing for essay school, a businesslike understanding of the matter is to understand its limits, and therefore I think it desirable at once to point out and dispel a confusion between morality and law, which sometimes rises to the height of conscious theory, and more often and indeed constantly is making trouble in detail without reaching the point of consciousness. You can see very plainly that a bad man has as much reason as a good one for wishing to avoid an encounter with the public force, and therefore you can see the practical importance of the distinction between morality and law. A man who cares nothing for an ethical rule which is believed and free online, practised by his neighbors is The Research, likely nevertheless to care a good deal to avoid being made to pay money, and will want to keep out of jail if he can.

I take it for free classes, granted that no hearer of mine will misinterpret what I have to say as the language of literary essay, cynicism. The law is the witness and external deposit of free, our moral life. Its history is the history of the moral development of the atwood feminist essay, race. Online Classes. The practice of it, in spite of popular jests, tends to make good citizens and good men. When I emphasize the difference between law and morals I do so with reference to a single end, that of learning and understanding the law. For that purpose you must definitely master its specific marks, and it is for that that I ask you for the moment to imagine yourselves indifferent to other and greater things. I do not say that there is not a wider point of view from which the distinction between law and morals becomes of secondary or no importance, as all mathematical distinctions vanish in presence of the infinite.

But I do say that that distinction is of the first importance for the object which we are here to consider #151; a right study and atwood, mastery of the online classes, law as a business with well understood limits, a body of dogma enclosed within definite lines. I have just shown the practical reason for atwood feminist, saying so. Online Writing Classes. If you want to analysis invisible man know the online writing classes, law and school for a children, nothing else, you must look at it as a bad man, who cares only for free online writing classes, the material consequences which such knowledge enables him to predict, not as a good one, who finds his reasons for conduct, whether inside the law or outside of on bullying in high school, it, in the vaguer sanctions of conscience. The theoretical importance of the distinction is no less, if you would reason on your subject aright. The law is full of phraseology drawn from free writing, morals, and by the mere force of language continually invites us to pass from one domain to the other without perceiving it, as we are sure to do unless we have the by william questions, boundary constantly before our minds.

The law talks about rights, and duties, and malice, and intent, and negligence, and so forth, and nothing is easier, or, I may say, more common in legal reasoning, than to take these words in their moral sense, at some state of the argument, and so to drop into fallacy. For instance, when we speak of the rights of man in free writing a moral sense, we mean to mark the limits of interference with individual freedom which we think are prescribed by conscience, or by our ideal, however reached. Yet it is certain that many laws have been enforced in the past, and it is likely that some are enforced now, which are condemned by of sites the most enlightened opinion of the time, or which at all events pass the limit of interference, as many consciences would draw it. Manifestly, therefore, nothing but confusion of thought can result from assuming that the rights of writing classes, man in a moral sense are equally rights in the sense of the Constitution and the law. No doubt simple and extreme cases can be put of imaginable laws which the statute-making power would not dare to enact, even in the absence of essay invisible man, written constitutional prohibitions, because the community would rise in rebellion and fight; and this gives some plausibility to the proposition that the law, if not a part of morality, is limited by it. But this limit of power is free online writing classes, not coextensive with any system of morals. For the most part it falls far within the lines of any such system, and in some cases may extend beyond them, for reasons drawn from the habits of a particular people at a particular time. Essay Questions. I once heard the late Professor Agassiz say that a German population would rise if you added two cents to the price of a glass of beer. Online Writing Classes. A statute in such a case would be empty words, not because it was wrong, but because it could not be enforced. No one will deny that wrong statutes can be and are enforced, and literary essay invisible man, we would not all agree as to which were the wrong ones. The confusion with which I am dealing besets confessedly legal conceptions.

Take the fundamental question, What constitutes the online classes, law? You will find some text writers telling you that it is something different from what is decided by the courts of Massachusetts or England, that it is a system of of sites, reason, that it is writing, a deduction from school, principles of ethics or admitted axioms or what not, which may or may not coincide with the decisions. Free Online. But if we take the view of our friend the essay in high, bad man we shall find that he does not care two straws for the axioms or deductions, but that he does want to know what the Massachusetts or English courts are likely to do in fact. I am much of this mind. The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by free writing classes the law. Take again a notion which as popularly understood is the widest conception which the law contains #151; the notion of legal duty, to which already I have referred. Bell Essay. We fill the word with all the free online writing, content which we draw from morals. But what does it mean to a bad man?

Mainly, and in the first place, a prophecy that if he does certain things he will be subjected to disagreeable consequences by way of imprisonment or compulsory payment of money. But from his point of view, what is the difference between being fined and taxed a certain sum for doing a certain thing? That his point of view is the test of on bullying in high school, legal principles is proven by the many discussions which have arisen in the courts on the very question whether a given statutory liability is a penalty or a tax. On the answer to this question depends the decision whether conduct is legally wrong or right, and also whether a man is under compulsion or free. Leaving the criminal law on one side, what is the difference between the liability under the mill acts or statutes authorizing a taking by eminent domain and the liability for what we call a wrongful conversion of property where restoration is out of the question. In both cases the party taking another man's property has to pay its fair value as assessed by a jury, and no more. What significance is there in online writing calling one taking right and another wrong from the point of view of the law? It does not matter, so far as the essay of my school for a children, given consequence, the compulsory payment, is concerned, whether the act to which it is attached is described in terms of praise or in terms of blame, or whether the law purports to prohibit it or to free allow it. If it matters at bell essay questions, all, still speaking from the bad man's point of view, it must be because in one case and not in the other some further disadvantages, or at least some further consequences, are attached to the act by law. The only other disadvantages thus attached to it which I ever have been able to think of are to be found in free online classes two somewhat insignificant legal doctrines, both of which might be abolished without much disturbance. One is, that a contract to do a prohibited act is unlawful, and the other, that, if one of two or more joint wrongdoers has to pay all the damages, he cannot recover contribution from essay for a, his fellows.

And that I believe is all. You see how the vague circumference of the notion of duty shrinks and at free online writing, the same time grows more precise when we wash it with cynical acid and expel everything except the object of our study, the operations of the law. Nowhere is the confusion between legal and moral ideas more manifest than in for essays the law of contract. Among other things, here again the online classes, so-called primary rights and atwood essay, duties are invested with a mystic significance beyond what can be assigned and explained. The duty to keep a contract at common law means a prediction that you must pay damages if you do not keep it #151; and nothing else. If you commit a tort, you are liable to pay a compensatory sum.

If you commit a contract, you are liable to pay a compensatory sum unless the free writing classes, promised event comes to pass, and that is all the difference. But such a mode of looking at the matter stinks in the nostrils of in high school, those who think it advantageous to get as much ethics into the law as they can. It was good enough for Lord Coke, however, and here, as in many others cases, I am content to abide with him. In Bromage v. Free Writing. Genning , a prohibition was sought in the Kings' Bench against a suit in list the marches of Wales for the specific performance of a covenant to grant a lease, and Coke said that it would subvert the intention of the covenantor, since he intends it to be at free online classes, his election either to lose the damages or to make the lease. Sergeant Harra for the plaintiff confessed that he moved the matter against his conscience, and a prohibition was granted. This goes further than we should go now, but it shows what I venture to say has been the common law point of view from the beginning, although Mr. Harriman, in his very able little book upon Contracts has been misled, as I humbly think, to a different conclusion. I have spoken only of the common law, because there are some cases in school which a logical justification can be found for free classes, speaking of civil liabilities as imposing duties in an intelligible sense. These are the relatively few in which equity will grant an injunction, and will enforce it by putting the of my, defendant in prison or otherwise punishing him unless he complies with the order of the court. But I hardly think it advisable to shape general theory from the free online writing classes, exception, and I think it would be better to cease troubling ourselves about primary rights and sanctions altogether, than to margaret atwood essay describe our prophecies concerning the liabilities commonly imposed by free writing classes the law in those inappropriate terms.

I mentioned, as other examples of the use by bell the law of words drawn from morals, malice, intent, and negligence. It is enough to take malice as it is used in the law of free classes, civil liability for wrongs what we lawyers call the law of torts #151; to show that it means something different in for a children law from what it means in morals, and also to show how the difference has been obscured by giving to principles which have little or nothing to do with each other the same name. Writing Classes. Three hundred years ago a parson preached a sermon and told a story out of Fox's Book of Martyrs of a man who had assisted at the torture of by william essay questions, one of the saints, and afterward died, suffering compensatory inward torment. Writing. It happened that Fox was wrong. Man. The man was alive and chanced to hear the sermon, and thereupon he sued the parson. Chief Justice Wray instructed the jury that the online classes, defendant was not liable, because the of my for a children, story was told innocently, without malice. He took malice in the moral sense, as importing a malevolent motive. But nowadays no one doubts that a man may be liable, without any malevolent motive at all, for false statements manifestly calculated to inflict temporal damage.

In stating the case in pleading, we still should call the defendant's conduct malicious; but, in my opinion at least, the word means nothing about motives, or even about the defendant's attitude toward the future, but only signifies that the tendency of his conduct under known circumstances was very plainly to cause the plaintiff temporal harm. In the law of contract the use of moral phraseology led to equal confusion, as I have shown in part already, but only in part. Morals deal with the actual internal state of the individual's mind, what he actually intends. From the time of the Romans down to now, this mode of free classes, dealing has affected the language of the literary analysis essay invisible man, law as to contract, and the language used has reacted upon the thought. We talk about free online, a contract as a meeting of the minds of the parties, and thence it is inferred in various cases that there is Process, no contract because their minds have not met; that is, because they have intended different things or because one party has not known of the assent of the other. Yet nothing is more certain than that parties may be bound by a contract to things which neither of them intended, and when one does not know of the other's assent. Suppose a contract is executed in due form and in writing to deliver a lecture, mentioning no time. One of the parties thinks that the free writing, promise will be construed to mean at school children, once, within a week. The other thinks that it means when he is ready. Online Writing Classes. The court says that it means within a reasonable time. The parties are bound by the contract as it is interpreted by the court, yet neither of The Research, them meant what the court declares that they have said.

In my opinion no one will understand the true theory of online writing, contract or be able even to discuss some fundamental questions intelligently until he has understood that all contracts are formal, that the making of The Research, a contract depends not on the agreement of two minds in one intention, but on classes the agreement of two sets of external signs #151; not on the parties' having meant the same thing but on their having said the same thing. Furthermore, as the atwood feminist, signs may be addressed to one sense or another #151; to sight or to hearing #151; on the nature of the sign will depend the moment when the contract is made. If the sign is online classes, tangible, for instance, a letter, the contract is made when the letter of Process, acceptance is delivered. If it is necessary that the minds of the parties meet, there will be no contract until the acceptance can be read; none, for example, if the acceptance be snatched from the online classes, hand of the offerer by a third person. This is for essays, not the time to work out free online writing classes a theory in detail, or to margaret answer many obvious doubts and questions which are suggested by these general views. I know of none which are not easy to answer, but what I am trying to free online do now is only by a series of hints to throw some light on the narrow path of legal doctrine, and upon two pitfalls which, as it seems to me, lie perilously near to it. Of the first of these I have said enough. I hope that my illustrations have shown the danger, both to speculation and to crabbe by william essay questions practice, of confounding morality with law, and the trap which legal language lays for us on that side of our way. For my own part, I often doubt whether it would not be a gain if every word of moral significance could be banished from the law altogether, and other words adopted which should convey legal ideas uncolored by anything outside the free online classes, law. We should lose the fossil records of a good deal of history and the majesty got from essay of my children, ethical associations, but by ridding ourselves of an unnecessary confusion we should gain very much in the clearness of our thought. So much for free, the limits of the law.

The next thing which I wish to consider is what are the margaret atwood essay, forces which determine its content and its growth. You may assume, with Hobbes and Bentham and Austin, that all law emanates from the sovereign, even when the writing classes, first human beings to enunciate it are the judges, or you may think that law is the voice of the Zeitgeist, or what you like. It is margaret, all one to my present purpose. Even if every decision required the sanction of an emperor with despotic power and a whimsical turn of mind, we should be interested none the free online, less, still with a view to prediction, in discovering some order, some rational explanation, and some principle of growth for the rules which he laid down. In every system there are such explanations and principles to Process be found.

It is with regard to them that a second fallacy comes in, which I think it important to expose. The fallacy to which I refer is the notion that the only force at work in free classes the development of the law is logic. In the broadest sense, indeed, that notion would be true. On Bullying In High School. The postulate on which we think about the universe is that there is a fixed quantitative relation between every phenomenon and its antecedents and consequents. If there is such a thing as a phenomenon without these fixed quantitative relations, it is a miracle. It is free online, outside the law of essay school, cause and effect, and as such transcends our power of thought, or at least is something to or from which we cannot reason. The condition of our thinking about the classes, universe is that it is capable of The Research, being thought about rationally, or, in other words, that every part of it is effect and cause in the same sense in which those parts are with which we are most familiar. Free Online. So in the broadest sense it is true that the margaret atwood feminist essay, law is a logical development, like everything else. The danger of which I speak is not the admission that the principles governing other phenomena also govern the classes, law, but the notion that a given system, ours, for instance, can be worked out like mathematics from some general axioms of atwood feminist, conduct. This is the natural error of the schools, but it is not confined to free them.

I once heard a very eminent judge say that he never let a decision go until he was absolutely sure that it was right. So judicial dissent often is blamed, as if it meant simply that one side or the crabbe questions, other were not doing their sums right, and if they would take more trouble, agreement inevitably would come. This mode of online writing, thinking is entirely natural. The training of lawyers is a training in logic. The processes of crabbe bell essay, analogy, discrimination, and deduction are those in which they are most at home. The language of judicial decision is mainly the language of logic.

And the logical method and form flatter that longing for certainty and for repose which is in every human mind. But certainty generally is illusion, and repose is not the destiny of man. Behind the logical form lies a judgment as to free writing classes the relative worth and importance of competing legislative grounds, often an inarticulate and Process, unconscious judgment, it is true, and yet the free online writing, very root and nerve of the The Research Process, whole proceeding. You can give any conclusion a logical form. You always can imply a condition in a contract. But why do you imply it? It is because of some belief as to the practice of the free online, community or of a class, or because of literary analysis essay man, some opinion as to classes policy, or, in children short, because of some attitude of yours upon a matter not capable of exact quantitative measurement, and therefore not capable of founding exact logical conclusions. Such matters really are battle grounds where the means do not exist for the determinations that shall be good for online classes, all time, and where the decision can do no more than embody the preference of a given body in a given time and essay on bullying in high school, place.

We do not realize how large a part of our law is open to classes reconsideration upon a slight change in the habit of the public mind. No concrete proposition is self evident, no matter how ready we may be to accept it, not even Mr. Herbert Spencer's Every man has a right to do what he wills, provided he interferes not with a like right on the part of his neighbors. Why is a false and injurious statement privileged, if it is made honestly in giving information about a servant? It is because it has been thought more important that information should be given freely, than that a man should be protected from what under other circumstances would be an actionable wrong. Why is a man at liberty to set up a business which he knows will ruin his neighborhood? It is because the margaret atwood feminist essay, public good is supposed to be best subserved by online writing classes free competition. Obviously such judgments of relative importance may vary in by william bell questions different times and places.

Why does a judge instruct a jury that an employer is not liable to an employee for an injury received in the course of his employment unless he is online writing classes, negligent, and literary man, why do the jury generally find for the plaintiff if the case is allowed to go to them? It is because the traditional policy of our law is to confine liability to cases where a prudent man might have foreseen the injury, or at least the danger, while the inclination of a very large part of the community is to make certain classes of persons insure the safety of those with whom they deal. Since the online writing, last words were written, I have seen the requirement of such insurance put forth as part of the programme of one of the best known labor organizations. There is a concealed, half conscious battle on the question of legislative policy, and if any one thinks that it can be settled deductively, or once for all, I only literary analysis invisible, can say that I think he is free classes, theoretically wrong, and that I am certain that his conclusion will not be accepted in practice semper ubique et ab omnibus . Indeed, I think that even now our theory upon this matter is open to reconsideration, although I am not prepared to say how I should decide if a reconsideration were proposed. Our law of torts comes from the for essays, old days of isolated, ungeneralized wrongs, assaults, slanders, and the like, where the damages might be taken to lie where they fell by legal judgment. But the torts with which our courts are kept busy today are mainly the incidents of free classes, certain well known businesses. Feminist Essay. They are injuries to person or property by railroads, factories, and the like. The liability for them is estimated, and free writing, sooner or later goes into the price paid by essay school children the public. The public really pays the damages, and free classes, the question of liability, if pressed far enough, is really a question how far it is for essays, desirable that the public should insure the safety of one whose work it uses. Free Online. It might be said that in such cases the chance of The Research, a jury finding for online writing, the defendant is merely a chance, once in a while rather arbitrarily interrupting the essay school, regular course of recovery, most likely in the case of an unusually conscientious plaintiff, and therefore better done away with.

On the other hand, the economic value even of a life to the community can be estimated, and no recovery, it may be said, ought to go beyond that amount. It is conceivable that some day in certain cases we may find ourselves imitating, on a higher plane, the tariff for life and limb which we see in the Leges Barbarorum . I think that the judges themselves have failed adequately to recognize their duty of online, weighing considerations of social advantage. The duty is inevitable, and Process, the result of the writing, often proclaimed judicial aversion to deal with such considerations is crabbe by william essay, simply to free writing leave the very ground and foundation of essay on bullying in high, judgments inarticulate, and often unconscious, as I have said. When socialism first began to free online classes be talked about, the comfortable classes of the community were a good deal frightened. I suspect that this fear has influenced judicial action both here and in England, yet it is certain that it is not a conscious factor in the decisions to which I refer. I think that something similar has led people who no longer hope to control the legislatures to look to the courts as expounders of the constitutions, and that in some courts new principles have been discovered outside the bodies of those instruments, which may be generalized into The Research, acceptance of the economic doctrines which prevailed about fifty years ago, and a wholesale prohibition of free online classes, what a tribunal of lawyers does not think about right. I cannot but believe that if the training of lawyers led them habitually to consider more definitely and explicitly the social advantage on which the rule they lay down must be justified, they sometimes would hesitate where now they are confident, and see that really they were taking sides upon debatable and often burning questions. So much for the fallacy of essay, logical form.

Now let us consider the free, present condition of the law as a subject for study, and the ideal toward which it tends. We still are far from the point of view which I desire to list for essays see reached. No one has reached it or can reach it as yet. We are only at the beginning of a philosophical reaction, and of a reconsideration of the worth of doctrines which for the most part still are taken for granted without any deliberate, conscious, and systematic questioning of their grounds. The development of our law has gone on for nearly a thousand years, like the development of a plant, each generation taking the inevitable next step, mind, like matter, simply obeying a law of free online writing, spontaneous growth. It is list of sites, perfectly natural and right that it should have been so. Imitation is a necessity of human nature, as has been illustrated by a remarkable French writer, M. Tard, in an admirable book, Les Lois de l'Imitation . Most of the things we do, we do for online writing classes, no better reason than that our fathers have done them or that our neighbors do them, and the same is true of a larger part than we suspect of what we think.

The reason is margaret atwood, a good one, because our short life gives us no time for a better, but it is free online writing classes, not the best. It does not follow, because we all are compelled to take on in high faith at second hand most of the rules on which we base our action and our thought, that each of us may not try to set some corner of his world in the order of reason, or that all of us collectively should not aspire to carry reason as far as it will go throughout the free online, whole domain. In regard to the law, it is true, no doubt, that an of my for a children evolutionist will hesitate to online writing affirm universal validity for margaret atwood feminist essay, his social ideals, or for the principles which he thinks should be embodied in legislation. He is content if he can prove them best for here and now. He may be ready to admit that he knows nothing about an absolute best in the cosmos, and even that he knows next to nothing about free classes, a permanent best for men. Still it is school, true that a body of law is more rational and more civilized when every rule it contains is referred articulately and definitely to an end which it subserves, and when the grounds for free, desiring that end are stated or are ready to be stated in words. At present, in very many cases, if we want to know why a rule of law has taken its particular shape, and more or less if we want to know why it exists at all, we go to in high school tradition.

We follow it into the Year Books, and perhaps beyond them to the customs of the Salian Franks, and somewhere in the past, in the German forests, in the needs of Norman kings, in the assumptions of a dominant class, in the absence of generalized ideas, we find out the practical motive for what now best is justified by free online writing the mere fact of its acceptance and that men are accustomed to margaret atwood it. Online Writing. The rational study of law is still to a large extent the study of history. History must be a part of the study, because without it we cannot know the precise scope of rules which it is our business to know. It is a part of the rational study, because it is the first step toward an enlightened scepticism, that is, towards a deliberate reconsideration of the worth of those rules. When you get the dragon out of his cave on to the plain and in the daylight, you can count his teeth and claws, and bell questions, see just what is his strength. But to get him out is only the first step. Free Online Writing Classes. The next is either to kill him, or to tame him and make him a useful animal.

For the rational study of the law the blackletter man may be the man of the present, but the crabbe by william, man of the writing classes, future is the man of crabbe by william bell, statistics and the master of economics. It is revolting to have no better reason for a rule of law than that so it was laid down in the time of Henry IV. It is still more revolting if the grounds upon which it was laid down have vanished long since, and the rule simply persists from blind imitation of the past. I am thinking of the online, technical rule as to trespass ab initio , as it is called, which I attempted to explain in a recent Massachusetts case. Let me take an illustration, which can be stated in a few words, to show how the social end which is margaret atwood feminist, aimed at by a rule of law is obscured and only partially attained in consequence of the writing, fact that the rule owes its form to a gradual historical development, instead of being reshaped as a whole, with conscious articulate reference to the end in analysis essay man view. We think it desirable to prevent one man's property being misappropriated by another, and so we make larceny a crime. The evil is the same whether the misappropriation is made by a man into whose hands the owner has put the property, or by one who wrongfully takes it away. But primitive law in online its weakness did not get much beyond an effort to prevent violence, and very naturally made a wrongful taking, a trespass, part of its definition of the crime.

In modem times the judges enlarged the definition a little by holding that, if the wrong-doer gets possession by a trick or device, the list of sites, crime is committed. This really was giving up the requirement of free, trespass, and The Research Process, it would have been more logical, as well as truer to the present object of the law, to abandon the requirement altogether. That, however, would have seemed too bold, and was left to statute. Statutes were passed making embezzlement a crime. Online Writing Classes. But the force of tradition caused the crime of embezzlement to be regarded as so far distinct from analysis essay man, larceny that to this day, in some jurisdictions at least, a slip corner is kept open for thieves to free online writing classes contend, if indicted for larceny, that they should have been indicted for embezzlement, and if indicted for embezzlement, that they should have been indicted for larceny, and to escape on that ground. Far more fundamental questions still await a better answer than that we do as our fathers have done. What have we better than a blind guess to show that the criminal law in its present form does more good than harm? I do not stop to refer to literary analysis essay the effect which it has had in degrading prisoners and in plunging them further into crime, or to the question whether fine and imprisonment do not fall more heavily on a criminal's wife and children than on himself. I have in mind more far-reaching questions. Does punishment deter? Do we deal with criminals on proper principles?

A modern school of writing, Continental criminalists plumes itself on the formula, first suggested, it is said, by Gall, that we must consider the criminal rather than the crime. The formula does not carry us very far, but the inquiries which have been started look toward an essay for a answer of my questions based on science for the first time. If the typical criminal is a degenerate, bound to swindle or to murder by as deep seated an organic necessity as that which makes the free online, rattlesnake bite, it is idle to school children talk of deterring him by the classical method of imprisonment. Writing Classes. He must be got rid of; he cannot be improved, or frightened out of his structural reaction. By William. If, on the other hand, crime, like normal human conduct, is mainly a matter of imitation, punishment fairly may be expected to help to keep it out of fashion. The study of criminals has been thought by some well known men of science to sustain the former hypothesis. The statistics of the writing classes, relative increase of crime in crowded places like large cities, where example has the greatest chance to work, and in less populated parts, where the contagion spreads more slowly, have been used with great force in favor of the latter view.

But there is weighty authority for the belief that, however this may be, not the nature of the crime, but the The Research Process, dangerousness of the free classes, criminal, constitutes the only reasonable legal criterion to guide the inevitable social reaction against the criminal. The impediments to rational generalization, which I illustrated from the law of margaret atwood, larceny, are shown in the other branches of the law, as well as in that of crime. Take the law of classes, tort or civil liability for damages apart from contract and the like. Is there any general theory of such liability, or are the cases in which it exists simply to be enumerated, and to be explained each on its special ground, as is easy to believe from the margaret essay, fact that the right of action for certain well known classes of wrongs like trespass or slander has its special history for free classes, each class? I think that the law regards the infliction of temporal damage by a responsible person as actionable, if under the circumstances known to crabbe by william bell questions him the danger of his act is manifest according to common experience, or according to his own experience if it is free, more than common, except in cases where upon special grounds of policy the law refuses to The Research Process protect the plaintiff or grants a privilege to the defendant.

I think that commonly malice, intent, and negligence mean only that the danger was manifest to a greater or less degree, under the circumstances known to the actor, although in some cases of online, privilege malice may mean an actual malevolent motive, and such a motive may take away a permission knowingly to of sites inflict harm, which otherwise would be granted on this or that ground of dominant public good. But when I stated my view to a very eminent English judge the other day, he said, You are discussing what the law ought to be; as the law is, you must show a right. A man is not liable for negligence unless he is subject to a duty. Online Writing Classes. If our difference was more than a difference in words, or with regard to the proportion between the exceptions and the rule, then, in his opinion, liability for an act cannot be referred to the manifest tendency of the act to on bullying school cause temporal damage in general as a sufficient explanation, but must be referred to the special nature of the damage, or must be derived from some special circumstances outside of the tendency of the act, for which no generalized explanation exists. Free Online Writing. I think that such a view is wrong, but it is familiar, and I dare say generally is accepted in England. Everywhere the basis of principle is tradition, to such an extent that we even are in margaret atwood essay danger of making the role of history more important than it is. The other day Professor Ames wrote a learned article to online classes show, among other things, that the common law did not recognize the defence of fraud in actions upon specialties, and the moral might seem to be that the personal character of that defence is due to its equitable origin. But if, as I said, all contracts are formal, the difference is not merely historical, but theoretic, between defects of form which prevent a contract from being made, and mistaken motives which manifestly could not be considered in any system that we should call rational except against one who was privy to those motives.

It is not confined to specialties, but is of universal application. I ought to add that I do not suppose that Mr. Ames would disagree with what I suggest. However, if we consider the law of contract, we find it full of history. Crabbe Bell. The distinctions between debt, covenant, and free writing, assumpsit are merely historical. The classification of certain obligations to pay money, imposed by the law irrespective of any bargain as quasi contracts, is merely historical. The doctrine of consideration is merely historical. Margaret Atwood Essay. The effect given to a seal is to be explained by writing history alone. Consideration is a mere form.

Is it a useful form? If so, why should it not be required in all contracts? A seal is a mere form, and is vanishing in on bullying the scroll and in enactments that a consideration must be given, seal or no seal. Why should any merely historical distinction be allowed to affect the rights and obligations of business men? Since I wrote this discourse I have come on free online writing a very good example of the bell essay, way in free online which tradition not only overrides rational policy, but overrides it after first having been misunderstood and having been given a new and broader scope than it had when it had a meaning. School For A. It is the settled law of England that a material alteration of a written contract by free writing classes a party avoids it as against him. The doctrine is contrary to the general tendency of the law. Literary Analysis Invisible Man. We do not tell a jury that if a man ever has lied in one particular he is to be presumed to lie in all.

Even if a man has tried to online writing defraud, it seems no sufficient reason for preventing him from proving the truth. Objections of atwood feminist, like nature in general go to the weight, not to the admissibility, of evidence. Free Online. Moreover, this rule is list of sites for essays, irrespective of fraud, and is not confined to evidence. It is not merely that you cannot use the writing, but that the contract is at free online classes, an end. What does this mean? The existence of a written contract depends on the fact that the offerer and offeree have interchanged their written expressions, not on the continued existence of those expressions. But in the case of a bond, the primitive notion was different. The contract was inseparable from the parchment. If a stranger destroyed it, or tore off the seal, or altered it, the list, obligee could not recover, however free from fault, because the defendant's contract, that is, the actual tangible bond which he had sealed, could not be produced in the form in which it bound him.

About a hundred years ago Lord Kenyon undertook to use his reason on the tradition, as he sometimes did to the detriment of the free writing classes, law, and, not understanding it, said he could see no reason why what was true of a bond should not be true of other contracts. His decision happened to be right, as it concerned a promissory note, where again the common law regarded the contract as inseparable from the paper on which it was written, but the reasoning was general, and soon was extended to school other written contracts, and various absurd and unreal grounds of policy were invented to free writing classes account for of my school children, the enlarged rule. I trust that no one will understand me to be speaking with disrespect of the law, because I criticise it so freely. Online Writing. I venerate the law, and especially our system of law, as one of the vastest products of the human mind. No one knows better than I do the countless number of literary invisible, great intellects that have spent themselves in free making some addition or improvement, the greatest of which is trifling when compared with the mighty whole. Atwood Essay. It has the final title to respect that it exists, that it is not a Hegelian dream, but a part of the lives of men.

But one may criticise even what one reveres. Law is the business to which my life is devoted, and I should show less than devotion if I did not do what in me lies to improve it, and, when I perceive what seems to me the ideal of its future, if I hesitated to point it out and to press toward it with all my heart. Perhaps I have said enough to show the part which the writing classes, study of history necessarily plays in the intelligent study of the law as it is analysis essay invisible, today. In the teaching of free online classes, this school and at Cambridge it is in no danger of being undervalued. Mr. Bigelow here and Mr. Ames and Mr. Thayer there have made important contributions which will not be forgotten, and in England the recent history of crabbe by william questions, early English law by Sir Frederick Pollock and Mr. Maitland has lent the subject an almost deceptive charm. We must beware of the pitfall of antiquarianism, and must remember that for our purposes our only interest in the past is for the light it throws upon the present. Free Writing. I look forward to a time when the part played by history in the explanation of dogma shall be very small, and instead of ingenious research we shall spend our energy on a study of the ends sought to be attained and the reasons for desiring them.

As a step toward that ideal it seems to me that every lawyer ought to seek an understanding of economics. Crabbe By William Essay. The present divorce between the free online writing classes, schools of political economy and law seems to me an evidence of how much progress in philosophical study still remains to be made. In the present state of political economy, indeed, we come again upon history on a larger scale, but there we are called on to consider and crabbe by william bell questions, weigh the ends of legislation, the means of attaining them, and the cost. We learn that for everything we have we give up something else, and we are taught to set the advantage we gain against the other advantage we lose, and to know what we are doing when we elect. There is free writing, another study which sometimes is undervalued by the practical minded, for which I wish to say a good word, although I think a good deal of pretty poor stuff goes under that name. Of My For A Children. I mean the study of what is called jurisprudence. Jurisprudence, as I look at it, is simply law in its most generalized part. Every effort to reduce a case to a rule is an effort of jurisprudence, although the name as used in English is confined to the broadest rules and most fundamental conceptions. One mark of a great lawyer is online writing classes, that he sees the application of the broadest rules.

There is a story of a Vermont justice of the peace before whom a suit was brought by one farmer against another for breaking a churn. The justice took time to consider, and by william essay, then said that he has looked through the statutes and could find nothing about churns, and gave judgment for the defendant. The same state of mind is shown in all our common digests and textbooks. Applications of rudimentary rules of contract or tort are tucked away under the head of Railroads or Telegraphs or go to swell treatises on historical subdivisions, such as Shipping or Equity, or are gathered under an arbitrary title which is thought likely to appeal to the practical mind, such as Mercantile Law. If a man goes into law it pays to free writing classes be a master of it, and to be a master of it means to look straight through all the dramatic incidents and to discern the crabbe by william questions, true basis for prophecy.

Therefore, it is well to have an accurate notion of what you mean by law, by a right, by online writing classes a duty, by malice, intent, and negligence, by ownership, by possession, and so forth. I have in my mind cases in which the highest courts seem to of my me to have floundered because they had no clear ideas on some of these themes. Free Online Classes. I have illustrated their importance already. If a further illustration is of sites for essays, wished, it may be found by writing classes reading the by william bell, Appendix to Sir James Stephen's Criminal Law on the subject of possession, and then turning to Pollock and Wright's enlightened book. Sir James Stephen is not the only writer whose attempts to analyze legal ideas have been confused by striving for a useless quintessence of all systems, instead of an accurate anatomy of one. The trouble with Austin was that he did not know enough English law. Classes. But still it is a practical advantage to master Austin, and his predecessors, Hobbes and Bentham, and his worthy successors, Holland and Pollock. Atwood Feminist. Sir Frederick Pollock's recent little book is touched with the felicity which marks all his works, and is wholly free from the perverting influence of Roman models.

The advice of the free writing, elders to young men is very apt to be as unreal as a list of the hundred best books. At least in my day I had my share of such counsels, and high among the unrealities I place the essay in high school, recommendation to study the Roman law. I assume that such advice means more than collecting a few Latin maxims with which to ornament the discourse #151; the online, purpose for which Lord Coke recommended Bracton. If that is all that is wanted, the title De Regulis Juris Antiqui can be read in an hour. I assume that, if it is well to study the Roman Law, it is well to study it as a working system. That means mastering a set of technicalities more difficult and less understood than our own, and studying another course of history by which even more than our own the Roman law must explained.

If any one doubts me, let him read Keller's Der Romische Civil Process und die Actionen , a treatise on essay the praetor's edict, Muirhead's most interesting Historical Introduction to the Private Law of Rome , and, to give him the best chance, Sohn's admirable Institutes . No. The way to gain a liberal view of free writing, your subject is not to read something else, but to get to for essays the bottom of the subject itself. The means of doing that are, in the first place, to follow the existing body of dogma into its highest generalizations by the help of jurisprudence; next, to discover from free, history how it has come to be what it is; and finally, so far as you can, to list of sites consider the ends which the several rules seek to accomplish, the reasons why those ends are desired, what is given up to free gain them, and whether they are worth the price. We have too little theory in the law rather than too much, especially on this final branch of study. When I was speaking of history, I mentioned larceny as an example to show how the law suffered from not having embodied in a clear form a rule which will accomplish its manifest purpose. In that case the trouble was due to the survival of forms coming from a time when a more limited purpose was entertained. Let me now give an example to list of sites for essays show the practical importance, for the decision of actual cases, of understanding the reasons of the free online writing classes, law, by taking an example from rules which, so far as I know, never have been explained or theorized about in of my school for a any adequate way. I refer to free online statutes of limitation and the law of list of sites, prescription.

The end of such rules is obvious, but what is the justification for depriving a man of his rights, a pure evil as far as it goes, in consequence of the lapse of time? Sometimes the loss of evidence is referred to, but that is a secondary matter. Sometimes the desirability of peace, but why is free writing classes, peace more desirable after twenty years than before? It is increasingly likely to come without the The Research Process, aid of legislation. Sometimes it is said that, if a man neglects to free online writing enforce his rights, he cannot complain if, after a while, the law follows his example.

Now if this is all that can be said about it, you probably will decide a case I am going to put, for the plaintiff; if you take the view which I shall suggest, you possibly will decide it for the defendant. A man is sued for trespass upon land, and justifies under a right of way. Essay Of My Children. He proves that he has used the way openly and adversely for twenty years, but it turns out that the plaintiff had granted a license to a person whom he reasonably supposed to be the defendant's agent, although not so in fact, and therefore had assumed that the free writing, use of the way was permissive, in which case no right would be gained. Has the defendant gained a right or not? If his gaining it stands on the fault and literary essay invisible man, neglect of the landowner in the ordinary sense, as seems commonly to be supposed, there has been no such neglect, and online writing classes, the right of way has not been acquired.

But if I were the defendant's counsel, I should suggest that the foundation of the acquisition of rights by lapse of time is to be looked for in the position of the person who gains them, not in that of the in high, loser. Free Classes. Sir Henry Maine has made it fashionable to connect the archaic notion of property with prescription. The Research. But the connection is further back than the first recorded history. It is in the nature of man's mind. A thing which you have enjoyed and used as your own for a long time, whether property or an opinion, takes root in your being and cannot be torn away without your resenting the act and trying to defend yourself, however you came by it. The law can ask no better justification than the deepest instincts of man. It is only by way of reply to the suggestion that you are disappointing the former owner, that you refer to his neglect having allowed the gradual dissociation between himself and what he claims, and the gradual association of it with another.

If he knows that another is doing acts which on their face show that he is on the way toward establishing such an association, I should argue that in justice to that other he was bound at his peril to find out whether the other was acting under his permission, to see that he was warned, and, if necessary, stopped. I have been speaking about the free online writing, study of the law, and I have said next to nothing about what commonly is talked about in that connection #151; textbooks and the case system, and all the machinery with which a student comes most immediately in contact. Nor shall I say anything about them. Theory is my subject, not practical details. Of My School For A Children. The modes of teaching have been improved since my time, no doubt, but ability and industry will master the raw material with any mode. Theory is the most important part of the dogma of the law, as the architect is the most important man who takes part in the building of a house. The most important improvements of the last twenty-five years are improvements in theory. Free. It is not to be feared as unpractical, for, to the competent, it simply means going to the bottom of the subject. For the incompetent, it sometimes is true, as has been said, that an on bullying school interest in general ideas means an absence of particular knowledge. Writing Classes. I remember in The Research army days reading of a youth who, being examined for free online, the lowest grade and school, being asked a question about squadron drill, answered that he never had considered the evolutions of less than ten thousand men.

But the weak and foolish must be left to free classes their folly. The danger is list of sites, that the able and practical minded should look with indifference or distrust upon ideas the connection of which with their business is free classes, remote. I heard a story, the other day, of a man who had a valet to literary analysis essay man whom he paid high wages, subject to deduction for faults. One of his deductions was, For lack of imagination, five dollars. The lack is not confined to valets. The object of free online classes, ambition, power, generally presents itself nowadays in the form of money alone. Money is the atwood feminist essay, most immediate form, and free online writing, is a proper object of desire. The fortune, said Rachel, is the measure of intelligence. That is a good text to waken people out of a fool's paradise. The Research. But, as Hegel says, It is in the end not the appetite, but the free online, opinion, which has to be satisfied. List. To an imagination of any scope the most far-reaching form of power is not money, it is the command of ideas.

If you want great examples, read Mr. Leslie Stephen's History of English Thought in online classes the Eighteenth Century , and see how a hundred years after his death the abstract speculations of Descartes had become a practical force controlling the conduct of men. Read the works of the great German jurists, and see how much more the world is governed today by Kant than by Bonaparte. We cannot all be Descartes or Kant, but we all want happiness. And happiness, I am sure from having known many successful men, cannot be won simply by being counsel for on bullying school, great corporations and having an income of free writing, fifty thousand dollars. An intellect great enough to on bullying in high school win the prize needs other food besides success.

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Installation Technician - Meter Reader - Electrical. Salina , KS 67402. Installation Technician Electrical, Gas Water Meters. Net2Source has immediate opportunities available for experienced electrical installation technicians. Were hiring over free online classes 50 Installers for Gas/Water/Electric meter installation in the Wichita Kansas area. Hourly Contract Employee. Duration: Minimum 1 year with potential of 2 years of work. Wichita Kansas and atwood feminist essay, surrounding areas. Required Skills and Job Summary. Applicant will be trained and free online writing, expected to follow all SAFETY policies and procedures without exception.

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Meter Reading training will be provided. Ability to work in margaret atwood a confined space when needed. Must pass post training our meter reading meter exam with a score of 95% or higher. Background, Requirements Education. Prior Electrical, Gas or Plumbing experience required.

Able to free online, use personal vehicle during work hours for the first 2 to 3 months, with mileage reimbursement, until company vans are delivered to job sites. Computer skills desired but employee will be trained on process, systems used. Preferred Journeyman in a trade but not required. Willingness to learn, be trained and coached even if you have industry and specific work experience. Must be able to follow detailed written and crabbe bell essay, verbal instructions. Ability to proactively seek clarification and resolutions when needed. High School Diploma or equivalent. Professionalism, safety minded and positive attitude are paramount. Must have the writing, following: valid Drivers License, Proof of Liability Drivers Insurance, able to satisfactorily pass background and pre-employment drug screening. We are a leading Global Workforce Solutions Company with multiple local offices across the United States and for essays, presence in free classes territories and countries like Canada, UK, Mexico, Malaysia, India, Singapore, Australia and Dubai.

We specialise in providing services like Contingent Staffing, Direct Hires, RPO, Payroll Services, SoW and Project Staffing. Been in business since 2007. We have our expertise in IT/Engineering/Clinical/Financial/Admin/Professional resources. We have been serving clients in space like Life Sciences, Banking, Telecom, Hi-tech, Healthcare, Retail, Real Estate and by william essay, Media. We have achieved more than 100% growth in online writing classes last 2 years. We have close to 750+ contractors onsite and state of art offshore delivery center in India with 200+ employees. Got Gold Supplier of the Year Award for The Research, 2016 from free Agile1 (for category below $100 MN). Best place to by william bell questions, work in New Jersey 2015 by NJBIZ. 5 times honoree of INC 500/5000 list 2007-2016. ISO 9001:2008 quality certified organisation. Create a job alert for Installation Technician - Meter Reader - Electrical at Salina, KS.

Great! You'll now receive job alerts for Installation Technician - Meter Reader - Electrical at Salina, KS. Create a job alert for Installation Technician - Meter Reader - Electrical at Salina, KS. Posted 2 days ago. VIEW JOBS 10/1/2017 12:00:00 AM 2017-12-30T00:00 **Overview** Self-starter with excellent problem solving, communication, teamwork, safety, Lockout/Tagout, and project management skills. Must be capable to effectively troubleshoot plant and facility power from writing 480V three phase down to The Research Process, 5 volts DC.

Complete electrical installations as required to properly and safely complete assigned tasks, to include running conduit and pulling wire. **Responsibilities** + Create and classes, sustain zero injury in workplace, minimize Pb blood level exposure levels + Coordinate and implement maintenance training programs related to electrical and control systems + Must be able to troubleshoot and repair electrical and crabbe essay, controls systems, to include PLCs, VFDs, motor starters, PID loop tuning, digital and analog I/O, etc + Identify best practices that ultimately reduce equipment downtime, i.e. Free Classes? reduce recurring equipment issues, reduced setup, quick-change modules, and list for essays, equipment efficiency + Must be able to identify opportunities that ultimately reduce maintenance costs + Seeks out free writing classes, unsolicited automation and control projects and improvements that contribute to the plant performance + Use Work Order software system and other computer programs as required + Support new installations, improvements, and optimization projects in all areas of the list of sites for essays, plant + Provide programming, debug, and troubleshooting support for all factory automation systems, plc’s, hmi’s, vfd’s, robots, PID loop tuning, motor control, electrical power distribution, etc + Develop and implement programming modifications to free writing classes, the factory automation systems that will facilitate plant performance standards and simplify operator intervention. + Provide hardware and software support to the plant automation network + Assist in developing documentation for new and existing plant automation and control systems + Maintain current program versions for all plant automation equipment on the central controls computer drive, or document management system + Develop, initiate, and support plans to optimize and simplify existing plant automation and control systems + Develop, initiate, and crabbe by william essay questions, support plans to online, modernize existing obsolete plant control systems + Provide operational support and implement modifications to margaret, items, such as, plant robot, machine vision, machine automations, data collection + Proficient in data collection to SQL server platform, provide platform to display required information on specified platforms + Ability to run conduit and pull wire as required for free online writing, power distribution and controls integration + Involved in on bullying in high plant shutdown activities relating to skills and online writing classes, tasks assigned + Responsible for essay in high school, continuous improvement in all areas of free online, Maintenance department + Comply with current Quality Systems requirements + Understand marketplace and update systems as needed and capable to work effectively with plant engineering and all related departments. + Follow Toyota Production Systems (TPS) objectives and guidelines, to atwood, include support of Kaizen events. + Follow Lean Manufacturing procedures. + Perform other work as assigned by the supervisor or management personnel. **Qualifications** **Education, Experience, Skills Required:** Candidate must have a 2 year degree from classes vocational school in industrial electronics and invisible, controls or 10 years of free classes, industrial electrical and controls experience with at least 5 years of experience with Allen Bradley Programmed Logic Control related products and ladder diagram logic. Essay School For A Children? Must possess above average troubleshooting skills in order to sustain plant production. Free Classes? **Equipment Used:** Knowledge of all electrical tools, i.e. oscilloscope, multimeters, amp-meters, megohmmeters, power meters, process meters, etc. Person must possess above average computer skills that relate to report writing, presentations, spreadsheets, and project management, to atwood feminist, include most Microsoft products and must be able to computer knowledge for access to, modification of, and upload/download PLC and panelview programs. Familiar with common hand tool usage including power tools. **Physical Requirements:** Sitting, standing, bending, twisting, and walking as necessary. Wearing of PPE is writing classes, required. The Research? Employee is free writing, required to repetitiously lift and handle equipment and parts weighing from grams to 100 pounds. **EEO Statement** Exide Technologies is an equal opportunity employer where an applicant's qualifications are considered without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, genetic information, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or any other basis prohibited by law. **About Exide** Exide Technologies () is a global provider of stored electrical energy solutions—batteries and essay of my school children, associated equipment and free writing classes, services for transportation and industrial markets.

With 128years of invisible, industry experience and operating in more than 80 countries, Exide produces and recycles a broad range of products that keep customers and their businesses powering forward. Leading car, truck and lift truck manufacturers trust Exide as an original equipment supplier, and Exide serves the free writing, transportation and margaret feminist, industrial aftermarket through a comprehensive portfolio of products and services. The Company’s extensive sales, distribution and service network provides flexibility and free writing, quality for an exceptional customer experience. At Exide Technologies, **_It All Starts Now_** . History and scale, combined with a start-up mentality, make Exide the faster, more nimble, more innovative, more digital, and more responsive alternative for customers who want more than simply a battery supplier. Exide is **_t_** **_he 128 Year Old Start-Up,_** and the Company is moving forward—bringing the list of sites, energy of the “new Exide” to customers around the world. **Job Locations** _US-KS-Salina_ **Requisition ID** _2017-1315_ **Category** _Manufacturing - Operations and Maintenance_ **Position Type** _Regular Full-Time_ Exide Technologies Salina KS. Maintenance Technician I Pkg/Prod 1St Shift. Posted 2 days ago.

VIEW JOBS 10/1/2017 12:00:00 AM 2017-12-30T00:00 Description At Schwan's Company, we are driven to bring our customers delicious foods and reliable services. Free Online Classes? In addition to our home delivery service, we offer well-known retail brands such as Red Baron®, Freschetta®, and Tony's® pizzas, Pagoda® snacks and appetizers, and Mrs. List For Essays? Smith's® and Edwards® desserts. To learn more, visit us at free writing, http://www.schwanscompany.com. This position is primarily responsible for properly maintaining and repairing production machinery, mechanical equipment and property in a generalist capacity to ensure continuous and effective operation.

If you meet our job qualifications and become a member of our team, we will further train you on the following job duties and provide you with an excellent benefits package. Company Benefits We offer a comprehensive benefits package designed to assist our employees and their families with their financial security, health and well-being. In addition to a competitive base pay, we offer a variety of benefit programs. + Health, Life, Dental and Vision Plans + 401(k) Program with a Company Match + Profit Sharing based on company results + Two weeks paid vacation for new hires + Employee discounts on company products Job Duties and Responsibilities + Setup and tear down equipment; may assist with major repairs, construction, fabrication, and installation of invisible, new plant equipment + Ensure operation of writing classes, machinery and mechanical equipment by The Research, completing preventive maintenance requirements on online writing, conveyor systems and production machines; troubleshoot malfunctions + Locate sources of problems by of sites, observing mechanical devices in operation, listening for free online writing, problems, and using precision measuring and testing instruments + Remove defective parts by dismantling components using hoists and essay, hand and classes, power tools + Help control downtime by informing production workers of routine preventive maintenance techniques; monitoring compliance + Use SAP to document and essay of my school for a, communicate with operations + Work in writing classes a safe manner with a sense of urgency while maintaining a safe and orderly work area + Participate in and successfully complete management-assigned training directed at increasing job-related trade skills Qualifications Education: High School Diploma or equivalent required. Two-year degree in specialized maintenance trade preferred. Years of Related Experience: 0-2 years of related experience Knowledge/Skills/Abilities: + Basic mechanical knowledge + Ability to read and interpret safety documents, maintenance instructions and procedure manuals + Ability to complete work orders and enter the required paperwork into a computer + Ability to add subtract multiply and divide in all units of of sites for essays, measure + Demonstrated interpersonal skills sufficient to communicate in a professional manner with co-workers and supervisors + Ability to pass a standardized hands-on mechanical aptitude assessment. + Must be able to lift up to ninety (90) lbs. + Some basic electrical skills preferred The employing subsidiaries of Schwan's Company are Equal Employment Opportunity Employers. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for online writing, employment without regard to disability, age, race, color, religion, gender, vet status, national origin or other protected class. Job Type: Maintenance-Plant Business Unit: SFC Global Supply Chain, Inc.

Req #: 17004477 Schwan's Company Salina KS. Wastewater Treatment Technician II 3Rd Shift. Posted 2 days ago. VIEW JOBS 10/1/2017 12:00:00 AM 2017-12-30T00:00 Description This position under general supervision is essay invisible man, responsible for performing maintenance work to ensure the proper and efficient running of equipment designed to free writing classes, handle wastewater. On Bullying School? Mixes and administers chemicals at appropriate dosages and rates. Receives stores and dispenses bulk chemicals and absorbents. Cleans and services wet-wells catch basins and writing, septic tank traps. Inspects and essay of my school children, maintains plugs in free classes all designated floor drains in plant. Collects stores and properly disposes of waste products such as aerosol cans paint used brushes and rollers drums used absorbents and literary analysis man, oil filters.

Drains cleans and inspects all tanks and pits. Free Online? Services and operates electronic sampler. Catches and list of sites, tests pH samples. Maintains appropriate records and logs. Free Online Writing Classes? Calibrates and Process, operates hazardous gas detector.

Diagnoses hydraulic electrical mechanical plumbing or related problems and applies appropriate corrective action. Repairs gearboxes and electrical motors and adjusts/programs electronic equipment. Participates in and successfully completes training directed at increasing job-related trade skills as mandated by management/supervisor. Classes? Assists with the training of maintenance employees in keeping all equipment in good repair and regularly serviced. Performs all duties in compliance with company policies and procedures and in a safe manner according to State Federal and company regulations. Keeps all areas clean neat orderly and margaret feminist essay, ensures areas are returned to their safe condition according to policy and procedure. Writing? Responsible to Process, conduct yourself and ensure your subordinates (if applicable) conduct themselves in a manner consistent with company mission values code of free classes, ethics policies and other standards of conduct Qualifications Education: High School Diploma or equivalent required. Crabbe By William Bell Essay? Two-year degree in specialized maintenance trade preferred.

Years of Related Experience: 1-3 years of related experience. Knowledge/Skills/Abilities: Ability to perform all Maintenance Mechanic 1 duties. Completion of Hazardous Materials/Hazardous Waste Certification Training if part of the online classes, hazardous materials clean-up crew. Knowledge and ability to properly handle and process EPA DOT and OSHA hazardous waste shipping regulations. Knowledge of Area Wastewater Ordinance EPA regulations OSHA regulations DOT Hazmat regulations and SPCC plan. Ability to read and interpret documents such as safety rules operating and maintenance instructions and procedure manuals.

Ability to complete work orders carry out instructions furnished in The Research Process written oral or diagram form and free, complete required paperwork. Ability to add subtract multiply divide in all units of feminist essay, measure using whole numbers common fractions and decimals and free writing, calculate figures and amounts such as proportions percentages area circumference and volume. Mechanical knowledge and ability to expand knowledge and skills via on-the-job and formal training directed at increasing job-related skills as mandated by management/Supervisor including all required OSHA training. Ability to margaret atwood, obtain a valid forklift license. Free Online Writing? Ability to learn basic computer skills including SAP Maintenance Module. Good problem solving skills. Demonstrated interpersonal skills sufficient to communicate in a professional manner with co-workers and supervisors. Exhibit desirable and appropriate professional behavior including dependability integrity ability to learn results orientation ability to interact effectively with others team playing sense of urgency and a quality focus to provide for a cohesive productive unit dedicated to the achievement of company and list of sites for essays, department goals.

Must be able to lift ninety (90) lbs The employing subsidiaries of The Schwan Food Company are Equal Employment Opportunity Employers. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to disability, age, race, color, religion, gender, vet status, national origin or other protected class. Job Type: Maintenance-Plant Business Unit: SFC Global Supply Chain, Inc. Online? Req #: 17006485 Schwan's Company Salina KS. Installation Technician - Meter Reader - Electrical.

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