Leader research paper

botany essay topics The Honours programme in Botany allows the learner to specialize in leader, particular areas of study, according to preference. The learner selects two options from the study areas listed below (BOT 501 - BOT 505), as their Major and Minor options. In addition, the using psychoanalytic student must complete three compulsory modules (BOT 506, 507 and research paper, 508). Prerequisites for Botany Honors are BOT 311 and BOT 321. A passmark of 50% in all five modules (two electives and three compulsory) must be achieved for using psychoanalytic the Hons degree. Purpose: Through self-directed reading, students will acquire reading and writing skills as well as advanced knowledge of the subject area. Contents: Under the guidance of the supervisor, 6 topics will be selected for research and synthesis in the form of referenced essays.

Instruction: Self-directed reading and essay writing for the selected topics, and tutorials and individual discussion of selected topics with supervisor . Assessment: Learners will provide, by way of a 3-hour theory examination, essays that reflect ability to synthesize information from a variety of sources and show development of logical argument. The exam will be accessed by leader, an external examiner in addition to the internal supervisor. Prerequisites: BOT 311 and BOT 321. Purpose: Through self-directed reading, students will acquire reading and writing skills as well as advanced knowledge of the subject area. Contents: Under the guidance of the supervisor, 6 topics will be selected for research and synthesis in the form of referenced essays. Instruction: Self-directed reading and essay writing for the selected topics, and tutorials and individual discussion of persuasive selected topics with supervisor . Leader Research? Assessment: Learners will provide, by organization descriptive essay, way of a 3-hour theory examination, essays that reflect ability to synthesize information from leader paper a variety of sources and show development of format apa research papers logical argument. The exam will be accessed by an external examiner in addition to the internal supervisor. Prerequisites: BOT 311 and BOT 321.

BOT 503: Botany Honours - Plant Physiology. Purpose: Students will be required to plan, execute and write-up a research project dealing with a topic of interest, selected with the assistance of their supervisor. Contents: The students will select a project topic in conjunction with a supervisor. Instruction: Teaching of research research skills through supervision of directed research project. Assessment: Learners will be assessed (both internally and externally) on the basis of english their written project report and in leader research, form of a written 3-hour examination. Students will need to demonstrate ability to make use data collection methods, data analysis and general format apa research, display and the discussion of results obtained. Prerequisites: BOT 311 and BOT 321. BOT 504: Botany Honours - Plant Systematics. Purpose: The module has four main objectives:

i) to expand on the basic systematic principles learnt in the Bot 321 course; ii) to apply these principles in the context of modern taxonomic revisions; iii) to show how systematic principles are important to contemporary botanical and paper, environmental issues from a world perspective; iv) to teach students to conduct independent research on live essay help, systematic/ taxonomic problems. Contents: 1. Theory: The learner will be required to independently research the following topics, and write essays to be presented weekly at a discussion group: a) Linnaeus - encyclopaedist and teacher; b) The concept of a species; c) Continental drift and land-bridges - the explanation of inter-continental plant distributions; d) Origin of the Cape Flora; e) Weighting in Numerical Taxonomy; f) An appraisal of the modern systems of Angiosperm classification; g) Chemotaxonomy - a tool for modern Biosystematists and leader research paper, Phytomedicine. In addition, learners electing Systematics as the Major option, are expected to acquire a reasonable knowledge (in theory and practical) of a single large family of the newspaper flowering plants (eg Orchidaceae). 2. Practical: Learners will be taught all aspects of research paper plant identification using keys, the herbarium and other means, as well as the practical implications of the revision of a genus. A visit to a major herbarium in essay criticism, the region will be undertaken to illustrate the practical running and operation of such a facility.

3. Project: Each student will be required to collect, identify and leader paper, preserve a number of plants of a chosen family, according to the learner's interest. Instruction: Independent research (under guidance), essays and discussions and general papers, practicals, Critically analyze and interpret the results obtained and submit a comprehensive write-up of the practical work and herbarium visit. Assessment: At least two seminars from the above essay topics are to be presented as seminars, and research, evaluated by staff of the department. In addition, the course will be examined (internally and externally) by using psychoanalytic, a formal 3-hour examination paper, as well as by paper, continuous assessment of tasks, assignments, practicals and projects. Prerequisites: BOT 311 and BOT 321. BOT 505: Botany Honours - Horticultural Sciences. Purpose: Students will be required to plan, execute and write-up a mini-research project dealing with a chosen horticultural topic . Contents: The student will select a project topic in conjunction with a supervisor. Instruction: Teaching of favorite essay research skills through supervision of directed research project. Assessment: Learners will be assessed on the basis of paper their written project report and by a written 3-hour exasmination which will be accessed internally and externally.

Students will need to demonstrate ability to make use data collection methods. Prerequisites: BOT 311 and BOT 321. Purpose: To broaden the student's view and encourage scientific thinking and analysis of information. Contents: Essays on varied aspects of botanical and scientific issues in papers, general. Instruction: Discussions and the use of leader research library and internet material. Assessment: The course will be examined by live essay help, a formal 3-hour examination paper (accessed internally and externally), as well as by continuous assessment of leader paper tasks, assignments, and essays. Prerequisites: BOT 311 and english, BOT 321. Purpose: To train the research paper learner to access and analyze information on various topics. Contents: Essays on varied aspects of persuasive botanical and scientific issues in general. Instruction: Discussions and the use of library and internet material. Assessment: 5 seminars must be presented, as well as a seminar and written project on the topic of choice for the Minor option.

Prerequisites: BOT 311 and BOT 321. Leader Paper? BOT 508: Major Project dissertation. Purpose: To train the learner in research methodology and scientific thinking and analysis. On completion of this module, the student should be capable of independent research, and have the ability to essay its future, write up and submit a research paper for publication. Contents: The learner will select a topic of research as the Major option.

Instruction: Under supervision, the learner will conduct research on the selected topic, and prepare the results for publication. Assessment: The project will be submitted in typed form as a short dissertation, and leader research, will be accesses by an external examiner appointed by the programme unit, as well as by the internal supervisor. Prerequisites: BOT 311 and BOT 321. Tel: +27 (0)40 602 2011 • Fax: +27 (0)40 653 1554.

Full transcript: Nextdoor co-founder and leader paper CEO Nirav Tolia on Recode Decode. Scott Olson / Getty. On this episode of Recode Decode, host Kara Swisher turns the mic over to Senior Editor Kurt Wagner, who talks with Nirav Tolia, the co-founder and CEO of neighborhood network Nextdoor. General Papers! The serial entrepreneur discussed his history at Yahoo (not Yoo-hoo, like his mother thought) and the startups he founded that went through money troubles, sales and leader paper pivots before he settled into Nextdoor. The internet, he believes, has not done a good job of creating safe spaces for trusted participants to exchange information, so Nextdoor takes on that challenge. So far, the slow but steady growth is proving him right; the company has expanded to live essay help The Netherlands and the U.K. after reaching about research 90 percent of the neighborhoods in the U.S. You can read some of the highlights from the interview at that link, or listen to it in the audio player below. We’ve also provided a lightly edited complete transcript of psychoanalytic, their conversation. Kara Swisher: Hi, I’m Kara Swisher, executive editor of Recode.

You may know me as the person whose idea of a fun vacation is leader research, camping out in Uber’s air vents, but in my spare time I talk tech, and you’re listening to Recode Decode, a podcast about tech and media’s key players, big ideas, and persuasive how they’re changing the world we live in. You can subscribe to leader research paper Recode Decode at iTunes.com/recodedecode. While you’re there, leave us a review. Today, I’m ceding my chair to organization of a essay Kurt Wagner, Recode’s senior social media editor. Kurt is speaking with Nirav Tolia, the co-founder and CEO of leader, Nextdoor, a social networking website built around neighborhoods. Nirav was previously the persuasive, CEO of leader paper, Epinions and has advised companies such as Zillow, SurveyMonkey and Quip. Take it away, Kurt. Kurt Wagner: Thank you, Kara. I’m here with Nextdoor’s CEO, Nirav Tolia. Nirav Tolia : Thank you.

Nirav Tolia. Yes. That was good. We’re in our beautiful San Francisco office, and you’re literally sitting in the red chair. Have you been in the red chair before? I was not even aware that a red chair existed. But I feel very special being here today. Yeah, good. Well, we’re glad you’re here, so thank you for newspaper, being here.

You’re the CEO of Nextdoor. Leader! Let’s go ahead and tell people what Nextdoor is organization essay, before . We’re going to talk about that a lot, obviously, but I think for now, I always describe it as the leader research, Facebook for your neighborhood. Do you like that description or not so much? It’s an favorite to visit essay effective description because people know what Facebook is. Leader Research Paper! Specifically, we say Nextdoor is a private social network for your neighborhood. The way you use Nextdoor, your neighbors create all the content.

There’s a newsfeed. There’s a mobile app that you can use any time you want. Essay Using Psychoanalytic Criticism! Those things are very similar to Facebook, so it’s helpful to say that we’re like Facebook, but it’s actually pretty different because we’re not talking about leader paper your friends. We’re not talking about your friends on Nextdoor; we’re talking about essay using criticism your neighbors. Right, and you have to actually authenticate that you live in research paper a specific neighborhood. You have to show some kind of proof to you guys, so it is pretty exclusive in that sense.

It’s private, not exclusive. As long as you live in psychoanalytic criticism the neighborhood you can join, but the leader research, whole idea is that we want to try to make it safe to essay newspaper talk about the things online that you would feel safe talking offline. If you’re on your front porch having a conversation with your neighbors, you would have a certain kind of conversation because you would know that the people you’re talking to research are actually your neighbors. On the english essay, internet, for the most part, we’re talking with people virtually, and we don’t quite know in many cases who those people are. Leader Paper! Nextdoor, it’s so centric to your neighborhood that it’s really valuable to be able to limit that conversation to the people who truly live around you. Got you.

Okay, well, we’re going to come back to that, obviously. We’re going to spend a good chunk of using psychoanalytic, this time talking about Nextdoor, but I want to talk about you first. This will be a short conversation. No, this is the fun part of the conversation. Research Paper! Actually, I didn’t realize this is your second stint in Silicon Valley. General Format! You were here during the dot-com boom, had a startup, sold your startup, left for a little bit, came back. Now you’re doing Nextdoor, but let’s start with your first go-around here, Epinions.

I never really left. I’ve spent my entire career, my entire working career since 1996 has been in Silicon Valley, and so I have largely lived here my entire life. I grew up in paper Texas, and then ultimately came to Stanford for undergrad. Now I’ve spent more time in live essay help the Bay Area than I’ve spent anywhere else in leader research my life. Apa Research! I had a very short but extremely sweet experience living in New York City for leader research paper, a couple of years, and that was really fun. That was in between Epinions, the company that you mentioned, and what has now become Nextdoor. Place! I did have a little respite between jobs, I guess you could say, but I always feel like, from a professional standpoint, that I’m a lifelong Silicon Valley person, and I consider it home. How do you go from Texas . I’m told that the research paper, town you grew up in is the “Friday Night Lights” town.

Is that right? Yes, I grew up . I’m a proud, proud, proud resident of Odessa, Texas. That’s in west Texas. It’s equidistant between El Paso and Dallas, which is to say in apa research papers the middle of nowhere, 300 miles from research paper, each of those big cities. The high school that I went to is called Odessa Permian High School, which is the essay psychoanalytic, high school that was written about in the non-fiction book “Friday Night Lights,” which went on to become a movie and paper then a TV show. That high school is one that I attended and loved and always wanted to go to favorite to visit from the time that I was really young.

I was the class of 1990 at Odessa Permian. The book “Friday Night Lights” was written about the research, class of ’89. I was going to live essay help say, who played you in the movie? No one played me, and leader research there would be no reason for english persuasive, anyone to leader research paper play me. I used to tell people that there were folks in the book that I am Facebook friends with, so that’s a little bit of a claim to fame. If you’ve read the book and you know some of the characters, you can look up my friends on Facebook and those are real people that I’m friends with. Very cool. How do you go from middle of nowhere Texas to Silicon Valley? Especially in the ’90s, when all the tech stuff was still very new? Yeah, I wasn’t really driven by a desire to come to Silicon Valley per essay newspaper its future se.

I just wanted go to the best college that I could get into, and that happened to be Stanford. I think I might have been the first person to ever apply to leader Stanford from my high school; it was very unusual to even go out of state. Texas is obviously a very large state. Favorite Place To Visit Essay! The majority of my classmates were going to University of leader research, Texas, Texas AM, Texas Tech. We even have a four-year college in Odessa called UTPB, University of essay, Texas of the Permian Basin. For me to go to Stanford was a little bit of a stretch, but I’m the child of a couple of leader paper, Indian immigrants and so not originally from Texas. My parents are from India, and then they immigrated to this country. We made our way to newspaper its future Texas, and I always had ambition probably because of research paper, my parents to try to go to essay criticism the best school that I could, and I was really lucky to end up at Stanford. Yeah.

You get out there. You’re weren’t a computer science major, though. I wish that I were. I will be encouraging my three sons to study computer science, but no. I wanted to be a doctor. Leader! Both my parents are doctors, and my younger brother now is a doctor. He’s actually married to a woman who’s also a doctor, so I’m literally, besides my wife whose sister is a doctor, the organization of a essay, only non-MD in my family. I always thought that I would follow in my dad’s footsteps. My dad’s an eye surgeon, cataract surgeon, and has had a great career over paper, many, many, many years. Live Essay Help! Still lives in Odessa, Texas, and practices medicine there. My idea was to paper go to Stanford to be a pre-med and ultimately to follow in my dad’s footsteps.

You’re a Stanford grad, a tech CEO, and somehow the least … the essay, person who’s not the leader research paper, doctor in the family. How does that work out? The least well-educated by far. Of A Essay! It’s great because whenever I need a physician, there’s one very close at hand, but I think the bigger thing for me is paper, my parents and really their entire background culturally, education was a very, very big priority for us. Essay Its Future! One of the paper, interesting things that happened when I ultimately left Stanford and found myself at criticism Yahoo is research, my parents didn’t have really any understanding at that point of the business world. Whether it was a famous business company like a Wall Street bank or whether it was an emerging tech company like Yahoo, my parents didn’t really have any context, because not only were they not American growing up, but they were physicians.

They weren’t in the business world. When I joined Yahoo, they were very supportive as they’ve always been and they were probably wondering at the same time, “What the heck is our son doing?” I remember coming home a couple months after I started at favorite place Yahoo and my mom saying, “Yeah, the paper, only tough thing is when I talk to my friends and they say, ‘He had so much great potential, and he left Odessa and he went to Stanford. Now he works for a company that manufactures chocolate milk.’” I looked at my mom like, “What are you talking about, chocolate milk?” It turns out there is a chocolate milk company called Yoo-hoo. Literally, there were people in Odessa that thought that I’d gone from Stanford to either manufacture or deliver chocolate. Organization Descriptive Essay! Thankfully, that was not the case. Wow.

Yoo-hoo’s a blast from the past. I remember Yoohoos as a kid. I’ve dated myself and you, Kurt. Yeah, apparently. Okay, so you’re at Stanford. Leader Research Paper! You mentioned Yahoo. That’s your first job out of college, right?

Tell us how you go from Yahoo then to Epinions — and also, Epinions, what a name. That is the essay its future, perfect dot-com name. Yes, very, very dot-com. I think Epinions sold to Shopping.com, right? Could those names be any more dot-com? Yes and leader now Nextdoor, right? Nextdoor.com. Essay Psychoanalytic! I’m a fan of the literal dot-com domain name, I guess.

Let me first say that joining Yahoo was like winning a lottery ticket. I was one of the first hundred employees. I was not qualified. I was very bottom of the totem pole in leader terms of my role. It was such a blessing to be able to live essay help be part of a company like Yahoo. That was 1996.

By the time I left in research paper the middle of 1999, I think there were over 10,000 employees. Newspaper! The market cap had gone from probably half a billion to over 100 billion during the time that I had been there. Research! Just an incredible vantage point to see and experience firsthand everything that was going on live essay help, in Silicon Valley at the time because Yahoo back then was Facebook, Google, Uber, Airbnb, all of leader paper, these great companies rolled into one. I used to essay tell people that I would walk down University Avenue in Palo Alto with my Yahoo T-shirt on leader paper, and literally get mobbed. People loved Yahoo so much. The thing that I took away, and I took away lots of things, but at organization essay the very top was this notion that you could actually make a living working on something that could reach hundreds of millions of people and leader paper make their lives better. That was a really interesting and I think valuable thing to be exposed to at a young age because I’ve been chasing it professionally ever since, that notion of descriptive essay, working on something that could really impact the world in a positive way at scale. The interesting thing about my time at Yahoo is it really was like winning a lottery because I used to tell people, as great as the company is, if I were run over by a truck tomorrow, the company probably wouldn’t even notice that I was gone. Whoa, what were you doing there? I started as a surfing Yahoo, which is something that most people . Most people don’t even know what that title means, but Yahoo started as a guide to the Internet, essentially a catalog of websites that would describe the different things that you could learn on the internet.

There was a team of surfing Yahoos that would be responsible for taking the paper, submissions that folks were making to Yahoo to general format papers be in the Yahoo directory and categorize them. I guess I was really lucky to be hired as one of those surfers. You didn’t have to have a computer science degree. I think you needed to be essentially a smart generalist that could take websites, look at them, very quickly understand what they were about, and then in almost an ontological way understand where they should be categorized. I started there. Literally cataloging the Internet? Yeah, what Google does with an algorithm is what Yahoo did with humans. Obviously, the explosion of information on the internet has made it extremely difficult to leader research catalog all of place to visit essay, that information with humans, and that’s why Google has really come to the fore.

Now you need to leader paper solve that problem with technology, but in the early days, Yahoo did it all manually. As I think about some of the things that I did at Epinions, which is live essay help, all about user-generated content and online community and now Nextdoor, that was a little bit what I was doing at Yahoo. Leader Paper! It was very manual. It was relying on the wisdom of crowds. It was less algorithmic and much more humanistic, but at the same time, when I was there and after being a surfer, I ultimately became a . Essay Psychoanalytic! I think I was called at one point a brand assistant, which is the lowest guy on the totem pole in the marketing department. I was learning how to be a brand manager, and lots of exposure not just in leader research paper my specific job but in just being at newspaper Yahoo. Just being there, you got to see so much and be part of so many cool things. That’s something that really stuck with me.

I did feel, however, that I wanted to be the person at some point that was more directly responsible for the success or failure of the company. On the leader research paper, side when I was at Yahoo, I started a little nonprofit with a couple of friends. Essay Using Psychoanalytic! It wasn’t ever meant to be anything big. It was just a couple of us getting together and meeting once a month to talk about entrepreneurial ideas because we all knew that we wanted to start our own companies. We called the group Round Zero. It’s like a social club, right? It was less of leader, a social club, although it was around a dinner. Place! It was more of paper, almost a . It was a support group for entrepreneurs, and favorite place it wasn’t about social things, per se. It was about getting together to talk about ideas that you might want to research paper start as a real entrepreneur. You could do that with support in Silicon Valley, which is one of the things that’s so special about Silicon Valley.

You have people you can talk to that have either done it or are dreaming of doing it, and so we started this thing, Round Zero. It’s a name that tries to approximate before you get round one financing where are you? You’re at Round Zero. In a number of essay newspaper, years, that became, I think, one of the more popular monthly dinners in research paper Silicon Valley for entrepreneurs. Well, big names, too. I’ve seen photos. Favorite Place To Visit! I think Jony Ive was there and Marissa Mayer was there. That was much later. That was actually much later. But that’s the same group, correct?

They’re the same . Well, at the time, the research paper, big names were not big, so if you think about it, Round Zero was about people getting together before they had actually started these companies and were in the early stages of their careers. I think, for example, Larry Page came to a couple of our dinners. But that was before he’s the Larry Page that he is today, because that was 1998 or so. There were a number of english, folks. Reid Hoffman was another one that I was quite close to even back then.

In fact, he was one of leader research paper, our facilitators. We had facilitators at organization of a descriptive each table and would talk about leader research paper different issues that were being raised during that time in Silicon Valley. It was not about bringing prominent people together. It was about bringing entrepreneurs together, and it just so happens that a lot of those entrepreneurs have become prominent. Live Essay Help! For me, it was an opportunity to really spread my wings outside of Yahoo and be a little bit more on the firing line in leader research paper terms of responsibility for success or failure. With a group of friends, really, who co-founded this thing, that was my first startup. It wasn’t about a business model or venture funding or any of organization essay, those things, but some of the things you have to do in leader paper a startup, primarily starting something from nothing, that was my first experience doing that.

That gave me a lot of the courage that I could leave Yahoo, which was an amazing job, and start my own company. Which was Epinions. It’s still around — it’s part of eBay now. Is that right? Yes, Epinions ultimately merged with a New York-based company called DealTime, and essay newspaper we rebranded the corporate entity as Shopping.com, but the Epinions website remained. Then it was bought by eBay after Shopping.com went public. Epinions does exist. I don’t think it’s very vibrant, unfortunately, but it does still exist. I don’t think I’ve ever used it, but it sounds like an research paper early version of essay newspaper, Yelp, right? You’re going out to the Internet. You’re asking Internet users to review things.

What, what? Products? Did you get to restaurants and hotels and paper all that as well? It was much more products focused — so Yelp is about services and live essay help service providers, and Epinions was about products. Leader Research! Back then, a lot of people were getting into digital cameras and big-screen TVs and even books. The inspiration for the idea was, Amazon had come on essay, the scene in the mid to late ’90s and had pioneered this notion of a customer review, where the books that Amazon was selling and then later the movies and research paper all the other products, they would be reviewed, not by professional reviewers like, say, Walt Mossberg, but by essay newspaper, consumers.

Epinions — electronic opinions, that was the way the name was created — was this notion that everybody is an expert at something. If you could harness that expertise, you can help everyone make better buying decisions. And that ultimately was the mission of the company: To use the research, power of essay newspaper its future, technology to help people make better buying decisions. Were people ready at that time to leader research paper get their product reviews from strangers online or did they still want Walt Mossberg to place to visit tell them that this new computer is the right one to buy? If they had a choice, they would pick Walt, but if you think about Walt, he maybe reviews 15 to 20 things a year.

In the universe of things that you could possibly buy, there are thousands of things, if not tens of thousands of research paper, things. Again, what I think the internet has shown us over and over again is the editorial model is really valuable, and it’s super high quality, but there is this long tail of items or services or information. We can all be content creators to english persuasive essay add to the knowledge around those items. In our case, it was this notion that look, first of research, all, many of the favorite place essay, things you want to buy have not been professionally reviewed either by Walt Mossberg or Consumer Reports. Second of all, you may actually want to research get a review from live essay help, someone who’s like you versus someone who is a professional reviewer. In that sense, I think it was a very, very early version of almost a social network. Yeah, a little more relatable that way.

Then real quick transition from Epinions. You guys had that for a couple years. What? Four or five years. You said you sold it or merged it with Shopping.com.

My understanding is leader, you were the last man standing at that point, so it obviously wasn’t the essay using psychoanalytic, first Yelp, but someone wanted it. What happened there? Epinions was a very high flyer initially. Leader Research! It was a company that was launched almost by a press article in the New York Times magazine called Instant Company that talked about how quickly this company was being built. Really, the notable thing about Epinions is the essay, co-founders were all folks who had spent time in leader research some of what we call the papers, first generation internet companies. I’d been at Yahoo. Leader Research! Co-founders of mine had been at Netscape and place Excite@Home and some of the leader, early pioneers of that era. No one was really leaving those popular companies to using psychoanalytic criticism start new companies.

Now it’s really commonplace for someone from Google to start a new company or someone from Facebook to leave and start a new company, but that wasn’t the case back then. We were, I think, very hyped initially. We had great investors, including Bill Gurley, someone who I’ve been lucky enough to work with since 1999. Right, investor in research Nextdoor, so yeah. Investor in Nextdoor as well, and so we had a lot of general, hype initially. I think the concept was a very good concept, this notion that you could harness the leader, hive mind or the collective intelligence of the organization, internet to provide information on a category of things that’s really valuable, which is the sorts of things you’d spend money on.

Ultimately, like many things of that era, we weren’t that disciplined. We weren’t that experienced. We weren’t that knowledgeable. We made — and I would say I personally made — every mistake in research paper the book, and so at various points, Epinions was on the verge of complete bankruptcy and descriptive failure. We were super fortunate even though there were massive layoffs and down financing rounds and all the things that you never want to experience, but you learn a lot if you do experience them. We were able to get through all of those things, ultimately merge with another private company. That was in 2003. Leader Paper! Go public in 2004, and live essay help then the leader paper, company was bought in 2005. It was founded in 1999. It’s kind of crazy that you’re on the verge of bankruptcy and yet you’re still able to go public.

Well, those two things did not happen synchronously. The verge of bankruptcy was in 2001 and 2002 when many dot-coms were becoming dot-bombs. The IPO was in organization descriptive essay 2004. It was really more of leader, almost . if you think of a sine curve. That’s how the fate of Epinions went up and live essay help down and all around. The good news is with a purchase by eBay for 620 million, ultimately, it ended on a relatively high point. Yeah, let’s fast-forward just a little bit.

There was a little time in paper New York. You come back, and live essay help you go work at leader research paper Benchmark, which is arguably one of the most well-known venture capital firms here in Silicon Valley. You’re an persuasive essay EIR [entrepreneur in research residence]. What exactly does that mean, and why did you go work there? Yes, I guess going back to people thinking I worked at a chocolate milk company, Yoo-hoo, being an EIR is a similarly confusing thing. Apa Research! Not a well-known title, but I’d worked with Bill Gurley since 1999. Thought back then almost from the very beginning and continue to leader research believe today that he’s one of the very best in the business. Its Future! When he gave me the leader paper, opportunity to come to Benchmark as an entrepreneur in residence, that was something that felt like, again, an incredible blessing and an amazing opportunity. He made it even sweeter by also bringing in general format papers someone that I’d hired at Epinions as one of the first dozen employees, Sarah Leary, and that was someone that I’d worked with at leader research paper that point for many years and essay using criticism wanted to research start a company with.

Sarah and I joined Benchmark as EIRs, and the idea behind being an entrepreneur in its future residence is you have the support of a venture fund to research paper sit in their office, to discuss ideas with them, to get a feel for live essay help, the kind of entrepreneurs that are pitching them. Ultimately, you come up with your own idea, and you leave the venture capital firm presumably funded by paper, that firm, and you begin your entrepreneurial journey. Coming back from persuasive essay, New York, I knew that I wanted to start another company, and I knew that I wanted to start it with Sarah. I was lucky that she felt the same way. Then after that, it was a complete no-brainer to try to get Bill to support us and almost be part of the team from Day One. That’s what we did at Benchmark, and it was sort of funny because venture capital firms are very different than working in companies. Research Paper! They are a lot quieter.

They’re a lot smaller. You’re doing much more cerebral work, in many cases. Sarah and I realized pretty quickly that to of a descriptive essay be in leader research paper an environment that we enjoyed, which is more of a company environment where there are more people and there’s more operational stuff that’s going on, we needed to come up with an persuasive essay idea as quickly as possible so that we could actually leave the comfy environs of Benchmark and leader start what we believed to be or what we hoped to be the next huge company. What is the stress level like there? Because they’re saying, “Hey, we believe in you. We believe in Nirav. Live Essay Help! We think you’re going to start something cool, but oh, by the way, you’ve got about six months, nine months, and we want to see a really great idea.” They don’t put any stress on you at all.

There’s no time limit. There’s no job description. You’re not clocking in leader and clocking out. From that standpoint, it’s an incredibly freeing and favorite place essay incredibly supportive environment. We had a lot of internal stress because not only did we want to leader research paper just get going, because the thing we wanted to do was start a company, not just be at a comfy venture capital firm. I sort of joke about this, but we were both living in San Francisco at live essay help the time, and Benchmark was down on paper, Sand Hill Road. We just didn’t want to do the commute much longer. Using! We really wanted to get started and get going. We spent about six months there looking at leader a variety of essay newspaper its future, different spaces and exploring a variety of different ideas, thinking about who else we would want on our founding team. We were lucky enough to paper go back to another one of our Epinions colleagues, a guy named Prakash Janakiraman, who was a tech lead at Google on the maps product.

We were able to general papers pull him out, and so by the end of 2007, we had an idea for leader paper, a company called Fanbase, that was felt there was an opportunity to english build the next-generation ESPN, using, again, user-generated content, online community, the notion that in many cases, fans would have just as valuable a perspective as professional sports writers. Towards the end of 2007, were able to convince Prakash to leave Google, which was not easy because he had a great job there and they really appreciated him being there. We were able to get him to come out. We had the support of the partnership. We got our first round of leader research paper, financing, and in early 2008, we began working on Fanbase. Which sounds like a Bleacher Report type of thing, at least the way you just described. Yeah, I think that’s a fair assessment. Format Apa Research Papers! Bleacher Report was already out there. Users are contributing content.

Yeah, it wasn’t long-form content, and so we thought about it a little bit less as fans writing articles, but more almost again thinking about leader research paper it as a social network, where your favorite players would have pages. You could upload pictures and videos, and you could leave comments about those players. We wanted to be really broad, so we felt that favorite players are not just the really famous ones like Steph Curry or Tom Brady. Essay! We were also doing college, and so my co-founder Sarah, I always tease her. She was a national champion lacrosse player at leader paper Harvard. She’s in the Harvard Sports Hall of place to visit essay, Fame. She was an research All-American several years, and so she had a profile on Fanbase.

There were some really, really good pictures of her from back when she was an essay its future incredible goalie back at Harvard. It was this notion that so many of us are athletes, so many of us love following athletes. There’s isn’t a centralized place where we can get information about those athletes. That was the premise. Ultimately, it was not a very good premise because we felt like the company was not going to leader research paper succeed after working at to visit it for about a year and a half, but like all things, it started in a very promising way. Social network for athletes converts to social network for your neighborhood, essentially. How do you make that pivot? Because there’s a social element of both, of course, but one feels more celebrity, media focused, whereas, we already talked a little bit about the research paper, private way that Nextdoor operates. Yeah. I would say calling any of these things social networks is to visit essay, probably a fairly broad generalization and just a way to think about the user interface, maybe not the ultimate benefit for research, members. When I think about the creation of Nextdoor, it’s not unlike thinking about Epinions in terms of the ups and downs.

In my career, I’ve had lots of challenging times. Organization! I’ve had lots of great times. I’ve learned a lot from the challenging times, and the thing that I feel really fortunate about is that through some of those challenging times, I’ve been able to pave the way for something better. Epinions almost goes out of leader, business, but ultimately is a company that can sustain itself, go public, is newspaper its future, sold for hundreds of millions of dollars. Fanbase was a company that we started with the highest of hopes and the biggest of leader research, dreams, and even though we got 15 million users in a pretty quick effort, really almost immediately in the first six months after we started, we knew soon thereafter that it wasn’t going to work. That morning when you wake up and you realize — and it’s not the psychoanalytic criticism, first time you realize it, it’s just the first time that you acknowledge it to yourself explicitly — that the thing you’ve been working on, the research paper, thing that you’ve been dreaming about, is not going to work, that’s a very, very tough thing. We struggled with that, me and Sarah and Prakash. We agonized over it. Live Essay Help! Ultimately, I went back to leader research Bill, and I said, “Bill, we’ve used very little of the money that we’ve raised. You’ve been incredibly supportive. We all started this with the best of newspaper its future, intentions, but at the same time, we know now that Fanbase is never going to be the thing that we wanted it to be.

It’s never going to be the next great company, and we aspire to build a great company. We’d like to give the money back.” That’s a really humbling conversation to have. It’s in some ways a very embarrassing conversation because it really is leader research, about admitting failure. Again, I give Bill a lot of credit, because Bill said, “I understand. This happens.

Most startups do fail, so the odds were that Fanbase would fail, not succeed, but you have a great team. I feel that you guys have a lot of talent. Would you be willing to take a few months to see if you could come up with another idea? If you do, you can use the money that you have in the bank to do it.” He gave me a poem that I’m very familiar with, and he knew that I was familiar with it, called “If.” It’s a poem that you can see . It’s Rudyard Kipling . you can see it in the locker room at format papers Wimbledon. It’s really about leader research becoming a man and grabbing the organization descriptive essay, opportunity when it exists.

In a way, I joke and leader research say Bill was challenging my manhood because he was sort of looking across and newspaper saying, “Now you say you want to research be an entrepreneur and you say you want to create a great company and you care deeply about building things that last in Silicon Valley, but do you really have the guts to favorite take the risk and do it, particularly coming off of this failure of Fanbase?” I’m so glad he did that, because that led to research paper me going back to Sarah and Prakash and place saying, “Do we have a couple more months in us?” We did, and we were lucky enough to have seven people that had been employed by Fanbase that also wanted to go through that journey with us. Leader Paper! That summer, which was the general format papers, summer of 2010, we were lucky enough to come up with the idea for Nextdoor. Then you launched Nextdoor. You talked about what it is on the surface. Give us an idea, if you will, what are people using this for? I have Facebook, which is leader research, where I have a lot of my friends.

I have Instagram. I have Twitter. I have all these other places, these outlets where I connect with people. What are people actually using Nextdoor for at this point? Yeah, social networks have undeniably become the ubiquitous platforms that we use to connect to people and things that matter. Interestingly, though, all those social networks you mentioned, rarely do they connect us to the people and general format papers things that matter in our local community. What people do on Nextdoor is they come together, most of the leader research paper, time with their neighbors, sometimes with local agencies like police departments, and increasingly even with local businesses. They work together to make their neighborhoods and their local communities better. It could be straightforward things like asking for a babysitter or getting a referral for a plumber. Place To Visit Essay! It could be more personal things. “I’ve lost my wallet, and I’m looking for leader research, someone to help me find it.” “I’ve lost my dog.” Or it could be absolutely critical things like if there’s a natural disaster or tornado, an earthquake, a hailstorm, making sure people are safe.

Or coming together to create almost a virtual neighborhood watch to favorite place to visit keep everyone safer. A lot of those social networks that you mentioned, I would describe them as being about self-expression. They’re about me telling my friends or people that are interested in knowing about me the things that are on my mind, whether it’s pictures of my children or pictures of my vacations or where I work or what music I’m listening to. Nextdoor is not at all like that. Paper! Nextdoor is not about self-expression. Nextdoor is about utility. It’s about coming together with your neighbors to format apa research make the neighborhood better for leader research paper, everyone. How does that change how you build a business?

Because these other networks we talked about, a Facebook, a Twitter, they’re ad supported. Live Essay Help! They’re ad driven. If I’m out expressing myself or sharing content, it’s very easy to paper throw some ads next to that. Newspaper Its Future! If we’re talking a utility here . You guys don’t have a membership or subscription fee. You’re using ads, very early stage of the leader paper, business, but do you envision following that same footstep of using, a Facebook or Twitter and doing all ads? Or do you think, because of this utility factor that you mentioned, there’s a different business for you? Well, I think the similarity is that we don’t envision ever charging our members for the service, and that is similar not only to Facebook and research Twitter and Snap and Instagram. It’s similar to Google. We expect to persuasive have a free service that any neighbor can join and take advantage of. In terms of our business model, we believe that there are opportunities, whether they’re through traditional in-feed ads or maybe more native things to Nextdoor like local deals and research paper coupons that might feel more like Groupon.

We think that there are a tremendous number of opportunities that exist to connect folks to local businesses. We not only think that’s a big business opportunity for us. We think that’s a trend in live essay help the world that’s important and meaningful that people are starting to care about. It’s that whole notion of, in a world where we feel great buying everything from Amazon — and my family absolutely feels that way and research we have so much respect for Amazon and we love the general format, service — but when we think about supporting the leader research paper, businesses that are in our own areas, there really isn’t an online service that makes it easy to find those entities. In many cases, they’re service providers. English Persuasive! They’re doctors, they’re dentists, they’re architects, they’re landscapers. And to be able to connect with them in research paper a way that enriches not only my own need, which is to find a pediatrician for my kids, but enriches the local community because I’m putting money back into my local community.

That’s where the opportunity is for us. Like payments and commerce type of stuff. Essay Newspaper! Like I’m going to order my pizza from the research paper, local pizzeria, and you’re going to facilitate that transaction. I think it’s less likely that it’s food delivery because there are a lot of people who do that and do that exceptionally well. I think it’s probably more along the lines of, if you find out that a neighbor has worked with a painter to paint his fence, and you think the fence is really beautiful and you want the same thing, we might be able to introduce you to that painter or allow that painter to essay criticism introduce himself or herself to you. If you go to Nextdoor and you search for leader research, a plumber because your sink isn’t working, then we’ll be able to english either with a simple search ad that looks like something you’d find on Google on something that may be a little bit more Nextdoorish like rankings of plumbers that your neighbors have recommended, we might be able to connect you with that service provider.

I think probably in research some cases it could be transactions, so we could create a marketplace for babysitters. Babysitters are a very apocryphal example at Nextdoor because you want to find a babysitter that lives near you that is in the neighborhood. That makes you feel good, but one of the most difficult things with babysitters after finding one is you’ve got to pay them in cash, and you’ve got to have that cash on hand, and they’ve got to understand how they’re going to accept the payment, so maybe creating something seamless for them. Live Essay Help! That’s where we might focus on the transactions, but I think in most cases, we think about it at a higher level, which is how do we create a connection between neighbors who want to support their local businesses and the local businesses who are doing a great job supporting those neighbors? You brought up a really good point, which is leader research, . You mentioned Amazon, right? Local is not easy, and favorite place I think the way you describe it makes a lot of leader research paper, sense. Everyone has a neighborhood. They have their local places they go, whether it be a restaurant or you need a handyman or something like that, but Facebook has tried to do this.

Google has tried to favorite place to visit essay get local. To some extent it works in terms of helping you find someone, but I wouldn’t say anyone’s fully capitalized on the idea that you just described. What makes it so hard? Well, first of all, you’re exactly right. Research! As entrepreneurs, we typically say that if something isn’t hard, it’s probably already been done. If something isn’t in need of a new solution, then there is no business opportunity to create something from scratch. In the case of local, the thing that has been extremely difficult is establishing meaningful scale in a way that feels authentic. Because local is live essay help, local, and so the things that you do to leader research make it feel local in the San Francisco Bay Area may be very different than what are necessary in Odessa, Texas, where I grew up.

Where most technology platforms can come out with one solution and spread that not just across a number of favorite place to visit essay, cities but the world . Research! It’s the same product for of a descriptive, the entire world . We have to paper think about things like neighborhood boundaries and neighborhood names and the social norms within neighborhoods that are very different even within San Francisco, much less between San Francisco and Odessa. That has been the case with local from the very beginning. If you think about two of the most prominent private local companies, there’s Uber and Airbnb. Those two companies have really shown the power of when you unlock the potential of the local economy with a technology tool that makes it seamless. Look at of a essay the kinds of revenues that they’re able to generate, right, but for paper, Uber and Airbnb, when they launch in newspaper different markets, they may have to do different things from market to market. Research Paper! It’s not like they launch one product in one area and they can then spread it out english persuasive essay everywhere. Right, yeah. It’s got to leader paper be very personal to each location, otherwise it’s not going to feel like it belongs to the neighborhood, right? If it doesn’t feel local, then people won’t adopt it.

There’s a reason that you chose to organization of a live in leader research San Francisco, and if San Francisco feels like San Jose, well then what’s the live essay help, point? Right? The thing that makes local so interesting and paper so valuable, and we say that we’re fiercely loyal to this notion of local, the thing that makes it exciting is it’s unique. It’s not the same everywhere. How do you deal with user concerns around privacy of general apa research, information? You guys are really asking a lot of leader research, your users in the sense that they have to essay psychoanalytic validate an actual address, right? The babysitter example is a great one, but that also poses a lot of potential safety issues. Leader Paper! You’re interacting with, I don’t know, potentially a young person in your neighborhood. Local creates a lot of privacy issues as well. I think you’re right. Whenever you’re talking about real-world communities, the stakes are higher.

The things that we do in regards to verifying people’s addresses, in regards to requiring your first name and place essay last name, in regards to having a pretty low tolerance for any kinds of leader research paper, shenanigans that you may pull with your neighbors, those are all things we do because ultimately, the trust you feel for Nextdoor and the trust that you feel communicating with your neighbors, that is 100 percent correlated with how much you use the newspaper its future, product. If you don’t trust Nextdoor, you won’t ask Nextdoor — and your neighbors, in this case — for a babysitter recommendation. Leader Research Paper! If you do trust your neighbors and you do trust the platform, then you will ask your neighbors for whatever you need, whatever service provider you need. At the end of the day, I think we think of ourselves as a community company. Not a technology company, a community company. What we need to format apa research be world class at is creating these local communities in a way that they feel trusted, supported, authentic. That’s very, very, very hard. That’s where we believe we have a secret sauce that no one else has. What do you do for research paper, trust, right? Someone’s got to live essay help take that initial leap of faith and say, “Hey, I’m going to try Nextdoor for leader paper, this babysitter, and I’m going to leave my kids with this person.” How do you get them to live essay help make that initial first step? Well, I’ll give you a couple of examples.

The first is, we do require verification of address, and so you know from the very top that the people you’re talking to are your actual neighbors. The second thing we do is, all the conversations are private. If you just think about the internet at large, friction in joining a service is typically anathema to the success of leader, a company, right? The more friction you have, the essay, less likely it is that people join, but to join Nextdoor, you have to put in your address before you even see what the product looks like. We created that friction knowing that we’d have a lot of leader paper, dropoff because ultimately, we felt like once people understood why the friction was there, they would value it. You think about private conversations, it means that none of the data, none of the information, even the live essay help, helpful stuff inside Nextdoor can be found via Google. Even as a growth mechanism for the company, there’s no search engine optimization. Paper! There’s no search engine marketing.

There’s no opportunity for us to advertise or even sample the kinds of to visit, things that you find inside Nextdoor because we made the decision to keep it private. Other things that we do to make it feel authentic to you, every single neighborhood has a neighborhood boundary, a neighborhood name that has been created by your neighbors, not created by us. When you join Nextdoor and you see that your neighborhood . in my case, it’s called Outer Broadway. I think yours is probably the East Marina or something like that. Central Marina. That would only feel familiar if you actually lived there. Research Paper! The whole idea is essay newspaper its future, Nextdoor is leader paper, not about the virtual world. It’s about the real world, and live essay help so when we think about building products and research product features, we’re thinking deeply about how does this work in the real world.

I know that we’ve touched on general papers, some of the ways that you’re not a traditional social network in leader research that sense, but when you think about the businesses there — and again, you guys are going into to visit, the advertising aspect of this right now — the ability to scale is huge. We’ve seen what can happen when growth gets stalled with Twitter. Snap has been public for three weeks, and everyone’s already a little nervous about can Snap grow the way that we want it to. When you describe that initial obstacle of not only giving up your address but not even really being able to see the product until you take those steps, is there concern that this could hamper growth? Is there any plan or strategy around making it a little easier to sign up in hopes that you don’t have to run into those issues?

There’s not just a concern. It’s a reality. Growth for us is much more difficult than other companies. Leader! The first year of the company’s existence, we had 175 neighborhoods using Nextdoor. Only 175. There are 180,000 neighborhoods in the country, and so I remember being in a board meeting and saying, “Okay, we’ve now launched the 175th neighborhood,” and Bill looked at me and said, “How many neighborhoods are there in the country?” I said, “I don’t know. We think maybe 170, 180,000.” He looked at me and he said, “Okay, so based on our run rate, it’s going to take us 100 years to get all of essay psychoanalytic criticism, these neighborhoods.” From the leader research paper, very beginning, this has been one of the essay, things that we’ve been thinking critically about, which is paper, really the balance between fast growth and quality and trust of experience. We are constantly trying to balance those things. I’m delighted to say that today we have 130,000 neighborhoods that are using Nextdoor, and so at some point very soon, probably by even the end of this year, we’ll have over 90 percent of the neighborhoods in the country using Nextdoor, but it’s taken six years. It has not been overnight.

We haven’t had the success that an Instagram or a Snap or some of these incredible rocket ships get to experience where they go from zero to apa research papers 100 million users overnight. For us, it’s a little bit more like LinkedIn. It’s get big slow. Leader Research Paper! It’s . think about quality over quantity. The thing that we’re always thinking about is can we maintain this constant growth. Because when you’re small and apa research papers you have constant growth, it doesn’t feel like much because you have a very small base.

If you’re large and leader you’re still growing, because of compounding, you’re suddenly really big. I remember so many different experiences over the last six years where I’ve told people about format Nextdoor, and they’ve said, “Oh, yeah. Leader Research Paper! That sounds like a good concept, but I haven’t seen it myself.” I thought to myself, “Man, it’s so hard to psychoanalytic even get this thing started. Leader Research! You’ve got to draw the neighborhood boundary. You’ve got to make sure that the name’s correct. Persuasive Essay! You need 10 neighbors to join to even launch your Nextdoor neighborhood, but it’s been completely worth it. Because today, for example, in the Bay Area, by the end of this year, we’ll have 50 percent of the households in leader paper the DMA of the favorite essay, Bay Area. The DMA is just a way of describing the research paper, entire Bay Area as far south as Gilroy and all the way up as far north as Mendocino County. Okay, so 50 percent of the Bay Area. Fifty percent of the households will be using Nextdoor.

That’s just an amazing amount of reach that you rarely see from any kind of technology company, including the general papers, big social networks. It’s very slow and steady. We’re frustrated by the fact that it’s slow, but as long as it remains steady, we’re patient. You’re just now starting to get into international growth. You launched in the U.K. and the Netherlands. I’m curious. Leader Research! How does that focus on privacy change when you try to expand internationally? The privacy piece is less part of the challenge, although that’s an intrinsic challenge to essay using psychoanalytic growth.

I think the real challenge is, we have taken so much care to make Nextdoor feel very authentic in the U.S., it needs to feel very authentic in any of the foreign territories that we expand into. When we launched in the Netherlands a year ago, we hired folks in the Netherlands to help us understand neighborhood boundaries and paper neighborhood customs and the way that neighbors relate to each other and the sorts of things that they say. Favorite! In many cases, we actually changed the product. So again, Nextdoor was not as imminently scalable as we might like a technology product to be, where you have two people in a garage who create something and then they put it out on paper, the app store and all of a sudden they have users from 50 different countries. That’s just not the way Nextdoor has worked. Essay! We have had to, again, use a lot of care; have a very, very strong attention to detail; and really understand how do we create Nextdoor for the Netherlands. Not how do we take the Nextdoor for the United States and leader just shove it onto the Netherlands. We did that in the Netherlands. We’re delighted to say a year later, 40 percent of the neighborhoods in the Netherlands are using Nextdoor. About six, seven months ago, we launched in all four countries of the favorite place, U.K. and we’re already at 40 percent of the neighborhoods there as well.

We’ve been blown away by the positive response to Nextdoor, and on leader paper, some level, it shouldn’t be a surprise because this notion of psychoanalytic criticism, creating stronger and safer communities, really bolstering your local life, that’s not something that is research paper, intrinsically American or something that is favorite to visit essay, only evident in the United States. This is really more of a primal need that we have to strengthen the relationships with the people around us, and so we’re very bullish on leader research, international, but like it did in the U.S., it won’t be something where we can snap our fingers and boom we’re everywhere. We’ll have to take this the same way that we’ve taken everything else, which is slow but steady. How do your investors feel about that? You guys have taken $200 million, not insignificant amounts of money, right? It’s been what? You said six years since you launched, so are they pretty patient people? We’ve been exceptionally fortunate to have investors like Bill at Benchmark and using psychoanalytic criticism David Sze at Greylock, who oversaw the growth of LinkedIn, which in some ways was also slow and paper steady, and a host of other investors who ultimately believe that the size of the live essay help, opportunity is so large and so valuable and the amount of impact that we can have on the world, both from a business standpoint and a human standpoint, that potential is leader research, so large that it’s worth taking the using psychoanalytic criticism, risk of this sort of slow road to success. Everyone around the table, investors included, would love for everything to go faster. I think that’s a good tension to have. It’s good to leader feel urgency.

It’s good to be impatient. Organization Of A Descriptive! It’s good to always be thinking about paper ways to go faster, but we have to balance that at apa research Nextdoor with this trust and authenticity and this foundation that we’ve created that is really at the core of leader, everything we do. Essay! It’s a trade-off that we’re aware of. We’re always trying to get better, but I always tell new potential investors, “Don’t invest in this company unless you have the same kind of conviction in our strategy and the path that we’re going to take to success that we have.” Because otherwise, it will be very frustrating. You just started bringing in revenue for the first time, what?

This year? The last couple months, really. It wouldn’t be anytime soon, but do you anticipate this being a publicly traded company someday? Is that your goal, to IPO with Nextdoor? I think that saying that an IPO is a goal is research paper, something that has probably been overplayed, and it’s something that ultimately, when you are on the verge of an IPO, where I was with Shopping.com, you realize that it’s really just another milestone along the way. An IPO is just a public financing. It’s like raising money in the private markets. Live Essay Help! You’re just doing it on the public markets. Now, obviously, because there’s a lot more visibility, many more eyes on you, it’s different. It’s different because as a private company, we’re lucky that we have a small group of investors that we share everything with, but the world at large has to wait until we share at regular intervals.

That’s different when you’re a public company. If it makes sense for us to go public, and I absolutely think it will make sense for us to go public, that’s something we’ll do. If we feel like we can achieve our objectives, which is to have every neighbor in every neighborhood around the world using Nextdoor every day, then we might do that without going public, but going public is a very effective way to get the word out about companies, and we find that getting the word out research about Nextdoor helps us grow faster. General Format Apa Research! It’s a strategic thing for us. Usually, public investors don’t have quite the patience it sounds like your private investors have, though. I think it really depends. I was reading something recently by research, Warren Buffett, and he talked about the essay, power of compounding. Leader Paper! The idea behind compounding is you do have to live essay help be patient because you aren’t going to get a short-term return. You’re planning on the fact that over some long period of time, whether it’s as short as a year or as long as a decade, you will get much more value if you are patient versus if you try to optimize something in the short term. My belief is that the best investors in the world — at least this is leader, what I’ve seen — they tend to apa research papers be patient, but they’re looking deeply at fundamentals. You can’t just be patient in a vacuum without looking at data.

As long as when you look at research the underlying unit economics and core growth metrics, as long as you see a slow and steady growth in those and live essay help a consistency that feels like it’s sustainable, then I think the paper, best companies in the world are the ones that grow slowly. I want to essay touch on a few non-Nextdoor things while I have you that I think you’d be great to touch on. There’s nothing else in my life. It’s my family, my three kids, and Nextdoor. Only Nextdoor, but I’m going to research force you outside of your bubble there. First is favorite essay, Uber. Uber is kind of the tech company of the moment for a lot of the wrong reasons. You have gone through some not so great public press in leader the past as a CEO of Epinions, and yet, here you are. You’re running Nextdoor.

You have a trajectory here. How did you get over that? I guess maybe we should quickly specify there was an incident with your resume where you said you worked at McKinsey and it wasn’t true. There was a hit-and-run thing that ended up not . Essay Psychoanalytic Criticism! It was in the news. How have you done it? What would your advice be to someone like Travis who is paper, going through this right now? I think the first thing is, every situation is very different and so it’s not really my place to give anyone else advice.

I feel like I have learned a ton from the adversity that I’ve experienced. In almost all cases, I wished that I wouldn’t have to experience that adversity, but I’ve come through more strongly, and I’ve learned something about myself and about the world that I think I’ve tried to put into practice. Whether it’s Uber or any other company, it’s I think pretty naive to imagine that it’s always up and to the right. Uber is an unbelievable entity that has largely been up and to the right. I believe that Uber will go through some of favorite place to visit, this adversity the leader, way that many great companies do — which is, they’ll take a look inside.

They’ll figure out what they could do better. I know that Travis is already saying this. He’s already doing it. I know Travis. I obviously know Bill, who’s on the board of Uber as a Benchmark investor, and I can’t speak to any of the criticism, specifics because all of these situations are so different, but what I can say is it’s really hard at the time, but once you come out on research paper, the other side, it enables you to be better. I think that’s going to be the case for Uber. How do you keep employee morale and employee focus in moments like that, when folks look at you and apa research you’re in the press for things that aren’t great?

How do you go up into work and do your . I know you guys have your all-hands meetings because you embarrassed me by making everybody clap for me one time when I happened to be there. How do you keep that morale going when the press and the public is really focused on leader, the company for the wrong reasons? I’m a big believer that companies are not about any one individual, and so this notion of the cult of the english persuasive, individual driving the morale of the leader paper, company or the brand of the company, that’s just something that I don’t believe in. Nextdoor and organization of a descriptive its fortunes are so much bigger than me. Am I a piece of those? Of course I am. As the leader, CEO, I’m a big piece of those. Essay! Many of our employees are also big pieces. All of our employees are some piece. Paper! I think ultimately you want to keep employees focused on essay newspaper, the mission of the company, both the financial mission and the human mission.

That’s the thing that should drive our ego and esteem. If we feel like we’re making progress against that mission, we should feel hopeful and research paper optimistic and inspired. If we’re not making progress, well, then we should work harder or we should feel more urgency or we should look inside and figure out what we can do better. This idea that my own personal fortunes are the essay its future, ones that will impact the morale and emotions of my employees, we strive to build a company that’s much stronger than any one person, certainly stronger than me. I think that’s totally fair, but at the same point, obviously, as the leader, people do look to you. I know you said you don’t want to give specific advice to Travis, but I guess in general you said you learned a lot from these incidents. Paper! What’s maybe the one most important thing that you’d do differently now that 10 years ago you wish you could have told Nirav back in 2005? Gosh, there are so many things. There are so many things.

I think one thing is when you start to essay newspaper its future experience adversity, it’s difficult to really aggressively figure out what’s going on and do something about it. Because when you first start to leader research paper experience adversity, it’s not that big a deal. It doesn’t overshadow everything. Essay Its Future! Sometimes what happens, particularly in our industry with the press cycle being the way it is, something can start small and then get big really fast. The thing that we try to do at Nextdoor and I try to do in my own personal life is research paper, if there’s an issue, deal with it. English Persuasive Essay! Don’t avoid it.

It’s much easier to research paper avoid. Essay Using Criticism! It’s much easier to ignore. You don’t want to have to leader research look in the mirror and admit things that maybe you’re not proud or maybe you don’t like, and essay you’d rather focus on leader research paper, the fun stuff. Criticism! You really do have to research focus on organization descriptive essay, the difficult things first, and leader paper once you get those squared away, your path is a lot easier. I read recently if you do the hard things upfront, then life is pretty easy.

If you do the easy things upfront, you’re almost guaranteeing that life is persuasive, going to be hard. I think the advice I would give myself, not just for 10 years ago, but really even today as I think about leader paper raising my children, if you can make some of organization of a essay, these tough decisions now, it will pave the way for future success. If you shy away from those tough decisions, then sometimes you’re creating a bigger monster for leader, yourself that’s going to be up ahead. Last thing I want to ask you about before I let you go: Here is our new president, President Trump. You’re really giving me the softballs here, Kurt. Organization Descriptive Essay! Thank you. I waited until the very end to give you the hard ones. Leader Research Paper! I want to know two things. No. Of A Essay! 1, how is this going to research paper impact what you guys do?

Because we just started talking about your international expansion. We talked about the importance of each neighborhood being unique and being its own thing. His agenda’s very different than what we’ve dealt with for essay newspaper, the last eight years. Does that change your approach? Does it make you less likely or less interested in going abroad right now? Do you have to change that strategy?

We haven’t changed our strategy at all, and really, we believe that our strategy is larger than a presidential candidate. I don’t mean that in an arrogant way. I mean it’s really separate from what’s going on on the national political field. Research! We are about trying to place to visit essay build community, and we believe that in an increasingly divided world, whether it’s our country or what we see in other countries, there’s nothing more important than local community. There’s nothing more important than feeling like we are connected to people around us, and so if anything, what’s happening in our country and in research many parts of the world, which is really this partisan divide that has occurred, whether you’re on essay newspaper its future, the Hillary side or the Trump side, you’re on a side.

That’s something that we’re trying to do something about at leader paper Nextdoor. When you’re a member of your neighborhood, there’s no partisan notion. You’re all in favorite place essay the neighborhood together. You’re all going for the same stuff. You’re all trying to make the neighborhood better for everyone.

We think that on some frankly small level today, but we hope really big level in the future, we can provide an example with these neighborhoods that work together for the rest of the leader research, world. Because when I think about national politics in our country, it’s less about Trump or Hillary. Persuasive Essay! We are choosing sides and we are not listening to leader research the other side. Favorite Place Essay! We’re feeling like the other side isn’t listening to us, and it’s leading to a lack of constructive collaboration. The world needs to come together, and unfortunately, it feels like it’s being split apart. Are politicians using Nextdoor right now to reach out to those local communities? On a local level, we have seen more and more examples of where Nextdoor is leader research, used, not just by local politicians but by concerned citizens in neighborhoods, because if you think about some of the statistics around the national election, I think something like half of Americans vote. Only half of Americans vote. The numbers, if we look at a place like San Francisco in a local election, it’s much lower. It’s like 15 percent of San Franciscans vote on local issues.

At the same time, probably 100 percent of San Franciscans complain about things that are going on in the city, right? Right, much easier that way. There is an opportunity, we believe, to make it easier for people to be aware either of very simple things like, “Hey, it’s time to vote and here’s a close place for you to vote.” Even Facebook is doing a lot of its future, things on those levels, but we feel like we can do the leader research paper, same. On a much deeper level, we believe that because you have an organization incentive to be neighborly with the people around you, there may be an opportunity for us to have some of leader, those conversations that could be divisive in other forums take place on Nextdoor in a way where we’re more respectful, we’re more collaborative, we’re more open minded. That’s what we’ve seen happening. Is that the kind of stuff that we should expect to see from persuasive, you? Is that a priority for you, to get Nextdoor a little bit more involved in civic conversation and research paper maybe get people to the polls? Is that something you care about for apa research papers, the platform? We’re actually a lot more high level.

We care about research things that build strong communities, and essay psychoanalytic criticism so in some communities, the local politics are a big part of what people care about, and research paper we should give our members the essay, tools so that they can have those constructive conversations about those things. In other communities, they’re just focused on things like, “There are a bunch of lost dogs. Research! How do we find them?” Right? This is again, as we like to say, local tends to be context to the task. The task is different from english, neighborhood to neighborhood. In a neighborhood where there’s lots of crime, the leader research paper, issue that they’re really concerned about is break-ins. Essay! In a neighborhood where the houses are really large and spread apart, maybe the thing that they’re focused on is how can they stay in touch even though they don’t see each other all the time.

There are neighborhoods that care deeply about local politics, and I feel like we need to leader research paper serve those, but it’s not a top-line initiative for us because the only top-line initiative we have is building community. Nirav, this has been great. Thank you so much for joining us. Thanks for organization, having me. Subscribe to the Recode newsletter. Sign up for our Recode Daily newsletter to research paper get the top tech and business news stories delivered to your inbox.

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The French Royal Family: Titles and leader paper, Customs. The royal lineage of France was descended from Hughes, nicknamed Capet, elected king in 987. From his nickname comes the historians' name for the lineage, Capetians, although this was never considered the family name of the live essay help kings of France. (Only in 1792, when Louis XVI was deposed, was he given the name of Louis Capet, in part by derision). It was the Nation's right to decide of another reigning family should this lineage become extinct. The Direct Capetians , all descendants in direct male line from Hughes, ruled from father to son until 1328. Philippe IV le Bel (ruled 1285-1314) had three sons who reigned in turn: Louis X le Hutin (1314-16), Philippe V le Long (1316-24), Charles IV le Bel (1324-28).

The wives of all three sons were implicated, to varying degrees, in leader research an adultery scandal in the early 1300s (the scandal of the tower of Nesles), which cast strong doubts over essay its future, the legitimacy of their offspring, in particular, Jeanne, only daughter of leader research paper, Louis. Louis repudiated his wife and married Clemence of Hungary; he died before his first son was born, Jean I who lived 5 days (1316). Thus, the question of succession of a female to the throne was posed for the first time under the favorite to visit Capetians. The expected regent, Philippe comte de Poitou, argued the possible illegitimacy of his niece to have her passed over for succession, and his decision was endorsed by the Parliaments and Councils. Likewise, he died without sons and his daughter was passed over for Charles IV who died without children.

In 1328, all male children of Philippe IV had died without male issue, and the female issue was compromised. Philippe IV's daughter Isabelle had married Edward II of England. Philippe's brother Charles de Valois had died in leader 1326, and his eldest son Philippe, comte de Valois, was chosen as king by favorite place essay, the Estates General little enclined to hand the crown to the English king. This was the start of the house of research paper, Valois. The kingdom of Navarre, which Louis X had inherited from his mother Jeanne, also passed to Philippe V and general format apa research papers, Charles IV. But, in 1328, the daughter of Louis X, Jeanne, was a grown woman and leader paper, married to Philippe d'Évreux, second prince of the persuasive essay blood after the count of Valois and a powerful man.

Moreover, the Navarrese contested the succession acts of 1316 and 1322, and leader, recognized Jeanne as their queen. Format Apa Research Papers! Finally, since Navarre had been inherited by women, it was hard for the French dynasty to claim that it could not pass through women. In the end, Jeanne was acknowledged as queen of Navarre, and the kingdoms separated, only to be reunited again in 1589. At the time, the notion of Salic Law was never invoked, as that legal fiction had not yet been invented. It is first mentioned in the early 15th century as an ex-post rationalization for what happened in the 1310s and 1320s, which over leader research paper, time became part of the fundamental constitution of the kingdom. The Valois ruled from 1328 to 1589, with the essay criticism first line extinct in 1498 succeeded by research, the house of Valois-Orléans (Louis XII, grandson of Louis, duc d'Orléans, son of Charles V) and on Louis XII's death in 1515 by the house of Valois-Orléans-Angoulême (François I, son of Charles, comte d'Angoulême, son of Louis I d'Orléans).

Henri II's three sons reigned in turn and died without any legitimate issue. Upon the death of Henri III, murdered in essay 1589, the closest relative in leader research male line was Henri de Bourbon, king of Navarre, head of the house of Bourbon and leader of the essay Protestant party in the Wars of Religion which had been tearing France apart for 30 years. Henri IV managed to leader paper, conquer his own kingdom by military force and by converting to its future, Catholicism. He founded the leader paper house of essay, Bourbon who reigned as kings of France and Navarre. His direct descendant Louis XVI was renamed king of the French ( Roi des Français ) in 1791, deposed in 1792 and executed in 1793. Louis XVI's only surviving son Louis XVII never reigned, but died in prison in research 1795 (he is english essay, counted in the succession of kings).

Louis XVI's brother Louis XVIII regained the throne (1814-15, 1815-24) and was succeeded by his brother Charles X, who abdicated in 1830. Although Charles X had an heir, his grandson Henri, duc de Bordeaux (1820-83), the leader research paper outcome of the Revolution of 1830 was to live essay help, remove the senior branch of the Bourbons and put instead Louis-Philippe I on the throne as king of the leader French. Organization Descriptive! The new king was the head of the house of Bourbon-Orléans, descended from Philippe, duc d'Orléans, son of Louis XIII. He abdicated in leader paper 1848, the last king to general apa research, reign in France. The Bourbon family is described in greater detail elsewhere. The styles of the kings of France was usually quite simple. Paper! In Latin: N Dei Gratia Francorum Rex, (in Merovingian times often rex Francorum , the inverted order was constant from the Carolingians) in French N., par la grâce de Dieu roi de France . Charles II the Bald styled himself only rex , but after the conquest of Lorraine in 911 by Charles the Simple the title Francorum rex was adopted again. The full style, used in legal documents such as private contracts and international treaties, was très haut, très puissant et très excellent Prince, N., par la grâce de Dieu roi de France . From 1314 to 1316 and after 1589, et de Navarre ( et Navarrae in Latin) was added. The Latin form Francorum Rex remained in use for live essay help, a long time, although as early as the research paper 13th century the persuasive standard French translation was roi de France. As French replaced Latin in official documents in the 16th century (ordonnance of Villers-Cottert, 1539), the use of the paper Latin form became much rarer, limited to inscriptions on coins and monuments.

At some point, roi de France was translated back into Latin as Franciae rex but it is not clear when (there are examples in royal letters as far back as 1171; see Nouveau trait de diplomatique , 1762; vol. 5, p. 803). The royal coinage consistently used the form Francorum Rex until the early 17th century. Newspaper Its Future! This silver coin of Henri IV (1606) clearly shows FRANCO[rum] in the legend (the Nouveau Trait , vol. 6, p. 101 confirms that on research paper mettoit encore sur les monnoies Rex Francorum sous Henri IV et on n'y voit point auparavant Rex Franciae). The silver and gold coinage of his successors, on which the legends were identical, abbreviate the words such that one cannot tell if it corresponds to Franciae or Francorum. Copper tokens continued to use Francorum et Navarrae Rex under Louis XIII (e.g., Feuardent 12174 dated 1632). However, beginning in 1719 and essay, until 1791, copper coinage, which had hitherto born French legends since its introduction in 1577, displayed the form Franciae (see a sol of 1720 and a sol of 1791). This is to my knowledge the only use of the form on French royal coinage. The papal chancery consistently addressed papal bulls and letters to paper, the French king to carissimo in Christo filio nostro N Francorum regi christianissimo; examples up to 1740 can be found in persuasive the Magnum Bullarium Romanum , Turin ed.; examples from paper, Clement XIV can be found in english persuasive his Epistolae et Brevia (ed. Augustin Theiner, Paris 1852), up to 1 Jun 1774 (addressed to the newly acceded king as Ludovicus Augustus, interestingly).

Curiously, one letter to a French princess is addressed to Aloysiae Mariae Regiae Galliarum principissae. International treaties to research paper, which France is english persuasive essay, a party tend to be written in French after 1700. A few examples of treaties in leader Latin in the Consolidated Treaty Series show some variation in the styles (always in the preambles of the treaties: the essay newspaper its future body always uses the form rex Christianissimus ): Galliarum et Navarrae Rex treaty of Munster, 14 Oct 1648 (1 CTS 271), also treaty with Austria 19 Jan 1668 (10 CTS 387). Rex Gallorum et Navarrae treaty with England, 3 Nov 1655 (4 CTS 1) Franciae et Navarrae Rex Christianissimus treaty with Sweden 22 Sep 1661 (6 CTS 447), treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle with Spain 2 May 1668 (11 CTS 11), Treaty of paper, Nijmeguen with Spain 17 Sep 1678 (14 CTS 443), treaty of Vienna with the Empire 18 Nov 1738 (35 CTS 183), etc. Rex Christianissimus passim. The formula Dei Gratia (or, sometimes in Carolingian times, Misericordia Dei ) appears on live essay help seals of Charles II (9th c.) and never disappeared.

Its significance is deep: in the feudal system, it meant that the individual held his title from God only, and not from any feudal overlord. Research Paper! No vassal of the king of France would have called himself by favorite place to visit essay, the grace of God duke of. count of. One exception is the leader research duke of essay newspaper, Burgundy, who took the style after inheriting the duchy of Brabant. He received permission to leader research paper, do so from the king of live essay help, France by letters patent of 28 Jan 1449, after having reaffirmed his status as vassal of France. The letter of the duke of leader research, Burgundy in which he does so is worth citing in full (from Frdric Léonard: Recueil des Traites de Paix ; Paris, 1693; vol. 1, p. 44):

Philippe par la grace de Dieu Duc de Bourgogne, de Lothier, de Brabant, de Limbourg, Comte de Flandre, d'Artois, de Bourgogne, Palatin de Hainaut, de Hollande, de Zelande, de Namur; Marquis du Saint-Empire, Seigneur de Frise, de Salins, de Malines : A tous ceux qui ces presentes Lettres verront, Salut. Comme aprs la succession nous chu des Duchez Seigneuries de Lothier, Brabant, Limbourg, par le trpas de feu ntre tres-cher tres-aim cousin le Duc Philippe de Brabant, dernier trpass, dont Dieu ait l'ame, nous aions en toutes nos Lettres Patentes, au commencement de notre titre, aprs ntre propre nom, fait mettre crire ces mots, Par la grace de Dieu, savoir faisons que nous connoissons confessons par ces presentes, que par ce nous n'avons entendu ne entendons vouloir avoir ou pretendre s Pas Seigneuries que avons tenons au Roiaume de France, aucun plus grand droit que y avions auparavant lesdits Duchez et Seigneuries nous chus, que nos predecesseurs y avoient pouvoient avoir pretendre, connoissons ce nonobstant Monseigneur le Roi estre ntre souverain Seigneur, cause des Terres Seigneuries, que avons tenons en son Roiaume, sauf reserv nous ntre exemption ntre vie, selon le contenu ou Trait de la Paix faite entre mondit Seigneur le Roi, nous. En temoin de ce nous avons fait mettre ntre scel ces presentes. Donn en ntre Chtel de Hesdin Le vint-sixieme jour de novembre l'an de grace mil quatre-cens quarante-huit. The French Revolution brought a major change in the title of the king: from Par la grâce de Dieu, Roi de France et de Navarre , it became Par la grâce de Dieu et par la loi constitutionnelle de l'Etat, Roi des Français : by the grace of God and by the constitutional law of the State, king of the French (decree of October 12, 1789; see the Constitution of 1791, Title III, Ch. IV, sect. 1, art.

3). This was the subject of some entertaining debate on October 8 and favorite to visit, 12, 1789 (see Archives Parlementaires , 1. ser., vol. 9, p. 384 and leader paper, 408). Essay Using! The coinage was not altered until 1792. Louis XVI was deposed on August 10, 1792 and the monarchy abolished on paper September 22. The title ceased to be used (although Napoleon took the organization title of Emperor of the French in 1804).

In 1814, the leader French Senate, after voting to remove Napoleon of the throne, drafted a constitution by which the French people freely called Louis-Stanislas-Xavier de France to the French throne with the style of Roi des Français ( art. 1: Le gouvernement franais est monarchique et hrditaire de mle en mle, par ordre de primogniture. Art. 2: Le peuple franais appelle librement au trône de France Louis-Stanislas-Xavier de France, frère du dernier Roi, et après lui, les autres membres de la maison de Bourbon, dans l'ordre ancien. [. ] Louis-Stanislas-Xavier sera proclamé Roi des Français aussitôt qu'il aura juré . ). Louis XVIII rejected the english draft on 2 May 1814, by research, the declaration of Saint-Ouen in which he resumed the traditional style Louis, par la grâce de Dieu roi de France et de Navarre. Instead, he appointed a commission to write another draft (nevertheless largely inspired from the using psychoanalytic Senate's project).

This document was named a Charter ( Charte ) and it was conceded on 4 June 1814 (see the preamble of the Charter). On August 9, 1830, the duc d'Orléans ascended the throne with the style of Louis-Philippe Ier, roi des Français, thus renewing with the constitutional monarchy of 1791-92. What would the Latin form of that title be? I have not found an official document to document it, but the leader research paper papal chancery simply translated it as Francorum Rex. Persuasive! A letter of Pius VIII to Louis-Philippe dated 27 Sep. 1830 is addressed to Carissimo in Christo Filio Nostro Ludovico Philippo Francorum Regi Christianissimo, and the letter to the archbishop of Paris on the subject of the leader paper oath to the new regime translates said oath as ego juro fidelitatem Regi Francorum, obedentiam Chartae Constitutionali,et legibus regni. Numbering first appears on live essay help the royal seal of research, Charles VIII in 1495: Karolus Dei Gratia Francorum Rex Octavus and general format papers, was used by leader research, every successor. François I was the first to be styled the first. For example, the seal with which he sealed a peace treaty with England in newspaper its future 1527 reads: Franciscus Primus Dei Gratia Francorum Rex Christianissimus ( see a picture in leader paper the Public Records Office).

Some of the testons (silver coins) minted under his reign bear the inscription Franciscus I D. Essay! G. Francorum Rex (see for example this silver testoon minted in Rouen between 1521 and 1540, on the CGB web site). In the vernacular, one can cite the treaty of Noyon with Charles V: le roy très chrestien François premier de ce nom ( Ordonnances de François Ier , vol. 1, p. 412). Numbering itself can be found much earlier among feudal lords, for leader, example on a seal of essay, Raymond III, count of Toulouse ( S[igillum]. Raimundi III Comitis ) or on a seal of Charles II, king of Sicily, in 1292 ( K[arolus]. S[e]c[un]d[u]s D[ei].

Gra[tia]. Rex. Research! I[e]r[usa]l[e]m. Sicil[iae]. ). The special relationship between France and the Church has long been emphasized, and France is traditionally called the eldest daughter of the Church. The usage of calling the king of France Most-Christian King ( Rex christianissimus , Roi Très-chrétien ), which was not an exclusive of French kings (there is an favorite place essay, example of leader research, pope John VIII adressing the king of favorite place essay, Leon with that title), became common under Charles VI. Research! By Charles VII, it is seen as traditionally attached to format papers, the throne of research, France; the live essay help council of Basel in 1439 thus adresses Charles VII, and a letter of Pius II to the same speaks of the title as his hereditary right. (See the essay by Pre Griffet, Collections des meilleures dissertations, notices et traits particuliers relatifs l'histoire de France , 4e partie). Finally, on December 1st, 1469, pope Paul II verbally informed the leader paper ambassadors of Louis XI that the Holy See would henceforth always use this style when addressing or citing the king of France (see Henri Forgeot: Jean Balue, cardinal d'Angers , Paris, 1895, p. 87 and references given there). The style became standard in diplomatic documents, for example, in the Treaty of Munster with the Holy Roman Empire that concluded the Thrity Years War in 1648, the style is Serenissimus ac Potentissimus Princeps ac Dominus, Dominus Ludovicus XIV. Live Essay Help! Galliarum Navarrae Rex Christianissimus. It was occasionally used domestically (e.g., the official medals of Louis XIV and leader, his successors).

Pope Julius II thought of transferring the title to newspaper, the king of England, and a papal brief was drafted to this effect, but never issued. A copy was found in the Vatican archives and published by Alessandro Ferrajoli in the Archivio della Reale Societ di Storia patria (1896) 19:425 (cited in paper Intermdiaire des chercheurs et curieux (1901), 683). Local Variations in the Royal Style. In a few cases, where the lands in using psychoanalytic the king's possession had not been formally united to research, the French crown, the style of the papers king would be altered locally. These styles were only used within those territories, or in documents such as letter patents that were issued only for those territories. Research Paper! Elsewhere, the english persuasive style remained king of France. Here are a few examples: Dauphiné: ceded by the last Dauphin de Viennois in 1349 to the French king on research condition that it be held by his eldest son, the its future Dauphiné was held by leader research paper, the king when not held by a Dauphin.

The last Dauphin to personally rule was the future Louis XI until 1461. In documents concerning that province, the persuasive style was par la grâce de Dieu roi de France, dauphin de Viennois, comte de Valentinois et de Diois. Provence: united to the crown in research 1481, after it was ceded by Marguerite d'Anjou, daughter of René d'Anjou, on 19 Oct 1480; but the edict of union of organization descriptive essay, 1486 stipulated that the territories would in no way be subordinated to the crown or realm of France, and consequently a particular style was maintained in that province, namely: par la grâce de Dieu roi de France, comte de Provence, Forcalquier et terres adjacentes. Leader Research Paper! Louis XII styled himself Ludovicus Dei Gratia Francorum Neapolis et Hierusalem Rex Dux Mediolani (Louis by the Grace of God king of France, Naples, and papers, Jerusalem, duke of Milan) on a Golden Bull of 1500-03. Charles VIII had already taken the title of king of Naples and Jerusalem in 1494. Louis XII abandoned the research style by the treaty of favorite to visit essay, Blois of 22 Oct 1505. From 1515 François Ier styled himself roi de France, duc de Milan, comte d'Asti, seigneur de Gênes . In January 1641, Catalonia decided to choose the king of France as count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdanya, and that title was used in official documents: Dei gratia Galliarum et Navarrae Rex, comes Barcinonae, Rossilionis et Ceritaniae. (Ultimately Barcelona was regained by Spain in 1652, but France received Roussillon and paper, Cerdagne, by the treaty of Pyrenees of 1659.) In 1658, the of a Sovereign Council of Alsace had requested the king to add the title of research paper, landgrave of Upper and Lower Alsace to essay, his titles, but this was never done.

See Georges Tessier: Diplomatique royale française . Paris: 1962, Picard. Consecration of the King ( Sacre du Roi ) The consecration was an important ceremony at research, the beginning of general papers, a reign, although it was not a necessary one: after the 13th c., when kings ceased to be consecrated during the lifetime of their predecessors (Philip II was the last, in leader paper 1179), the essay using king became king at the moment of the death of his predecessor. In France, the coronation (placing a crown on the king's head) was not the research paper important part of the ceremony; indeed, it was not called a coronation, but rather consecration ( sacre ). The main event of the essay psychoanalytic ceremony was the anointment of the king with the sacred oil, by leader research paper, which the king was consecrated. The traditional venue of the consecration was Reims, but it was not always so. The privilege of consecrating kings rested with the newspaper its future archbishop of leader paper, Reims, who could perform it in essay its future any church in his ecclesiastical province. But this privilege took some time to establish.

It was founded on research the tradition of Clovis's conversion and baptism by Remigius (Rmi), bishop of Reims, and the legend of a dove bringing a miraculous ampoula containing sacred oil with which kings of France were henceforth anointed. This legend was disseminated under Hincmar, archbishop of to visit essay, Reims from 840 to leader research, 882 and close adviser of king Charles II the Bald of France (and later emperor). The following table lists the dates (usually but not always a Sunday), the venues, and the officiants of the consecration of persuasive essay, French kings from Louis I to Charles X (mostly based on P. Anselme): (church of St. Stephen) (chapel of the palace) (abbey of Saint-Remi) (abbey of Saint-Remi) (abbey of Saint-Medard) (abbey of Saint-Remi)

(church of St. Corneille) (cathedral Ste. Croix) (*) with consent of the bishop of Soissons; the see of Reims was vacant. The privilege was disputed between the archbishop of Sens and that of Reims for a period of time. Formal recognition began with the bull apostolici culminis of research, 31 Dec 999 (cited in Regeste Pontificum Romanorum 3908, full text in live essay help Migne, Patrologie Latine , vol. 139 col.

273). Adressed to leader research, the bishop of Reims, the of a descriptive bull states in part . Leader Research! benedictionem regum Francorum et tibi subjectorum episcoporum obtineas (note that Sylvester II was archbishop of Reims from 991 to live essay help, 995). At the coronation of Philippe I in 1059, in the presence of papal legates, the archbishop of Reims reaffirmed this privilege. But Philippe's relation with the archbishop turned sour and he had his son and successor Louis VI consecrated by the archbishop of Sens in 1108. The privilege was made more explicit by leader research paper, a bull of Urban II, potestatem ligandi of 25 Dec 1089 (Migne vol. 151. col.

309), conferring various privileges on the archbishop of Reims: Nevertheless Hugues de Toucy, archbishop of Sens, crowned Constance, wife of King Louis VII at Orlans in 1152. In response, a final confirmation of the privilege of Reims came in the bull cum sis per Dei gratiam of Alexander III, 13 Apr 1179 (Migne, vol. Of A Essay! 200, col. 1231): In France, the Salic Law prevailed, excluding females from the throne. Conversely, all male descendants of a king, no matter how distant, were eligible to succeed. As a consequence, at least by research, the late 16th century, all male agnates of the French king had a special status, that of prince du sang or prince of the (royal) blood. Among these, however, those closest to english, the monarch held even higher rank. We start from those closest to research paper, the king and move away. The enfants de France ( fils, fille de France ) were sons and daughters of the sovereign, and styled in medieval seals filius/filia regis : their high rank was similar to that of infante in Spain.

They were called N. de France , and they had no other family name. As lifespans increased, it seems that the concept of fils de France was extended to the children of the of a descriptive eldest son of the sovereign, and even to the children of the eldest grandson of the sovereign: in other words, to children of the current, past or future king. Leader Paper! Finally, according to favorite place, Guyot ( Trait des Droits , vol. 2, p. 307; see infra) in 1773 it was decided that the children of the comte d'Artois, younger son of the Dauphin son of Louis XV, would have the rank of Enfants de France , so that his eldest son the leader duc d'Angoulême would not be first prince of the blood. At the birth of the live essay help duc d'Angoulême, his father was disappointed that the research infant was not presented with a blue ribbon of the order of the Saint-Esprit, and the king, on the advice of his Council, replied that he was not Premier Prince du Sang and hence not born a knight (On ne lui a point remis le cordon bleu sur-le-champ, ce qui a fort affect M. le comte d'Artois.

Il s'en est plaint au Roi, qui, ayant demand l'avis de son Conseil, lui a rpondu que le Duc d'Angoulême n'tant pas Premier Prince du sang, il n'toit pas chevalier-n des Ordres; Correspondance secrte , vol. Essay Using Psychoanalytic! 2, p. 107 1775). There was nonetheless a difference between the comte d'Artois, born fils de France under the traditional definition, and his eldest son the duc d'Angoulme: the former's name was Charles Philippe de France, the latter's name was Louis Antoine d'Artois (see the Almanach Royal of 1789; see also a proclamation of 1823 cited by Châteaubriand in his book on the Congress of Verona: Nous, Louis-Antoine d'Artois, fils de France, commandant en chef l'arme des Pyrnes). The case of the paper duc d'Angoulme illustrates another point, which is that one need not be born fils de France. In 1824, his father became king as Charles X and he became Dauphin.

Consequently, in the Almanach Royal of 1830, he is listed as Louis-Antoine de France (Dauphin). Becoming the son of a king changed his last name to France (more precisely, to english persuasive essay, having no last name). Note, however, that the leader research paper family name remained d'Artois (see the example of the duc de Bordeaux below). A son became fils de France upon accession of his father, but a sibling did not become fils or fille de France upon accession of a brother. This is shown by the fact that Henri IV gave his only sister the rank of fille de France by a declaration of February 1599. In the favorite place essay 1630s, a lower rank was created, namely petit-fils, petite-fille de France , for the children of the younger sons of a sovereign. Leader Research! This was designed for Anne-Marie-Louise d'Orléans, duchess of Montpensier, daughter of Gaston d'Orléans, at a time when the using criticism king Louis XIII had no children and his brother Gaston (heir presumptive) had only one daughter. Leader Research! The petits-enfants de France ranked after the enfants de France but before all other princes of the essay newspaper its future blood. Collectively, the enfants de France and petits-enfants de France formed the Royal family . There is some variance in opinion on leader paper the definition of fils de France. Guyot, in essay his Trait des droits (Paris, 1787; vol.

2, p. Research Paper! 307), says: On appelle Fils de France, les enfants petits-enfans mles des Rois. Ce titre appartient aussi leurs arrires-petits-enfans, lorsque le Roi rgnant n'est lui-mme que petit-fils de Roi, que par l ils ont l'avantage d'tre neveux du prince qui occupe actuellement le trne. Notre dfinition ne quadre point avec celle de l'auteur du Crmonial diplomatique des cours de l'Europe : je n'appelle Fils de France, dit-il, que les prince qui sont fils de Roi. Ils n'y a de Fils de France que ceux dont les pres ont rgn ou rgnent, parce que le prince qui monte sur le trne perdant son surnom, ne peut donner que celui qu'il acquier ceux qui sont ns de lui. Or il n'acquiert que celui de France, ainsi il ne peut donner que le nom de France ses enfans: mais comme les Fils de France ont des apanages, les princes qui sont issus de ces Fils de Fance, qui ne viennent point rgner, portent le nom de l'apanage de leur pre, font dans la suite une branche de la maison royale. Mais en parlant ainsi, cet auteur a plus consult son imagination que les faits. Sans remonter des temps bien reculs, il avoit devant les yeux l'exemple du dernier rgent, qui quoique petit-fils de Louis XIV, a toujours port le titre de Fils de France.

Aujourd'hui Monsieur, frre du Roi monseigneur comte d'Artois portent galement ce titre; ils le portoient mme du vivant de Louis XV leur ayeul. C'est ce que prouvent notamment les lettres-patentes de Monsieur, du 26 juin 1773, confirmes par un dit du mois de juillet suivant, l'dit du mois de janvier 1774, les lettres-patentes du premier dcembre 1776, celles des 18 fvrier 18 mars 1779, celles du 4 fvrier 1783. Il y a plus. M. le duc d'Angoulme, quoiqu'arrire-petit-fils de Roi, porte le titre d'Enfant de France. Mais s'il a un jour des enfans, on appellera son fils an general papers, premier Prince du Sang. C'est ce qui a t dcid par le Roi la naissance de ce prince. The way I make sense of leader research, Guyot's text, however, is that he conflates the live essay help ranks of leader research, fils de France and petit-fils de France (the latter is not mentioned in live essay help his book).

In France, aside from a few exceptions, prince was not a title, but a rank that denoted dynasts, i.e., individuals with an eventual succession right to the throne. Paper! The word, and its connotation of sovereignty, was felt to be their preserve. Essay! Collectively known as the Princes du Sang (less often princes du sang de France , princes des lys ) they were, in leader paper theory, all descendents in legitimate male line of a French sovereign outside of the royal family itself. The term dates from the 14th century. The princes of the blood all had a seat at the Conseil du Roi, or Royal Council, and at the Paris Parlement. In the 17th and 18th centuries it became customary to restrict the its future term of prince du sang to leader paper, those dynasts who were not members of the descriptive Royal family, i.e. children or grandchildren in male line of the sovereign, since those became known as the enfants and petits-enfants de France . Kings were somewhat selective in their choice of who was treated as prince of the blood. In the late 15th century, for research, example, the Bourbons-Carency, the most distant branch of the Bourbon family (extinct 1530), were never invited to take seat in the Conseil du Roi. In the 17th and 18th c., the princes of the blood were only members of the newspaper its future Bourbon family (descended from a son of Louis IX), in leader spite of the existence of the Courtenay, descended from Louis VI, and to visit essay, the only remaining non-Bourbon line of leader research, Capetians.

The Courtenay were denied the essay title of seigneurs de sang royal by the Paris Court of Accounts, and never acknowledged as princes of the blood by leader research, any king, in spite of their repeated requests to papers, Henri IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV. Paper! The latter implicitly denied that they had any rights to the throne when he signed with the duc de Lorraine the treaty of Montmartre (6 Feb 1662; 7 CTS 65) in which it was stipulated that the live essay help French throne would pass to the house of Lorraine upon extinction of the August House of leader research, Bourbon. The Courtenay vainly protested and asked that the phrase be replaced with the royal house issued in legitimate male line from the kings of France (see the printed protest dated 11 Feb 1662 in BN, mss Fr 3886, fol. 17). The Parlement of Paris refused to register the treaty but was forced to do so in a lit de justice on February 27, 1662, but the treaty was renounced by using, the duke of Lorraine soon after, and replaced by the treaty of Metz of 31 Aug 1663.

In 1715, at leader research, the accession of english persuasive, Louis XV, the last remaining males (Louis-Charles, his son Charles-Roger and his brother Roger) once again asked the leader research king for format, the rank of princes of the blood, without any success (see below the text of their plea). Paper! Louis-Charles died in 1723, Charles Roger committed suicide in 1730, and Roger, abb de Courtenay, the last of his name, died on 5 May 1733. His sister Hlne (7 Apr 1689-20 Jun 1768), married to the marquis de Bauffremont, appealed to essay using, the king (22 Feb 1737) after the Parlement de Paris struck out the phrase princesse du sang royal de France from court documents filed with the leader research Parlement de Besanon (see the text here, as well as excerpts from Saint-Simon's Memoirs). Since 1733, all Capetians are descended from format papers, Robert, son of Louis IX and founder of the house of leader paper, Bourbon. Protest of the princes of Courtenay, addressed on Oct 1, 1715 to english persuasive, Louis XV (Gazette d'Amsterdam, 1715, n. Leader Research! 89, p. 5). Les princes de la Maison de Courtenay ayant l'honneur de dcendre par Mles lgitimes de Pierre de France, seigneur de Courtenay, fils puisn du Roi Louis VI. du nom, dit le Gros, doivent sous la protection de Vôtre Majest, et par un effet de sa justice jouir de tous les Droits attachez leur naissance; sur cette confiance ils renouvellent V. M. les trs-humbles remontrances et instances qu'eux et leurs Peres ont faites aux Rois vos Prdecesseurs pour obtenir le rang qui leur apartenoit; ils osent pareillement, Sire, renouveller les Protestations qu'ils ont faites en differentes occasions pour tre conservez dans tous les Droits de Princes de la Maison et du Sang de France. Ils craindroient avec raison que V. M. Persuasive! ne les en juget indignes, si dans les commencemens d'un Regne si rempli de justice que celui de V. M. ils ne protestoient, comme ils le font, avec un trs-profond respect contre tout ce qui a pu tre fait leur prjudice sous le dernier Regne, et mme depuis, ou qui pourroit tre fait dans la suite contraire aux Droits lgitimes de leur Naissance; protestant pareillement ds prsent de se pourvoir, lorsque les voyes de la Justice leur seront permises, ainsi qu'ils l'ont toujours demand, et le demandent V. M. Ils ne cesseront jamais, Sire, de prier Dieu qu'il vous comble de toutes sortes de graces et de bndictions.

[signed] Louis-Charles de Courtenay. Charles-Roger de Courtenay. Roger de Courtenay. Ranking among the princes du sang was by order of leader research paper, succession rights. The closest to the throne (excluding any fils de France) was called Premier Prince du Sang. In practice, it was not always clear who was entitled to the rank, and it often took a specific act of the king to make the determination.

From 1562 to 1589, the place to visit essay Premier Prince du Sang was Henri de Bourbon, king of leader paper, Navarre (who was acknowledged as such and received at the Paris Parlement). Favorite Place To Visit Essay! From 1589 to 1709 the title was held by the prince de Condé (received by Parlement in 1595). At the death of the research paper prince in essay psychoanalytic 1686, it was unclear whether the title ought to go to the duc d'Anjou, younger son of the leader research paper Dauphin, but a fils de France, or the duc de Chartres, son of the king's brother, but still a petit-fils de France, or the papers duc d'Enghien, son of the leader research paper deceased. Newspaper! As the first two were members of the Royal Family and leader paper, thus outranked other princes of the blood, it was felt that the rank would not honor them enough, and the deceased's son Louis de Bourbon-Condé took the newspaper its future rank, although the duc de Chartres drew the research pension (the source for this is Sainctot, cited in live essay help Rousset de Missy). On the death of leader paper, Louis de Bourbon-Condé in 1709 the title would have passed to the duc d'Orléans, nephew of Louis XIV, but he did not use it (he did, however, call himself first prince of the blood on newspaper its future occasion: when cardinal Dubois died in August 1723, the duc d'Orlans asked the king for the vacant position of prime minister sans faire attention mon rang et ma dignit de premier prince de votre sang; Journal de Buvat , 2:451). After the duc d'Orlans's death in December 1723, his son officially received the title. It remained to leader paper, the head of the favorite place to visit essay Orléans family until 1830. However, at the death of the duc d'Orléans in 1785, it was decided that, once again, the duc d'Angoulême, son of the king's brother, ranked too high for research, the title, and it was granted to favorite place to visit essay, the new duc d'Orléans (letters patent of 27 Nov 1785); but Louis XVI decided that the duc d'Orléans would hold the title until the duc d'Angoulême had a son who could bear it (this is what Guyot writes, citing the Journal Politique de Bouillon , second half of 1785).

Entries from Dangeau's Journal in research paper the 1854 edition available from Gallica) 3 Jun 1686, after the induction of the duc de Chartres, nephew of the king, and the duc de Bourbon, eldest son of the essay newspaper prince de Condé, into the order of the leader research Saint-Esprit (Vol. 1, p. Criticism! 345): dans la crmonie d'hier, M Le Duc De Bourbon prtendoit marcher cte cte de M Le Duc De Chartres, disant que M Le Duc De Chartres ne devoit tre considr que comme premier prince du sang, et qu'il n'y avoit point d'exemple contraire; cependant le roi jugea en faveur de M Le Duc De Chartres, parce qu'il lui a donn un rang au-dessus des princes du sang. Leader Research! 14 Dec 1686, following the death of Louis de Bourbon, prince de Condé (Vol. Favorite Place To Visit Essay! 1, p. 429): M. Le duc n' aura pas les privilges de premier prince du sang. M. Le prince en jouissoit parce l' on n' te point ces gens-l les honneurs qu' ils ont eus, et qu' il avoit t longtemps premier prince du sang ; c' est prsentement M De Chartres qui l' est et qui, par-dessus cela, a des honneurs particuliers comme petit-fils de France. 16 Dec 1686 (p. 430): Le roi a dit m. Le duc de s' appeler m. Le prince, et M De Bourbon gardera le nom de Duc De Bourbon, mais on ne l' appelera que m. Le duc tout court. 14 June 1701, following the death of Monsieur (vol.

12, p. 128): M. le Prince aura le traitement de premier prince du sang. Saint-Simon's addition: le roi donna à M. le Prince les avantages de premier prince du sang devenus vacants, et au-dessous de M. le Duc d'Orléans au point où il fut élevé alors. The rank of premier prince du sang was not purely a court title or a precedence. It carried with it legal privileges, notably the right to leader paper, have a household ( maison ), such as the king, the queen, and the enfants de France each did. A household was a collection of officers and general, employees, paid for out of the State's revenues, and constituted a miniature version of the royal administration, with military and leader research, civil officers, a council with a chancelor and secretaries, gentlemen-in-waiting, equerries, falconers, barbers and surgeons, a chapel, etc. Live Essay Help! (See a description of the King's Household). The duc d'Orlans's household, set up in 1724, had 265 officers. Styles and Precedence of the Princes du Sang. Until the 15th century, precedence among princes of the blood, or even between them and other lords, depended on the title.

In the 15th century debates arose between princes of the research blood, particularly between the duc de Bourbon and to visit essay, the comte d'Alençon (the former was further in the line of succession, but a duke ranked above a count; the dispute was resolved by making the latter a duke himself). Finally, an edict of leader research, 1576 set that princes of the blood would have precedence over all lords, and between them by essay newspaper its future, order in the line of succession rather than by leader research paper, their titles. Precedence was set according to the following rules (Guyot, loc. cit. , vol. 2, p. 382; he is in essay its future fact citing Rousset de Missy, who is himself citing Sainctot Sr., who was introducteur des ambassadeurs under Louis XIV). All princes of the blood were divided into: children of the current sovereign and children of his eldest son, children of the previous sovereign and children of his eldest son, all others. Leader Paper! The first two categories formed the royal family (Guyot says children and grandchildren, but I interpret his words strictly).

Precedence was set: by category (i.e., anyone of apa research papers, category 1 outranked anyone of category 2) within category: between males, according to the order in the line of research, succession, between males and females, according to favorite to visit essay, the right of succession (that is, males before females), between females, according to the degree of kinship with the research king. Thus the son of the Dauphin outranked the favorite to visit king's brother or younger son, but the daughter of a Dauphin was outranked by the king's daughter; the king's daughter in turn outranked the king's brother or sister. Wives took the rank of their husbands, so a Dauphine outranked a king's sister. There is leader, a famous moment at essay newspaper, the death of Louis XVIII in research paper 1824 that illustrates these rules. When the king had drawn his last breath, Monsieur, brother of the king, was told by the physician: Sire, le Roi est mort, as he had instantly become Charles X. When the moment came to essay newspaper its future, step out of the bedroom, the paper new king went first. His eldest son, the duc d'Angoulême, had married the daughter of Louis XVI, and, until that moment, she had outranked him (being in group 2, he in group 3). He was about to of a, let her step before him, when she stepped back and said: Passez, Monsieur le Dauphin. Research Paper! He had just moved from organization essay, group 3 to group 1, and now outranked his wife. Another illustration of these rules is found in the listing of French princes and princesses in the Almanach Royal of leader, 1789, a semi-official directory of the French state (see p. 33 and p. 34). The order is: the king and the queen the favorite king's two sons (group 1, males) the king's daughter (group 1, females) the king's brothers and research paper, their wives (group 2, males) the king's sisters (group 2, females) the king's aunts (group 2, females) the live essay help children of the king's younger brother (group 3) the Orlans branch, males followed by leader paper, females the Bourbon-Cond branch, males followed by females the english persuasive Bourbon-Conti branch, males followed by females.

The following styles were highly formal and used only in the most official documents, such as treaties, contracts, tombstones, and the like, according to a règlement of 1688 cited by Guyot ( Traité des droits , vol. Research Paper! 2, p. 371): The heir apparent, titled Dauphin de Viennois (and not du Viennois as sometimes written) or more commonly Dauphin , was called très haut, très puissant et excellent Prince The eldest brother of the King and the Premier Prince du Sang was très haut et très puissant Prince (e.g., Bossuet's Oraison funèbre de Louis de Bourbon , where the deceased is named trs haut et trs puissant prince Louis De Bourbon, prince De Cond, premier prince du sang ; Oeuvres Oratoires , 1922, vol. 5, p. General! 425). Leader Paper! The other Princes of the Blood were très haut et puissant Prince . Foreign princes at the Court were haut et puissant Prince . A dispute in 1752 over place, the use of this style by a member of the Rohan family, which provoked an outcry from the princes of the blood, led to a decision by the king reaffirming a usage that was over a hundred years old. See the research page on nobility for equivalent styles of non-royals. The enfants and petits-enfants de France were entitled to essay, the style of paper, Royal Highness ( Altesse Royale ) since the apa research papers 17th century (thus, the duc d'Orlans, Regent from 1715 to 1723, is styled SAR in the Almanach Royal of 1717). Other princes of the leader research blood were only english essay entitled to Most Serene Highness ( Altesse Sérénissime ) from 1651 to 1824, when they received the style of Royal Highness. Princes of the blood were the leader research paper only ones in France entitled to essay newspaper, the style of Highness, according to an arrêt of the Parlement of Paris of 14 Dec 1754 which forbade the bishop of research paper, Metz to newspaper, use that style (Guyot, Traité des droits , vol. 2, p. 371).

On ne le traitera point d'Altesse, mais de Monseigneur. Il ne peut y avoir une Altesse Royale, mais aussi il lui faut un autre titre qu'Altesse Srnissime pour ne pas avoir le mme titre que M. le Duc, le duc d'Orlans tant hritier prsomptif de la couronne. Leader Paper! (Matthieu Marais, Journal , vol. 3 p. 62; Dec. 1723.) A younger son was usually given a title fairly early, although for some reason the live essay help French royal family developed the research paper habit of baptizing royal children at a late age, sometimes as late as 16. The child received a private baptism at live essay help, birth ( ondoiement ) and would be known by leader paper, his title, which was announced by the king immediately after the birth. When a younger son reached maturity, he was usually given an apanage : whereas the title might not carry any actual possession of general, lands and fiefs with it, an apanage would. The rule on apanages was that they would return to the crown after extinction of the male line, although any other property acquired by the apanagiste could pass on leader paper to a daughter. Newspaper Its Future! The custom of the apanage was adopted on a systematic basis in the early 13th c. Usually, the most recently acquired domains were given out as apanages. Among the lands used as apanages are Artois, Anjou, Maine, Poitiers, Valois, Alençon, Blois, Chartres, Clermont, Bourbon, Evreux, Orléans, Touraine, Berry, Auvergne, Bourgogne, Guyenne, Angoulême, Provence.

The heir apparent initially did not have a special title. Leader Research Paper! Under the Capetians in direct line (987-1328) the eldest son was crowned while his father was alive, until 1179. On seals, the heir apparent was called filius regis or filius regis primogenitus . Philippe VI (1328-50), the first of the house of essay, Valois to research, reign, gave the duchy of of a descriptive essay, Normandy to his eldest son, on condition that it would revert to the crown upon his accession. Jean became king in 1350, and in turn gave Normandy to his eldest son Charles in 1355. But Charles had also been given the research title of Dauphin de Viennois in 1349 (dauphin was the peculiar title of the count of the Dauphiné; another such title was that of Dauphin d'Auvergne), following the cession of the Dauphiné by the last dauphin, Humbert, on the condition that it be held by the king's eldest son henceforth. The title of Dauphin was bestowed on the eldest son of the essay king, reverting to the crown upon accession; the future Louis XI was the last dauphin to research paper, actually rule over essay psychoanalytic criticism, the Dauphiné, until 1461. Contrary to the title of prince of Wales in England, the title soon became automatic at birth, or upon accession of leader research paper, his father to the throne. The last to bear the title was the son of Charles X, the duke of Angoulême.

The arms of the essay Dauphin were quarterly France and Dauphiné ( Or, a dolphin azure, crêté, oreillé and barbé (crest, ear and wattle) gules ). Arms of Louis de France, dauphin (1729-1765) and Marie-Josphe de Saxe (1731-67), on their tomb, Sens cathedral. As life-spans extended, new customs emerged: for the eldest son of the Dauphin, the leader title of of a, duc de Bourgogne was used twice (Louis XIV's grandson and Louis XV's grandson). For the duc de Bourgogne's eleest son, the title of duc de Bretagne was used: The eldest son of François Ier had also been duke of Brittany, until the union of the duchy with France in leader 1532. In the 16th and 17th c., the titles of Orlans, Anjou, and Berry became customary for younger sons. The brother of Louis XIV was given Orlans as apanage and format papers, his line continued, so the leader research title became unavailable. Every duc d'Anjou, on the other hand, seemed to die without posterity or accede to some throne: the title was thus used repeatedly: by Charles IX's brother (future Henri III), by Henri III';s brother (died 1584 s.p.), by Louis XIII's brother until 1626 (died s.m.p. 1660), by Louis XIV's brother until 1660, by two infant sons of Louis XIV, by Louis XIV's younger grandson who became king of Spain, by the future Louis XV, by newspaper its future, Louis XV's infant second son. When Louis XV's eldest son had a second son, the leader research paper king was set against using Anjou, apparently because of the place bad luck associated with it (duc de Luynes, Mmoires , 13:49; see also Journal de Barbier , 5:416), and used Aquitaine instead, a title unused since the Middle Ages. Indeed, a medieval taste is apparent in the choice of the leader research paper titles of Louis XV's children: after the traditional Bourgogne, Aquitaine was chosen (a title inexistent since the 13th c.), then Berry (a traditional for organization of a, third sons), followed by Provence and Artois, both of whom recall the family of St.

Louis IX (Barbier, 6:588, speculates that it was a way for the king to leader research paper, tell the province of Artois that he bore no grudge for the province of origin of Damiens, who had tried to kill him). Louis XVI's younger son was titled duc de Normandie, as a snub to the English according to some (?). The comte d'Artois' children Angoulême and Berry were traditional titles, but the latter's posthumous son was titled duc de Bordeaux in persuasive essay 1820 to thank that city for its early submission to leader, the returning Bourbons in 1814. See the essay using criticism page on the Bourbons for additional information on research the titles used in the Bourbon family. The titles of younger sons can only essay its future be understood within the leader paper concept of the of a apanage.

The Constitution of 1791 reserved the research paper title of essay psychoanalytic criticism, Prince Royal to the heir to the throne, and that of prince français to all those formerly called princes du sang. It also prohibited any other use of the title of prince (recall that all titles of nobility had been abolished in 1790). Napoleon used the leader same styles (except that the heir was called Prince Impérial ). The Restoration returned to the Old Regime usages. The July monarchy partly returned to 1791 usages. Using Psychoanalytic! By an ordinance of August 13, 1830, it was decided that the research king's sister and his children would continue to bear the persuasive essay arms of Orléans, that Louis-Philippe's eldest son, as Prince Royal, would bear the title of leader paper, duc d'Orléans, that the younger sons would continue to essay, have their existing titles, and research, that the sister and daughters of the king would only be styled princesses d'Orléans and distinguished by general format papers, their given names. The Sénatus-consulte of December 25, 1852 (art. 6), following the constitution of 1804, gave the title of prince français to all members of the leader imperial family apt to succeed and their descent; the of a descriptive essay eldest son of the paper emperor was titled prince impérial . The style of Prince de France was never used. In the late 19th century, the newspaper term of princes d'Orléans was sometimes used to leader, refer to members of the general Orléans family, and, nowadays, that family uses the style of research paper, prince de France . Family Names and Titles of Younger Sons. A son of France was born de France : all his descendants, however, had his main title (whether an apanage or a courtesy title) as their family or last name. Thus the son of Philippe de France (1640-1701), duke of Orléans, was born Philippe d'Orléans, even though he was also petit-fils de France (see, for example, the using criticism text of his renunciation to his rights to paper, the crown of Spain in 1712: the renunciation begins Philippe, petit-fils de France, duc d'Orlans but he signs Philippe d'Orlans; his cousin the english persuasive duc de Berry signs his renunciation Charles).

Charles de France (1757-1836), son of Louis, Dauphin, and grandson of Louis XV was given the title of Count of Artois, supposedly at paper, the suggestion of the Queen Marie who thought of essay newspaper its future, Robert d'Artois, brother of St. Research! Louis (Luynes, Mmoires , 16:205). His children's names were Louis d'Artois and using criticism, Charles-Ferdinand d'Artois. The latter's son, born in 1820, was Henri-Charles-Ferdinand-Marie-Dieudonné d'Artois, Duc de Bordeaux. Leader! That is the way he is listed in live essay help the Almanach Royal of research, 1830 (p. 17). Live Essay Help! (The difference they used was a border embattled gules). Research! Had the throne of France been restored in descriptive 1873, he would have become Henri V, and we would probably have spoken of the house of Bourbon-Artois, or Artois. Obverse of research paper, a token struck by the Paris mint to commemorate a visit by S.A.R. Monseigneur le duc de Bordeaux on 24 Dec 1828. The legend reads Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonn d'Artois and the arms show France differenced by essay using, a bordure embattled gules, with the open coronet of fleurs-de-lys of a prince of the blood.

This token was struck when his grandfather was reigning as Charles X. Although the king of leader, France had no family name, and his children were born de France, there was a sense in english persuasive which a certain house was on the throne. Research! The legitimized children of format apa research papers, kings took as family name the name of the house: for research, example, the live essay help son of Charles IX, was known as Charles de Valois, duke of Angoulême (the name of the house was officially Valois because François I had been made duc de Valois in leader research paper 1498 before ascending the newspaper its future throne). The legitimized children of research, Henri IV and Louis XIV all had Bourbon as family name. During the Revolution, the family names of the members of the king's family with eventual succession rights (i.e., all agnates) were deprived of any patronymic name, by a decree of August 26, 1791 ( Archives Parlementaires, vol. 29, p. 737); henceforth their name consisted of their given names followed by newspaper its future, the title of French prince ( prince franais ). This provision was embodied in leader paper the constitution of essay its future, 1791, title 3, chapter 2, section 3, article 6. Recently, the head of the house of leader paper, Orlans, the comte de Paris, sued in of a descriptive essay French courts to have his family name changed from Orlans to research paper, Bourbon (note that he refers to himself as Henri de France, but that is not his legal name). In France, the only names one is allowed to use are thegiven and last names registered in the Etat civil . There are two ways to change one's surname: either sue in civil courts to have the using psychoanalytic register ( registre de l'État civil ) changed because it is somehow erroneous; or else petition the minister of Justice who refers the matter to research paper, the conseil d'État , and, upon approval, to favorite essay, the Prime Minister for an official decree. The former method relies on some right which can be proven in leader research paper court, the latter is at the discretion of the organization descriptive authorities and there is leader paper, no recourse against a rejection. The comte de Paris claimed that his ancestors had stopped using the surname of Bourbon, but it had remained his true patronym, and organization, he had a right to resume its use. The courts found against paper him, successively the lower court in Paris, the Appeals Court of Paris (Feb 1, 2001) and finally the english persuasive essay Court of Cassation (Sept.

30, 2003, 01-03219, see Legifrance and search by numro d'affaire 01-03219). AU NOM DU PEUPLE FRANCAIS. AU NOM DU PEUPLE FRANCAIS. LA COUR DE CASSATION, PREMIERE CHAMBRE CIVILE, a rendu l'arrêt suivant : Sur le moyen unique, pris en ses deux branches : Attendu que, M. Henri d'X. reproche à l'arrêt confirmatif attaqué (Paris, 1er février 2001) d'avoir rejeté sa requête en rectification d'état civil à fin de rétablir son nom d'origine de Y. et se nommer à l'avenir Henri de Y. Leader Research Paper! alors, selon le moyen : 1 / qu'en lui déniant le droit de se faire enregistrer sous le nom de Y. , aux motifs que ses ascendants n'auraient pas fait usage de ce nom, et auraient porté pendant trois siècles et demi le nom d'X. , tiré d'un titre ducal, ce qui ne permettait pas de caractériser leur renonciation à se prévaloir de leur rattachement aux Y. et à posséder ainsi, en sus du nom d'X. Organization Of A Descriptive Essay! , le nom dynastique de Y. , la cour d'appel a privé sa décision de base légale au regard des articles 99 du Code civil et 1er de la loi du 6 fructidor an II ; 2 / qu'en affirmant que sa demande tendant à recouvrer le nom ancestral de Y. n'aurait présenté aucun intérêt légitime, au prétexte qu'il se serait agi d'une querelle dynastique dont l'issue ne peut trouver une solution de nature judiciaire, la cour d'appel a méconnu l'étendue de ses pouvoirs et violé les articles 99 du Code civil et 1er de la loi du 6 fructidor an II ; Mais attendu que si la possession loyale et prolongée d'un nom ne fait pas obstacle en principe à ce que celui qui le porte, renonçant à s'en prévaloir, revendique le nom de ses ancêtres, il appartient alors au juge, en considération, notamment, de la durée respective et de l'ancienneté des possessions invoquées, ainsi que des circonstances dans lesquelles elles se sont succédé, d'apprécier s'il y a lieu d'accueillir cette revendication ; Attendu qu'en l'espèce, par motifs adoptés, la cour d'appel a souverainement estimé que c'était volontairement que le nom d'X. avait été substitué à celui de Y. par le fils cadet de Louis XIII et tous ses descendants qui avaient ainsi abandonné le nom de Y. et que cette volonté de porter le nom d'X. avait été confirmée par le roi Louis-Philippe lors de son accession au trône ; que, par des seuls motifs, elle a légalement justifié sa décision ; REJETTE le pourvoi ; Condamne M. d'X. Leader Research! aux dépens ; Ainsi fait et jugé par la Cour de Cassation, Première chambre civile, et prononcé par le président en son audience publique du trente septembre deux mille trois. In general, a titled person was called Monsieur le duc de Villeroy , or Monsieur le comte d'Alaincourt and addressed as Monsieur le duc , Monsieur le comte ; the same went for members of the royal family, until the 16th century, when a certain number of forms of address came into use.

Starting under Henri III, the eldest brother of the king was called Monsieur (frère du Roi) , his wife was Madame (See Brantôme). These usages only became established with Gaston, younger brother of Louis XIII. The king's younger brother retained this style after the death of his brother, so that, from 1643 to 1660 there were two Monsieurs, the brother of the deceased Louis XIII and format apa research, the brother of the reigning Louis XIV (they were called le Grand Monsieur and le petit Monsieur ). Leader! The style was later used for the count of Provence, brother of Louis XVI, and later for the count of Artois when Louis XVIII reigned. The princes of the essay newspaper branch of COnd had their peculiar styles. Leader! The head of the house was Monsieur le Prince, his eldest son Monsieur le Duc. According to place to visit, Duclos ( Oeuvres compltes , 10:200), the style dates back to Louis de Bourbon, the younger brother of research paper, Antoine de Bourbon, father of Henri IV: this prince de Cond, being the only royal prince of the Protestant party, was called by them Monsieur le Prince; his son Henri (d. 1588) was called similarly because the other royal prince among them, the organization descriptive future Henri IV, was called prince de Barn (until 1572) and later roi de Navarre. The third of the line, Henri (1588-146) was taken to the Court in leader research paper 1595, and styled similarly as first prince of the essay using psychoanalytic criticism blood. His uncle the comte de Soissons adopted the research paper style of essay psychoanalytic criticism, Monsieur le Comte which his son (d. 1641) also used.

It was Louis, the Grand Cond (1621-1686) who had his eldest son Henri Jules, duc d'Enghien (1643-1709) called Monsieur le Duc and leader research paper, he in general apa research turn took the style of leader research paper, Monsieur le Prince in 1686 and gave that of favorite place to visit, Monsieur le Duc to his son Louis (1668-1710). But Louis, in 1709, kept the research style of Monsieur le Duc, being known as duc de Bourbon, and so did his successor Louis-Henri (1692-1740). The last two of the line used the essay newspaper its future style of prince de Cond. The Dauphin, son of Louis XIV, was known simply as Monseigneur , although that seemed to be peculiar to Louis XIV's son: the usage originated with Louis XIV, perhaps as a jest, and paper, no other Dauphin was ever known as Monseigneur (they were called Monsieur le Dauphin ). Newspaper! The grandsons of Louis XIV were also called Monseigneur: Monseigneur duc de Bourgogne, Monseigneur duc d'Anjou, Monseigneur duc de Berry ( Almanach Royal , 1706), or more formally, Monseigneur Fils de France duc de *** ( Almanach Royal , 1713). Similarly, in the 1789 Almanach Royal one sees Monseigneur comte d'Artois and his wife Madame comtesse d'Artois.

At the leader research paper Bourbon court, all the daughters of the king and of the format apa research papers dauphin were called Madame and collectively known as Mesdames de France, and for all but the eldest one the given name was added. Thus, the daughters of research, Louis XV were known as Madame [Adélaïde], Madame Victoire, Madame Sophie, Madame Louise ; before their baptism, they were known as Madame [de France] premire/Aînée, Madame [de France] seconde, etc (see the Almanach Royal , 1738). Note, however, that at their birth in general format apa research papers 1727 the research paper twin daughters of favorite to visit, Louis XV were called Madame de France and Madame de Navarre. Leader Research Paper! The first three (surviving) daughters were baptized the same day, on Apr. 27, 1737 (Louise Elisabeth, Henriette Anne, and english, Marie Adlade). The eldest of the dames de France was either known as Madame de France (e.g., Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Henri IV and later queen of research, Spain), Madame, or, if that title was used by the wife of Monsieur, brother of the king, as Madame Royale. Thus Louis Louise-Elisabeth (1727-59), eldest daughter of Louis XV (who had no brother), was known as Madame from essay psychoanalytic criticism, her baptism in 1737 until her marriage to the Infante Felipe of Spain in research 1739, when she became Madame Infante (and later Madame Infante Duchesse de Parme ). Adlaïde, daughter of of a descriptive, Louis XV, was called Madame from 1752 until 1771 when she became Madame Adlaïde . The daughter of Louis XVI (who had a married brother) was known as Madame Royale until her marriage to her cousin the duc d'Angoulême.

Until 1700 or so, the leader research title of Madame Royale seemed to be used for princesses of collateral branches. Here are some examples: Christine (or Chrtienne), daughter of Henri IV, wife of the duke of Savoie, is called (after her marriage) Madame Royale Chrtienne de France, Duchesse Rgente de Savoie in a 1645 treaty. Henriette-Marie, third daughter of Henri IV, is said to have invented the English style of Princess Royal for her eldest daughter. Anne Marie d'Orlans (1669-1728), second daughter of Monsieur (but at the time the most senior unmarried princess) is called Madame Royale by Dangeau in essay newspaper its future 1684 ( Journal , 1:6, 1854 ed.); that year, she married the leader research duke of Savoy, but Dangeau still referred to organization essay, her as Madame Royale after her marriage: On eut nouvelles que madame royale toit accouche d' une fille ; M De Savoie en envoya ici porter la nouvelle; and even decades later, he calls her Madame Royale de Savoie (19 May 1716), Madame la duchesse Royale de Savoie (17 May 1718) or Madame la duchesse royale (28 Aug 1719). Leader Research! Elizabeth Charlotte d'Orlans (1676-1744), third and live essay help, last daughter of Monsieur (again the most senior unmarried princess at the court) is called Madame Royale by Dangeau in research paper 1698 ( ibid., , 7:74) just before and essay its future, after her marriage to the duke of paper, Lorraine: M Le Duc De Chartres devoit partir mercredi pour aller en Lorraine voir Madame Royale, sa soeur. Mme de Sévigné's Correspondance , Jul 1676 (2:352, 1974 edition), Dec 1679 (2:770) uses it for english essay, Marie-Jeanne-Baptiste de Savoie-Nemours, wife (and after 1675 widow) of the duke of Savoy: Vous savez que Madame Royale ne souhaite rien tant au monde que l' accomplissement du mariage de son fils avec l'infante de Portugal. The first three examples have in common that the French princess married beneath her, and retention of the style Madame Royale may have been intended to to recall the royal rank that the person held by birth, a rank deemed superior to that of research, her husband at english, a time when neither Savoy nor Lorraine enjoyed the style of Royal Highness. Paper! Indeed, Diderot's Encyclopédie states (s.v.

Royale ): On a donn le titre de royale des princesses filles ou petites-filles de rois, quoiqu'elles ne fussent pas reines. Apa Research! Ainsi l'on a appell la duchesse de Savoie, madame royale, les duchesses d'Orlans de Lorraine ont eu le titre d'altesse royale. I can't explain the fourth example. In the junior branches, starting with the research paper children of the king's brother, the persuasive essay daughters were called Mademoiselle either followed by research paper, the given name, or by a name recalling the titles of the family: thus Gaston's eldest daughter was known as Mademoiselle , but his other daughters were Mademoiselle d'Orléans, Mademoiselle d'Alençon, Mademoiselle de Valois, Mademoiselle de Chartres . This is essay using criticism, probably due to the fact that baptisms took place quite late: Louise-Diane d'Orlans (1716-36) was baptised three days before her marriage in 1732. In 1720, Louise-lisabeth d'Orlans (1709-42), daughter of the leader research duc d'Orlans and called Mademoiselle de Montpensier, received the title of Mademoiselle after the marriage of her elder sister to the duke of Modena (Jean Buvat: Journal de la Rgence , Paris 1875, 2:29). She was then the eldest unmarried French princess, excepting the abbess of Challes. Psychoanalytic Criticism! She became queen of leader, Spain in 1722, but was widowed in favorite 1724 and returned to France where she was known as la reine douairière d'Espagne (dowager queen of Spain). Leader Research Paper! In 1726 the duc de Bourbon (then prime minister) secured by brevet the style of Mademoiselle for his sister Louise-Anne, who was the only unmarried princess. See the French royal genealogy to see the live essay help titles given to children. The widow of paper, a prince was called douairière (dowager) when there was a need to place to visit, distinguish her from the wife of his successor. The widow of the prince de Cond (d.

1709) was called until her death Madame la Princesse because her daughter-in-law were called Madame la Duchesse . When there were several widows, they were numbered, thus between 1727 and 1732: Marie-Anne de Bourbon (Mlle de Blois) (6 Oct 1667- 3 May 1739), widowed in 1685, was styled Mme la Princesse de Conti Premire Douarire Marie-Thrse de Conde (1 Feb 1666- 22 Feb 1732), widowed in 1709, was Mme la Princesse de Conti Seconde Douarire Louise Elisabeth de Conde (1693-1775), widowed in 1727, Mme la Princesse de Conti Troisime/Dernire Douarire A good source on matters of etiquette and styles: Thdore and Denys Godefroy: Le Crmonial franois , Paris 1649: vol. 1 and vol. 2. Jean Rousset de Missy: Crmonial diplomatique des cours de l'Europe , Amsterdam 1739, 2 vols: vol. 1 (ceremonial of the leader French court) and vol.

2 (ceremonial of other courts; badly scanned by GoogleBooks) (vols. 4 and 5 of the Supplement to Jean Dumont: Corps universel diplomatique du droit des gens ) There is a famous poem by Jacques Prévert: So how did French kings go about naming their children? There is english persuasive, definitely a pattern to research paper, name-giving, which appears when the given names are lined up by order of birth in each generation, starting from Hugues Capet. In the following table, the eldest surviving son in each generation (and father of the next generation) is of a, indicated in italics. Each generation is indexed by the birth date of the first-born in that generation.

Initially, the Capetians used the traditional family names: Eudes (Odo), Hugues (Hugo), Robert (Rodbert), and avoided the traditional Carolingian names of Louis (Hlodowig) and Charles (Karl). Research Paper! But Henri I's first-born by Ann of Kiev was given the extremely unusual Greek name Philippe, alledegly because of Ann's admiration for the father of Alexander the Great. Philippe I himself gave Carolingian names Louis and Charles to his children. Essay! From then on to the end of the direct Capetian line, a tradition was established to alternate between Philippe and Louis: the first-born of a Philippe was christened Louis and paper, the second-born was christened Philippe; and vice-versa for the children of a Louis. By the 14th century, Charles was the using criticism usual name for the third born and Robert for leader, the fourth-born. Junior branches of the Valois also drew on the same stock of names, although adopting their own favorites (Antoine in Bourgogne, René in newspaper its future Anjou).

Here is the lines of Bourgogne, Anjou and Orléans, with the cadet lines indicated as well. When the Bourbons came to the throne, their nearest royal ancestor was 9 generations and 300 years away, which made them very distant cousins. Coincidentally, that royal ancestor was a saint, Saint Louis IX, which made him a natural namesake for research paper, the dynasty. Thereafter, first-borns were always christened Louis, the feast of Saint Louis (August 25) became the dynasty's holiday, churches were dedicated to Saint Louis (e.g. the Royal Chapel in Versailles), etc. Names of younger sons could reflect a variety of favorite place, influences. The name of Gaston, Henri IV's second-born, comes from the viscounts of Barn who numbered ten Gastons from the leader research 10th to the 15th century. Gaston IV de Foix, viscount of Barn, was Henri IV's great-great-grandfather. Essay Newspaper Its Future! Gaston is the same as Vedast or Waast, the name of a bishop of leader paper, Arras at the time of Clovis.

Gian Gastone de Medici (d. 1737) was Gaston's grandson. Philippe was the its future name of Anna of paper, Austria's father and also that of her second-born; likewise for Maria-Teresa of Austria. By then, Philippe was fast becoming a tradition for the second-born and would remain so until the 1750s. Curiously, the fondness of the Spanish princesses for the name Philippe (Felipe) stems from its use by the Spanish dynasty as a reminder of Charles V's Burgundian roots, to which he was very attached: but the tradition of Philippe in the Burgundian dynasty stems from the Capetians' own use of the name. In turn, with the accession of a French second-born to the throne of Spain in 1700, the name went back to Spain once more, and the present Prince of the Asturias bears that name. By the 1730s, the growing use of live essay help, compound names in leader research paper France allowed princes to english persuasive, have multiple namesakes: the paper first (usually Louis or Charles) for dynastic purposes, the essay using psychoanalytic criticism others to satisfy the in-laws (as with Joseph and August for the Saxon in-laws, or Stanislas for the Polish in-laws). The devotion to leader research paper, St. Francis Xavier among the place essay children of the Dauphin is striking.

The princes, or at leader, least the younger ones, signed with their full names: Louis Stanislas Xavier (future Louis XVIII), Charles Philippe (future Charles X), Louis Charles (future Louis XVII). When Louis XV died, his successor Louis Auguste was asked under which name he wished to reign ( Journal de l'abb de Vri ). The Bourbon-Artois dynasty did not reign long, but the name given to the first French prince born after the Restoration of 1814 is significant: Henri was probably going to criticism, displace Louis as the dynastic namesake, since Henri IV (the only paper popular king of the past few centuries) was replacing Saint Louis as mythical founding figure. Dieudonn (given by God) alludes to the miraculous posthumous birth of a male heir to the dynasty threatened by extinction in live essay help 1820. A good source for research, the customs of the French royal court are the memoirs or diaries of its participants. Two stand out, namely Dangeau (who was also master of ceremonies, hence particularly attuned to essay criticism, questions of etiquette and protocol) and Saint-Simon. Parts of their works are available online at leader research, Gallica. Dangeau's Journal , Didot edition (1854-60) (18 volumes + index volume) Gallica has volumes 1-3 and 5-13 in image mode, and volumes 1, 7, and 14 in text mode Saint-Simon, Chruel edition, Hachette 1873-93.

the complete run (volumes 1 to 20, with general index in volume 20) on Gallica Saint-Simon, Mmoires , Boislisle edition, Hachette 1879-1930, in 43 volumes, reprinted in 1975. Gallica does not have the complete set; the using psychoanalytic Boislisle edition is nevertheless useful for its supplements in leader paper each volume: vol. Newspaper Its Future! 1 (1691-93), vol. 2 (1694-95), vol. 3 (1696), vol. Leader Paper! 4 (1697), vol. Live Essay Help! 5 (1698), vol. 6 (1698-99), vol. 7 (1700), vol. 8 (1701), vol. Leader Research! 9 (1701), vol.

10 (1702), vol. 11 (1703), vol. 12 (1704-05), vol. 13 (1705), vol. Organization Of A Essay! 14 (1706-07), vol. 15 (1707-08), vol. 16 (1708), vol. Leader Research Paper! 17 (1709), vol. Of A Descriptive Essay! 18 (1709-10), vol. 19 (1710), vol. 20 (1710-11), vol.

21 (1711), vol. 22 (1711-12), vol. 23 (Feb 1712-13), vol. 24 (1713- Aug 1714), vol. 25 (1714), vol. 26 and paper, vol. Favorite Place Essay! 27 (1715) (vol. 28 is an index to the reign of Louis XIV published in 1918; the availability of the last volumes may be restricted by leader paper, copyright issues)

Additional Resources for research paper, Windows Server Update Services. Applies To: Windows Server Update Services. For more information and support, see the following resources. Microsoft communities are great places to english essay, exchange ideas with other users and discuss common issues. You can read and write messages by using an NNTP-based newsreader such as Microsoft Outlook Express.

You can also use the Web-based newsreader provided by Microsoft to access all of the newsgroups. To access the leader paper, WSUS Communities, go to the following: For high-level information about what's new and features of papers WSUS, see Microsoft Windows Server Update Services Overview at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=42213. The filename, directory name,or volume label syntax is incorrect. Leader Research Paper? A group marked use for deny only can not be enabled. The service did not respond to the start or control request in a timely fashion. Multiple connections to its future, a server or shared resource by the same user,using more than one user name, are not allowed. The workgroup or domain name is already in use by another computer on the network. The specified hardware profile configuration is invalid. The Windows Installer Service could not be accessed.

This can occur if you are running Windows in safe mode, or if the Microsoft Windows Installer is not correctly installed. Fatal error during installation. Another installation is already in progress. Complete that installation before proceeding with this install. There are no more endpoints available from the endpoint mapper. The byte count is leader paper too small. This share name or password is invalid.

No media in drive. A system shutdown has already been scheduled. No Service is operating at the destination network endpoint on the remote system. Logon failure: The target account name is incorrect. The specified node does not support a resource of this type.

This amy be due to essay, version inconsistancies or due to the absence of the leader research paper, resource DLL on this node. Cannot show or remove the window in the way specified. Overall operation completed but error occurred while processing one or more specified updates. The system needs to be rebooted to complete installtation. The update to be installed is already installed.

The update to essay, be uninstalled is already not installed. The update to be downloaded is already downloaded. Leader Paper? Service stopped. For whatever reason, WSUS agent cannot provide the service. Maximum capacity of the service is reached.

Object is not correctly initialized. Update handler attempted to request a byte range that overlapped a previously requested byte range. Update handler attempted to organization, request too many ranges (more than 2^31 - 1). An attempt was made to research paper, use an invalid index. A query was made for an item with a particular key and that key was not found.

The caller attempted to perform an operation on an interface while another operation was in progress. Essay Psychoanalytic Criticism? The caller attempted to cancel an operation that is not cancelable. Call has been cancelled. No operation is needed. The WSUS agent is attempting to parse an leader research, update's XML blob and has not found expected data. The WSUS agent is essay using criticism attempting to parse an update's XML blob and has encountered data that is invalid. Cycle detected in metadata. Too deep relationship found.

Relationship data wrong for an update. Registry value was read but is invalid. Attempt was made to add a duplicate item to a list. Attempt was made to install while another install is going on leader research or reboot is pending. Install is not needed because no updates are applicable. Operation failed due to missing user token. Attempt was made to place essay, install an exclusive update with other updates at the same time. Policy value is not set. Leader Paper? Self-update in progress. An update had invalid metadata.

Call was aborted due to service stop or system shut down. Essay Newspaper? No network connection is leader paper available to finish the live essay help, operation. Interactive user is leader research paper missing to finish the operation. Operation timed out. Operation failed on all specified updates. Essay? EULAs for all the leader research, updates are declined. There are no updates. Criticism? User access to Windows Update is prevented by Group Policy setting. Invalid type of research update. URL is too long.

Uninstall is essay using psychoanalytic not allowed due to leader research, non-managed environment. To Visit? A product with an invalid license was found on leader research paper the system. A component required for detecting applicable updates was missing. The WSUS server we are talking to is a Legacy SUS Server (SUS 1.0) A binary-delta update failed because the source was required. A full-file update failed because the source was required. Non-managed server access is disallowed. Call cancelled because of DisableWindowsUpdateAccess policy takes effect.

Invalid format for proxy list. File is not of the right format. Invalid criteria string. EULA download failure. Failed to download. INTERNAL ONLY: The update was not processed.

The operation is invalid for the object's current state. The invoked functionality is not supported. The Windows Installer version on the machine is less than what we expect (WSUS requires Windows Installer 3.0) Windows Installer is not configured. Windows Installer updating is disabled by policy. Unexpected MSP failure. Used as a base to map SOAP client errors.

Initialization failed; most likely an MSXML installation problem. SOAP client out of memory. SOAP client failed in generating the response. SOAP client failed connecting to server. SOAP client failed in sending message. Deprecated in favor of the more specific underlying WinHTTP errors, which will be returned when the client encounters an error communicating with the live essay help, server. SOAP server error. Fault was returned by the server. Failed in parsing SOAP. Failed in reading response.

Invalid namespace for the SOAP envelope. Child of header with mustUnderstand = 1 wasn't understood or obeyed/ The message was malformed or incomplete. The message was OK but server couldn't process at the moment. Paper? Same message may succeed at a later time. An unspecified error occurred using WMI/ The maximum allowed number of round trips to the server was exceeded. WSUS server policy value is missing in the registry. Object is initialized second time. Cannot determine computer name. Cannot determine computer LSID.

Server replied with InvalidCookie or ServerChanged. Caller should refresh its internal state then repeat the call to Protocol Talker. Http status 400 - invalid syntax. Http status 401 - access denied. Http status 404 - object not found. Http status 405 - method is not allowed. Organization Of A Descriptive? Http status 407 - proxy authentication required. Http status 408 - server timed out waiting for request. Http status 409 - user should resubmit with more info.

Http status 410 - the resource is no longer available. Http status 500 - internal server error. Http status 501 - required not supported. Leader Research? Http status 502 - error response received from gateway. Http status 503 - temporarily overloaded. English Persuasive? Http status 504 - timed out waiting for gateway. Http status 505 - HTTP version not supported. Server replied with FileLocationsChange. Client doesn't support registration with non-WSUS server. Server returned an empty AuthInfo list.

The client was unable to leader research paper, create any valid auth cookies. Favorite Essay? One of the leader paper, ConfigurationProperty values was wrong. One of the ConfigurationProperty values was missing. Http status other than 200, but not mapped above. Winhttp SendRequest/ReceiveResponse failed with 0x2ee7 error. Either the proxy server or target server name can not be resolved. Corresponding to ERROR_WINHTTP_NAME_NOT_RESOLVED. Essay Newspaper Its Future? Stop/Restart service or reboot the machine if you see this error frequently. During recovery Protocol Talker failed to download a wuredir.cab with a newer redirectorId from the server.

A redirector recovery action was specified, but the server is research managed. Unexpected protocol talker failure. Live Essay Help? The XML extracted from the wuredir.cab failed to load into the DOM. Research? An expected XML element node, map, attribute, value, etc. could not be found. Unexpected redirector failure. Driver was pruned. Persuasive? A property wasn't found. Depending on the context this may not be an error. For example, it is expected that legacy drivers will be missing properties we require. The registry type we read didn't match what was expected. The driver update didn't have a metadata blob.

The driver update metadata was missing a required attribute. A driver sync operation failed. No printer driver content following SyncApplicablePrinters. Unexpected driver utility failure. The call failed because the SUS agent is shutting down. The call failed because the data store is in use and the operation can only leader, be executed on an idle data store. The data store is in an invalid state. This can occur if we attempt to validate the using psychoanalytic criticism, database schema and find a mismatch between the current state and the state we expect.

The data store has a missing table. Research? The data store has a table whose columns are not what WSUS expects. The caller tried to format apa research, open a table that is not in the data store. The data store's version does not match what the leader research, client expects. The caller asked for data that is general format apa research papers not in the data store. The data store is in research an invalid state because data that should be present is missing. Live Essay Help? This error can occur if we encounter a column in a table that is NULL when it is not allowed to be NULL. The data store is in an invalid state because data that should be present is missing. This will occur if we try to fetch a linked row from another table and leader, the linked row does not exist.

This can happen with EULAs, files, and/or localized properties referenced by an update. The caller attempted to add an update that used an unknown update handler. Papers? The caller attempted to research paper, delete an update that is referenced by one or more services. The caller attempted to access an of a descriptive, update that is research paper still locked after the timeout has expired. General Format Apa Research Papers? The caller attempted to leader, add a non-top level category update that contained no parent categories. The caller attempted to add a row whose primary key matched an existing row. We attempted to initialize the data store, but it was locked by general apa research papers another process. The caller is attempting to register the data store with COM, but the store cannot be loaded into the current process. Could not create an out-of-proc data store object.

A file URL was passed in for a file that does not exist in research paper the data store. The server has passed the english persuasive, same update to the client with two different revision ids. The caller has requested some action on research a service that is not known to the data store. The caller has requested a service whose registration has expired. An update cannot be declined while it is essay psychoanalytic deployed with a deadline by 1 or more services or if it is a mandatory update. Leader? The caller attempted to close a table in a session it was not associated with. The caller attempted to remove the Windows Update Service without having another service configured that delivers updates to Windows. The attempted operation was not allowed. The schema of a table in a backup XML file cannot be reconciled with the current store schema.

The data store required a reset and either the state of the current session was too complex to retry (it is in a caller-initiated transaction or a caller acquired a section lock) or the reset failed. In either case, the only option is to release the session and try again with a newly acquired session. Once a session returns this error, it will always return this error. The data store cannot be called while impersonating. Unexpected data store failure. AU was unable to essay using, service incoming AU calls. The legacy AU client stopped because the WSUS server has been upgraded. The legacy AU client stopped because it was disabled. AU was unable to service incoming AU calls because it was paused. Unexpected Automatic Updates failure. The caller requested a remote object, but no remote process is leader available.

The caller requested a remote object, but the specified handler is local only. The caller requested an unknown handler object. The caller requested an unknown handler object. The update does not support the current action (install or uninstall). Format? The caller tried to research paper, use the newspaper its future, wrong handler for an action. The caller passed an update with invalid metadata to the handler. The installer took too long and was terminated.

The install was canceled via a handler method (as opposed to, for example, an installer running with UI that was cancelled externally to WSUS). The XML contained in paper the handler specific data for the update is using criticism invalid. The update may require user input so can not be installed in leader research this context. Essay? At least one update passed to the handler failed to leader research, install. Handler should fall back to self-contained from of a, delta. The installer requires more data to be downloaded. The attempted operation was not allowed. Unexpected update handler failure. The requested file does not have an URL. The file digest did not match the expected value.

The file metadata requested an unknown hash algorithm. A download request from a download handler is required. Network connection was not available. The version of BITS installed on the machine is not compatible. The update has not been downloaded. Failed to create the IBackgroundCopyManager interface to BITS.

The BITS service may have been disabled. Leader? A BITS transfer error occurred, but the exact error could not be retrieved. Unexpected download manager failure. Setup failed due to invalid data in the INF file. Setup failed due to invalid data in the wuident file. Setup failed due to multiple initialization.

Setup has not been initialized correctly. Setup failed as the version specified in essay the INF file doesn't match the source binary version. Leader Research? Setup failed as the target version on the system is higher than source binary version. Unexpected setup failure. Of A Descriptive Essay? An expression handler was passed an expression that it doesn't know about. An expression handler was passed an expression that is leader research paper bad. An expression handler was passed an expression that requires an applicability. Newspaper? metadata blob, but did not receive one or received too many. Invalid version of the serialized expression data.

The Expression Evaluator has not been initialized correctly. An invalid attribute data was passed to leader research, an expression evaluator. Unexpected expression evaluator failure. Essay Psychoanalytic? Unexpected UI [AU Client] failure. Event cache file was corrupt/malformed. Event namespace descriptor XML could not be parsed. Event was reported with invalid/ malformed data. Event was rejected by server because server was too busy. Unexpected reporter failure. Some network problem.

Server/proxy not reachable. We have also seen this with MS Proxy 2.0 (BITS 1.5 and below) and SunOne 3.6 proxy (BITS 2.0) because these proxies don't support HTTP 1.1 very well. Leader Research? In almost all cases user has probably disabled BITS service incorrectly thinking that it would improve the computer perfomance. The URL is essay newspaper its future not found on the server. May be an issue with server cluster. This error could occur if the installation is initiated with Run As command or from a Terminal services session (only on paper win2k). The server/proxy is unreachable.

Probably because of the english persuasive, incorrect IE proxy settings of the user. If the user is able to download the URL via IE and cannot download through BITS then it is definitely a BITS problem. If the user has set autoproxy detection wpad should resolve to the machine that has the autoproxy script. The web server is leader not running or the web server is running on a different port or the proxy is place essay unreachable probably because of leader incorrect IE proxy settings of the user. Criticism? If the user is able to download the URL via IE and cannot download through BITS then it is definitely a BITS problem. Research? If the user has set autoproxy detection wpad should resolve to the machine that has the autoproxy script. One of the services BITS depends on could not be started. BITS depends on Rpcss on all Oses. Live Essay Help? BITS depends on SENS and leader paper, WMI on win2k. If SENS is disabled BITS cannot start. BITS 1.0 and 1.2 incorrectly depend on lanmanworkstation.

The server is overloaded. BITS will retry automatically. The proxy doesn't support HTTP range requests. Or the URL is a dynamic URL. BITS supports only static URLs. Network is disconnected. Some network problem or the essay newspaper its future, server/proxy reset the socket connection.

One of the services BITS depends on could not started. BITS depends on Rpcss on research paper all Oses. Live Essay Help? BITS depends on SENS and WMI on win2k. If SENS is research paper disabled BITS cannot start. BITS 1.0 and 1.2 incorrectly depend on lanmanworkstation. English Persuasive Essay? BITS service could not be started. BITS service is deleted. The proxy requires credentials to leader research, authenticate the user but the credentials are not supplied. BITS 1.2 and below supported only implicit credentials (NTLM authentication) BITS failed to papers, create/write to research paper, a file.

BITS interfaces are unregistered or the registry settings are messed up. Something wrong with server. BITS interfaces are unregistered or the registry settings are invalid. The proxy doesn't support HTTP 1.1 correctly. The user has messed up with service groups and removed BITS from the netsvcs service group. Unable to reach the general apa research papers, server. The machine is not able to research paper, resolve the proxy/server. WSANO_DATA means that the name-resolution component recognizes the hostname, but has no IP addresses associated with it. Live Essay Help? An example is leader when the network is disconnected after a successful lookup, and the now-unreachable IP address is trimmed from the DNS cache. The proxy doesn't support HTTP 1.1 correctly.

Or the URL is a dynamic URL. BITS supports only static URLs. If we see this error when BITS service is of a descriptive started or if there is an paper, entry in the eventlog that says that BITS service could not be started because of this error code then it means that system-wide proxy settings configured using the essay newspaper its future, proxycfg.exe tool are corrupted. 2. BITS 1.5 and below returned this error code when invalid proxy information is leader supplied. BITS 2.0 returns a more informative BG_E_INVALID_PROXY_INFO error. Any other API when called with incorrect parameters could give this error. 1. Ensure the APIs are correctly called and the proxy information is correctly supplied. Upgrade to organization essay, BITS 2.0. The disk is full. The download URL is invalid.

Proxy doesn't support HTTP 1.1 or more specifically rejects HTTP HEAD requests. Service is taking a lot of time to start. We have seen this in service stress conditions. Some other program like chkdsk is currently running which locked the disk and so BITS is not able to write to the disk. Probably the leader research, BITS service is stopped while the app is trying to access it. Machine not able to resolve proxy/server. We have also seen this problem on Windows XP RTM (BITS 1.0) with a modem connection in the lab. This error could occur if the english persuasive essay, proxy server is not resolvable without the fully qualified domain suffix. This problem has been fixed in BITS 1.2 and above.

Proxy incorrectly expecting content-length in the HTTP requests. The service is not supported in the safe boot mode. SCM is under stress. Research? Probably BITS service is stopped. SCM is under stress. Internal winhttp error. Internal winhttp error. Internal winhttp error. Winhttp received some error while communicating with proxy/server. Or the proxy server doesn’t support HTTP 1.1 correctly. We have seen this with MS proxy 2.0.

INVALID_. SERVER_RESPONSE indicates a syntax error in the response headers, which could be caused by a flaky proxy, data corruption along the way, or the connection being broken by a graceful close. You should only see this error in the Windows Server 2008 builds. It was included in some Windows XP SP2 builds by mistake and later removed. Instead you should see one of the organization, WINHTTP connection errors.

Anyway the reason is that the proxy/server is paper not reachable.

Deafness and leader research paper hearing loss: Causes, symptoms, and treatments. Hearing aids may be worn by english, people with hearing impairment or partial deafness. Symptoms may be mild, moderate, severe, or profound. A patient with mild hearing impairment may have problems understanding speech, especially if there is a lot of noise around, while those with moderate deafness may need a hearing aid. Some people are severely deaf and depend on lip-reading when communicating with others. People who are profoundly deaf can hear nothing at leader research, all. In order to communicate spontaneously and english rapidly with people, they are totally reliant on research paper lip-reading and/or sign language. People who are born deaf find lip-reading much harder to learn compared with those who became hearing impaired after they had learned to newspaper its future communicate orally (with sounds). Some diseases or circumstances that can cause deafness include:

Chicken pox. Cytomegalovirus. Mumps. Research Paper! Meningitis. Sickle cell disease. AIDS - offspring of mothers who had AIDS during pregnancy have a much higher risk of being deaf by the age of 16 years. Syphilis. Essay! Lyme disease. Diabetes - studies have shown that people with diabetes are more likely to have some kind of hearing loss. Tuberculosis (TB), experts believe that the medication, streptomycin, used to leader research treat TB may be the key risk factor.

Hypothyroidism - and live essay help underactive thyroid gland. Arthritis. Some cancers. Second-hand smoke exposure can increase hearing loss risk in teenagers. Many people globally have untreated hearing loss. It is estimated that 23 million Americans live with untreated impaired hearing. The difference between hearing loss and deafness. Hearing loss refers to a diminished ability to hear sounds like other people do.

Deafness refers to the inability to understand speech through hearing even when sound is amplified. Profound deafness means the paper person cannot hear anything at all; they are unable to detect sound, even at the highest volume possible. Degree of general hearing impairment - a person's severity of hearing impairment is categorized by how much louder than usual levels sound volumes need to paper be set at using psychoanalytic, before they can detect a sound. Degree of paper deafness - any degree of general papers deafness means the person cannot understand speech through hearing at any level of amplification. If a person is profoundly deaf, they cannot detect sounds at any volume.

Some people define profoundly deaf and totally deaf in the same way, while others say totally deaf is the end of the hearing spectrum. Sound waves enter the ear, go down the ear canal (auditory), and hit the leader research eardrum, which vibrates. Of A! The vibrations from the leader eardrum pass to the three ossicles - bones called the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes - in the middle ear. These ossicles amplify the vibrations, which are then picked up by english, small hair-like cells in the cochlea; they move as the vibrations hit them, the movement data is sent through the auditory nerve to the brain. Paper! The brain processes the data, which we interpret as sound. There are three different types of hearing loss: This means that the english persuasive essay vibrations are not passing through from the outer ear to the inner ear, specifically the cochlea. It can be due to an excessive build-up of earwax, glue ear, an ear infection with inflammation and leader paper fluid buildup, a perforated eardrum, or a malfunction of the essay newspaper its future ossicles (bones in the middle ear). Leader Research Paper! Also, the to visit essay eardrum may be defective.

Ear infections can leave scar tissue, which damages the leader research paper functioning of the ear drum. The ossicles may be impaired due to essay psychoanalytic criticism infection, trauma, or their fusing together (ankylosis). Hearing loss is caused by dysfunction of the inner ear, the cochlea, auditory nerve, or brain damage. Usually, this kind of leader paper hearing loss is due to damage of the hair cells in the cochlea. As humans get older, the hair cells lose some of essay its future their function, and research our hearing gets worse. Using! In Western Europe and North America, it is estimated that over half of paper all people over essay 70 have hearing impairment caused by degenerated hair cells in the cochlea. Long-term exposure to loud noises, especially high-frequency sounds, is leader paper, another common reason for hair cell damage. Damaged hair cells cannot be replaced. Currently, research is favorite to visit, looking into using stem cells to research paper grow new ones.

Sensorineural total deafness may be due to birth defects, inner ear infections, or head trauma. If the english essay eardrum and middle ear are functioning properly, patients may benefit from a cochlear implant - a thin electrode is inserted into leader, the cochlea, it stimulates electricity through a tiny microprocessor that is placed behind the ear, under the skin. This is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Long-term ear infections can damage both the eardrum and the ossicles. Live Essay Help! Sometimes, surgical intervention may restore hearing, but it does not always work. Prelingual deafness is when a person is unable to hear properly before learning how to speak. Prelingual deafness refers to leader the inability to hear properly, or at all before the patient learned how to utter or understand speech. In such cases, the individual was born with a congenital condition or lost their hearing very early in life, during infancy. People with prelingual deafness have never acquired speech with sound.

In the essay psychoanalytic criticism majority of cases, people with prelingual deafness have hearing parents and siblings and were born into research paper, families who did not know sign language. Consequently, they also tend to have slow language development. The very few who were born into english essay, signing families tend not to have delays in language development. If cochlear implants are placed in prelingual deaf children before they are 4 years old, they will usually acquire oral language successfully. Oral language and leader research the ability to use social cues are very closely interrelated. That is why children with hearing loss, especially those with severe symptoms, may not only experience delayed language development, but their social development will take longer too. Consequently, prelingual deaf children can become socially isolated, unless they attend a school with other prelingual deaf children that has a well run special needs department. Children who identify with a Deaf sub-culture, or those who learned how to use sign language, may not feel isolated. However, some kids may feel isolated if their parents have not learned sign language.

A prelingual deaf child whose parents and essay its future other family members encourage them to the learn social skills acquired and used by hearing children are less likely to experience social isolation. There are cases of profoundly deaf children who find themselves in leader research paper, no-man's land. Its Future! They are on the outer fringes of their hearing peers' social circles, while at the same time are not fully accepted by totally deaf peers because they are not fluent in sign language. Most people with some kind of hearing loss have post-lingual deafness. They had acquired spoken language before their hearing was diminished. Losing their sense of hearing may have been caused by a medication side effect, trauma, infection, or a disease.

In most cases, people lose their hearing gradually; household members, friends, and teachers may have noticed something was wrong before they themselves acknowledged the disability. Depending on the severity of hearing loss, the individual may have had to research use hearing aids, had a cochlear implant inserted, or learned how to essay lip-read. People who experience hearing loss face different challenges, depending on leader paper when it occurs and how long it takes to develop. They have to become familiar with new equipment, perhaps undergo surgery, learn sign language and lip reading, and use various communication devices. A feeling of isolation is a common problem, which can sometimes lead to live essay help depression and loneliness; add to that the process of coming to terms with a disability. It is also a challenge for household members, loved ones, and leader research close friends, who have to live essay help adapt to the person's hearing loss. Miscommunication can place a strain on relationships, a strain not only for the person with the leader hearing impairment, but also people around them. If the hearing loss is gradual and has not yet been diagnosed, family members may mistakenly believe that the patient is essay newspaper, becoming more distant. What is unilateral and leader research paper bilateral deafness? Unilateral deafness (single-sided deafness or SDD) refers to place essay just one ear, while bilateral means a hearing impairment in leader paper, both.

People with unilateral hearing impairment may find it hard to carry on a conversation if the other person is on essay criticism their deaf side. Pinpointing where a sound is leader, coming from may be more difficult, compared with those who can hear well with both ears. Understanding what others are saying when there is a lot of noise about may be hard. When there is no background noise, or very little, a person with unilateral deafness has virtually the same aural communicative abilities as somebody with normal hearing in both ears. Babies born with unilateral deafness tend to have speech developmental delays.

They may find it harder to concentrate when they go to school. Organization Essay! Social activities may be more challenging than it is for leader research paper, children with no hearing problems. A symptom is something only the patient can feel and describe to a doctor, nurse or somebody else, such as a pain, dizziness, ringing in the ears, or fatigue. Criticism! A sign is something that somebody else might detect on the patient, examples include a rash, swelling, bleeding, or bruising. The symptoms associated with hearing impairment depend on leader research its cause; some people are born without being able to hear, others suddenly become deaf due to an accident or illness. A build-up of earwax can cause sudden hearing loss. We all lose a certain amount of hearing during late-middle and old age.

In most cases, deafness symptoms progress gradually over essay using psychoanalytic criticism time. Some conditions may have hearing loss as one of a number of research symptoms, such as tinnitus or stroke. The following signs may indicate a hearing problem (but not always): Before the age of 4 months, the favorite place baby does not turn their head toward a noise. By the leader age of 12 months, the baby still does not utter a single word. The baby does not appear to be startled by a loud noise.

The baby responds to you when they can see you, but much less so (or not at all) when you are out of sight and english persuasive call out leader research their name. The baby seems to be aware of some sounds only. Hearing impairment in toddlers and children. The following signs may indicate a hearing problem (but not always): The child is behind the others of their age in oral communication. The child keeps saying What? or Pardon? The child talks in a very loud voice, and tends to produce louder-than-normal noises.

When the child speaks, their utterances are not clear. There are four levels of general apa research deafness (possibly 5 in some countries), they are: Mild deafness or mild hearing impairment - the patient can only detect sounds between 25-29 decibels (dB). Research! They may find it hard to understand everything other people are saying, especially if there is a lot of background noise. Moderate deafness or moderate hearing impairment - the patient can only detect sounds between 40-69dB. Following a conversation just from essay using, hearing is research paper, very difficult without using a hearing aid. Severe deafness - the person only english persuasive essay hears sounds above 70-89dB. Leader Research Paper! A severely deaf person must either lip-read or use sign language in order to communicate, even if they have a hearing aid.

Profound deafness - anybody who cannot hear a sound below 90dB is profoundly deaf; some profoundly deaf people cannot hear anything at all, at any level of decibels. Communication is done with sign language and/or lip-reading. Obviously, if the hearing impaired deaf person can read and write, they may also communicate by favorite, reading and research paper writing. Patients who suspect something is wrong with their hearing will initially go and see their doctor. The doctor will talk to essay criticism the patient and ask several questions regarding the symptoms, including when they started, whether or not they have got worse, and research paper whether there is any pain. The doctor will look into the patient's ear using an otoscope (auriscope); an instrument with a light at the end.

The following may be detected during the examination: A blockage caused by a foreign object. A collapsed ear drum. An accumulation of earwax. To Visit! An infection in leader research, the ear canal. An infection in the middle ear (if the ear drum bulges). General Apa Research Papers! Cholesteatoma - skin growth behind the eardrum, in paper, the middle ear. Fluid in the ear canal. There is a hole in the ear drum (perforated ear drum). Doctors will ask questions regarding the patients hearing, these might include:

Do you often find yourself asking people to repeat what they said? Do you find it hard to understand people on the telephone? Do you miss the door bell when it rings? If so, does this happen frequently? When you chat to general people face-to-face, do you have to research paper focus carefully? Has anybody ever mentioned to you that you might have a problem with your hearing? Do you find more people mumble today than they used to?

When you hear a sound, do you often find it hard to live essay help determine where it is coming from? When several people are talking, do you find it hard to understand what one of them is telling you? Are you often told that the television, radio, or any sound-producing device is too loud? Do you find the speech of men easier to understand than women's or children's? Are you in a noisy environment for a good proportion of each day? Have you often found yourself misunderstanding what other people say to research you? Do you hear rushing, hissing, or ringing sounds? Do you avoid group conversations? Anybody who answers yes to essay most of the above questions should see their doctor and paper have their hearing checked.

An audiometer or hearing test may be used to essay help diagnose hearing impairments or deafness. A doctor may ask the patient to cover one ear and describe how well they hear words uttered at different volumes, as well as checking sensitivity to other sounds. If the doctor suspects the leader patient has a hearing problem, they will probably be referred to a specialist, either an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist (otolaryngologist) or an audiologist. Further tests will be carried out, including: A tuning fork test - also known as the Rinne test. This test may have been done by favorite place to visit essay, the doctor. A tuning fork is a metal instrument with two prongs that produces a sound when it is struck.

Simple tuning fork tests may help the doctor detect whether there is any hearing loss, and where the problem is. A tuning fork is vibrated (512 Hz) and placed against the mastoid bone (behind the ear). Paper! The patient is asked to indicate when they no longer hear any sound. Live Essay Help! The fork, which is leader, still vibrating, is then place 1-2 centimeters from the auditory canal; the live essay help patient is leader research, asked whether they can hear the essay using psychoanalytic fork. Leader! As air conduction is favorite place, greater than bone conduction, the patient should say yes. If they say no at this point, it means that their bone conduction is superior to their air conduction, meaning there is research paper, a problem with sound waves getting to format papers the cochlea via the ear canal. Audiometer tests - the patient wears earphones, sounds are directed into one ear at a time.

A range of sounds at leader research paper, various tones are presented to english essay the patient who has to signal each time a sound is heard. Each tone is presented at leader research paper, various volumes so that the essay audiologist can determine at leader research, which point the sound at live essay help, that tone is no longer detected. The same is done with words, the audiologist presents words at various tones and decibel levels. Bone oscillator test - used to find out how well vibrations are passed through the ossicles, the three bones in the inner ear. A bone oscillator is placed against the mastoid. Leader Research! The aim is to see how well the auditory nerve is working. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children have their hearing tests when they start school, then at 6, 8, and 10 years of essay using criticism age, at leader paper, least once when they are in middle school and favorite place essay once during high school.

The otoacoustic emissions (OAE) test involves inserting a small probe into the outer ear; it is usually done while the baby is asleep. The probe emits sounds and checks for leader research paper, echo sounds bouncing back from the ear (otoacoustic emission). If there is no echo, the baby might not necessarily have a hearing problem, but doctors will need to carry out live essay help further tests to make sure and to find out why. Treatments for paper, people with a hearing impairment. There is help for patients with all types of essay psychoanalytic hearing loss. Treatment depends on why the deafness exists and how severe it is.

Sensorineural hearing loss is leader research, incurable. When the hair cells in the cochlea are damaged, they cannot be repaired. However, various treatments and general strategies can help improve the patient's quality of life. These are devices that help in leader research paper, hearing. There are several types of of a descriptive hearing aids; they come in a range of sizes, circuitries, and research paper levels of power. Favorite Essay! They do not cure deafness, but amplify the sound that enters the ear so that the listener can hear things more clearly.

Hearing aids consist of a battery, loudspeaker, amplifier, and microphone. Leader! Today, they are very small, discreet, and can be fitted inside the newspaper ear. Many of the paper modern versions can distinguish background noise from foreground sounds, such as speech. For a person with profound deafness, a hearing aid is not suitable. The audiologist takes an impression of the patient's ear to essay criticism make sure the device fits well.

It will be adjusted to the patient's auditory requirements. Examples of hearing aids: Behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids - these consist of a dome (earmold) and a case, with a connection from one to the other. The case is behind the pinna (outer ear, the part that sticks out); the connection to the dome comes down the front of the ear. The sound from the leader paper device is routed to the ear either electrically or acoustically. BTE hearing aids tend to last longer than other devices because the electrical components are located outside the ear (less moisture and earwax damage). Essay Criticism! These devices are more popular with children who need a sturdy and easy-to-use device.

In-the-canal (ITC) hearing aids - these fill the outer part of the ear canal and can be seen, but only just. Soft ear inserts, usually made of silicone, are used to leader research position the general format papers loudspeaker inside the ear. These devices fit most patients straight away, and have better sound quality. Completely-in-the canal (CIC) hearing aids - these are tiny devices, but are not recommended for people with severe hearing loss. Bone conduction hearing aids - for patients with conductive hearing loss, as well as those unable to wear conventional type hearing aids. The vibrating part of the device is paper, held against the mastoid with a headband. The vibrations go through the essay criticism mastoid bone, to the cochlea. These devices can be painful or uncomfortable if worn for too long. Inserted to help patients whose hearing impairment is leader research, caused by hair cell damage in the cochlea.

The implants usually help most people understand speech better. The latest cochlear implants have new technology which helps patients enjoy music, understand speech better even with background noise, and use their processors while they are swimming. According to the National Institutes of Health, as of December 2012, there were about 58,000 adults and 38,000 children with cochlear implants in America. The World Health Organization says approximately 219,000 people globally are recipients, most of them in of a descriptive, industrial countries. A cochlear implant consists of: A microphone that gathers sound from the environment (maybe more than one).

A speech processor that prioritizes sounds that matter more to the patient, such as speech. The electrical sound signals are split into channels and sent through a very thin wire to the transmitter. Leader Research Paper! A transmitter. This is a coil that is secured with a magnet. Format Apa Research! It is located behind the outer ear. It transmits the processed sound signals to the internal implanted device.

A surgeon secures a receiver and stimulator in the bone beneath the skin. Leader Paper! The signals are converted into electric impulses and sent through internal wires to the electrodes. Essay! Up to 22 electrodes are wound through the cochlea. The impulses are sent to the nerves in the scala tympani (the lower passages of the research paper cochlea), and then directly to the brain. The number of electrodes depends on live essay help which company makes the implant. Children will usually have cochlear implants in both ears, while adults tend to have one in just one ear.

Some people with hearing impairment may have speech problems, as well as difficulties in understanding what other people say. A high percentage of people with hearing impairment can learn other ways of communicating. Leader! Lip reading and sign language can replace or complement oral communication. Also known as speechreading, lip reading is a method for understanding spoken language by watching the speaker's lip, facial and tongue movements, as well as extrapolating from the data provided by the context and any residual hearing the patient might have. People who became hearing impaired after they learned to speak can pick up lip reading rapidly; this is not the case for those who are born hearing-impaired. This is a language that uses signs made with the hands, facial expressions, and body postures, but no sounds - it is used mainly by those who are deaf. There are several different types of sign languages. British Sign Language (BSL) is very different from format apa research papers, American Sign Language (ASL). For instance, BSL uses a two-handed alphabet, whereas American sign language uses a one-handed alphabet. Some countries use the sign language introduced by leader research paper, missionaries from faraway - Norwegian sign language is used in Madagascar. Sign language is completely different from the spoken form, word order (syntax) and grammar in BSL is not the same as it is in spoken English.

ASL is more grammatically similar to spoken Japanese than spoken English. Can hearing impairment be prevented? There is nothing we can do to prevent congenital deafness (when you are born with the newspaper condition), or hearing impairments due to illnesses or accidents. However, some measures can be taken to reduce the risk of losing some of your sense of hearing. The structures in our ears can be damaged in several different ways.

Long term exposure to very loud noise - above 85dB can eventually cause hearing loss. A typical lawn mower emits about 85dB. The following measures may help protect your hearing: TV, radio, music players, and research toys - do not set the volume too high. Children especially are very sensitive to the damaging effects of loud music.

Researchers found that noisy toys put children's hearing at risk. Format Apa Research Papers! Headphones - focus on isolating what you want to hear; block out all outside noise as much as possible, instead of drowning it out with high volume. The workplace - if you work in a noisy environment, wear earplugs or ear muffs. Even in discos, nightclubs, and pubs - earplugs are discreet and leader hardly noticeable. Leisure venues - if you go to pop concerts, motor racing, drag racing, and other noisy events, wear earplugs. Cotton swabs - do not prod them into your or your children's ears. Live Essay Help! The same applies for cotton or tissues. Article last updated by Tim Newman on Fri 1 September 2017. Adeyemo, A. A., Oluwatosin, O., Omotade, O. O. Leader Research Paper! (2016, June 17). English Persuasive Essay! Study of leader research streptomycin-induced ototoxicity: protocol for a longitudinal study.

SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1-9. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4912548/ Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report: Nordqvist, Christian. Deafness and hearing loss: Causes, symptoms, and treatments.

Medical News Today . MediLexicon, Intl., 1 Sep. 2017. Web. 3 Oct. 2017. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/249285.php Nordqvist, C. Essay Newspaper Its Future! (2017, September 1). Deafness and hearing loss: Causes, symptoms, and treatments. Medical News Today . Retrieved from. Please note: If no author information is leader research, provided, the source is cited instead. I have lost all hearing in one ear.

I am hoping you can direct me to someone who is doing stem cell work for hearing loss before I lose all hearing in the second ear. Serious thanks. PWS. my hearing loss since 2 year, after the attack of typhoid. My son sufferred ssnhl two years back, he is regularly using hearing aid but last 6 months his eyesight is also deteriorating. Is it linked? If so whats the of a descriptive essay cure? He is leader paper, just 7 years old. ok i think that deafness is a person who born with it, and hearing loss is organization of a essay, someone who lost his hearing during old age. I'm at university studying for my degree in leader research paper, Adult Nursing.

I was set an assessment on Communication in the Diverse World, where I decided I would focus on hearing impairments. Newspaper Its Future! I found this website excellent! it answered all the leader research paper questions I needed in detail whilst allowing me to obtain a better understanding. General Papers! Thank you very much :) I read this with much interest, as I am now 50, and have really poor hearing, caused through childhood diseases. I answered yes to practically every question asked, and leader research paper I wear a BTE hearing aid because my ear canals are too narrow for ITE aids. I still have problems with telephones and wondered what I could do to conquer this. English Persuasive! Thank you for a very informative article.

Not opinion, but fact. Been researching this topic for 2 years now as my child lost her hearing after 2 years old - no known causes. Research Paper! Paid privately to have her assessed and every test was done - heart, blood, urine, eye, gene, all hearing loss known genes, mri scan etc. Live Essay Help! Everything came back negative. So my theory is that - 1 she could have taken someone orally that is toxic, 2 - The MMR job caused it as there has been cases where it is rogue and cause hearing loss, autism etc. Paper! 3 - a mutation of a unknown gene.

Can someone bring me up to date on the research dealing with hair cell regeneration that would regain better hearing and understanding? Also, are their imaging techniques that can determine the status of hair cells -- e.g. when being repaired? Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. 2004-2017 All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media.

Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional.

John O#039;Hara O#039;Hara, John (Vol. 2) - Essay. An American award-winning novelist and research paper, short story writer, O'Hara chronicled the people of Gibbsville, a Pennsylvania town modeled on essay newspaper, his own home town. His works include Appointment in Samarra, Pal Joey , and Elizabeth Appleton . (See also Contemporary Authors , Vols. 5-8, rev. ed.; obituary, Vols.

25-28.) Mr. O'Hara, for paper, all his faults, is a reliable witness to our self-regard, boredom, and terror of not being. Essay Newspaper Its Future? Nor is he without literary virtues. For one thing, he possesses that rare thing, the narrative gift. For another, he has complete integrity. What he says he sees, he sees. Though his concern with sex used to trouble many of the leader research Good Gray Geese of the press, it is favorite place, a legitimate concern.

Also, his treatment of sexual matters is paper, seldom irrelevant, though touchingly old-fashioned by today's standards, proving once again how dangerous it is for general apa research, a writer to research rely too heavily on criticism, contemporary sexual mores for his effects…. But despite Mr. Research? O'Hara's passionate desire to show things as they are, he is necessarily limited by the things he must look at. Lacking a moral imagination and not interested in the exercise of mind or in the exploration of what really goes on apa research papers, beneath that Harris tweed suit from J. Press, he is doomed to go on leader, being a writer of gossip who is read with the essay using same mechanical attention any newspaper column of familiar or near-familiar names and research, places is apt to evoke. His work, finally, cannot be taken seriously as literature, but as an unconscious record of the superstitions and assumptions of his time, his writing is live essay help, pertinent in Santayana's sense, and even true. Gore Vidal, John O'Hara's Old Novels (1964), in his Reflections Upon a Sinking Ship (copyright © 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 by Gore Vidal; reprinted by permission of Little, Brown and Co.), Little, Brown, 1969 . To put the leader matter in the simplest possible terms, the middlebrows like O'Hara because his books remind them of the life they imagine themselves to newspaper its future be leading. Hence, he is a perfect antidote to those other writers who keep reminding them either of the life they actually are leading, or of leader paper a life they can imagine nobody leading…. On the surface O'Hara's favorite locale, Gibbsville, Pennsylvania, is an American Dream community straight out of Nostalgia by way of The Saturday Evening Post . It is everybody's Our Town raised to a higher income bracket and persuasive, gone sophisticated, a good, solid, red-blooded, church-going sort of place where the research paper people seem both prosperous and persuasive, nice, and research paper, the best families have been best friends of the favorite to visit best families for generations.

There appear to be no Jews, Negroes, or homosexuals in research, Gibbsville, but if there are any, they would certainly be tolerated, although just as certainly not admitted to general format the clubs or invited to the parties. Gibbsville is, in fact, just about the only fictional community in research paper, current American literature where the middlebrow reader can escape the prevailing obsession with minority groups and perverts, and be sure that, if deviations from right conduct do occur, they will at least occur among the right sort of people. That, at any rate, is the assurance that O'Hara seems to provide. Its Future? That is the sop he tosses to middlebrow snobbery and moral hypocrisy, and, as it turns out, it is absolutely vital to the success of his appeal to leader paper the middlebrow mind…. To put the matter with typical O'Haraish directness, whatever else his characters may piously appear to be doing with their time, what they are actually doing is sleeping or trying to sleep with everybody else's wife or daughter or sister or mistress or mother. Organization Of A? The pursuit of the Good Life, when reduced, as O'Hara persistently reduces it, to its symbiotic essence, becomes the pursuit of the Good Lay. Our Town is magically transformed—one might almost say, overnight—into the Kinsey Report; The Saturday Evening Post image fades into something with green covers out of leader Olympia Press; and bed emerges at essay using criticism last as the natural social habitat of the solid citizens of Gibbsville, a kind of fornicatory home-away-from-home where everybody sooner or later gets acquainted and settles down to the enjoyment of real togetherness.

John W. Aldridge, The Pious Pornography of John O'Hara (1964), in his Time to Murder and Create: The Contemporary Novel in Crisis, McKay, 1966, pp. 24-9 . O'Hara's career really divided itself into several compartments, several achievements, several disappointments. Even the paper most churlish of his detractors—which is to say most of the essay using contemporary literary Mafia usually paid glad tribute to leader the marvelous pace and thrust of O'Hara's first novel, Appointment in Samarra, and of scores of the best of his short stories, including those about the unkillable Pal Joey. Place To Visit? The same critics, however, were generally bored and leader, exasperated by the huge, sweeping, time-spanning social panoramas—From the Terrace, A Rage to Live, Ourselves to Know—that O'Hara secretly cherished above all his works. Similarly, O'Hara was a hugely successful author, dominating the psychoanalytic best-seller lists for more than three decades and earning about research $100,000 a year for the last two decades of his life, yet he felt cheated by the absolute dismissal of his strangely bloodless plays and by his failure to favorite place essay win any of the major literary prizes except the National Book Award (for Ten North Frederick)….

O'Hara was no seer, but he saw. A suspicious and observant man with a fetishistic eye for social and leader research paper, verbal detail, he had what he once described as sometimes special knowledge of certain arenas of American life in the '20s, '30s and favorite place to visit, '40s—Hollywood in its heyday, for example, and New York speakeasies and Philadelphia boardrooms, and leader, above all the tight, gossipy, pretentious Pennsylvania towns that he made into microcosms of America. He was a calm and precise observer of the lives of the very rich, and some of his insights came like little epiphanies. In middle-class marriages, for example, wives have traditionally been expected to using psychoanalytic display a strict fidelity or pay a massive price. Among the very rich, as O'Hara noted, it works differently. The men are disinclined to break up their capital in expensive divorce settlements, and wives are generally permitted all but the paper most flagrant indiscretions…. [He] wrote—one after another of the essay huge social histories setting forth his sometimes special knowledge of the Eastern U.S. in the aftermath of World War I. The details remained as flawless as ever (he checked them in old newspapers, playbills, catalogues and timetables) and a few of the big novels, especially From the Terrace, achieved a kind of long-viewed, fatalistic force that the much sharper-edged short stories had never hinted at. O'Hara died on no crest of paper achievement—his recent novels seemed hasty and mechanical, and his stabs at contemporaneity were uninformed and ludicrous—but taken all in all he was our best literary re-creator of things past since Edith Wharton, and essay, a lot more fun to read. Richard Boeth, Appointment in Samarra, in Newsweek (copyright Newsweek, Inc. 1970; reprinted by permission), April 20, 1970, p. 129 . It is my personal opinion that John O'Hara in his lifetime was the most generally unappreciated author in American literary history. I think he belongs right on top, along with such contemporaries as William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald.

John O'Hara personally revered these three authors. He also had a special regard for John Steinbeck, Wolcott Gibbs, and Frank Sullivan—another proof of his impeccable literary taste. Critics denied him proper recognition—not because they underrated his talent, but because of his thorny black-Irish belligerence, sometimes a put-on by John just to fool the customers. Paper? Underneath that grouchy exterior was a man of rare understanding and essay, loyalty. Bennett Cerf, in Publishers' Weekly (reprinted from June 22, 1970, issue of Publishers Weekly, published by leader research paper R.R. Bowker Company, a Xerox company; copyright © 1970 by Xerox Corporation), June 22, 1970, pp.

21-3 . Lovey Childs , the last novel to be published before [O'Hara's] death in essay using psychoanalytic, 1970, a scummy exercise in small-minded viciousness that cast away every trace of research literary merit if not pretension and newspaper, laid bare an authorial spirit measurably less broad than the width of a needle…. Taken all in all, it was a mean and shabby epitaph to a career that had promised so much and delivered so little. One realized at last what the leader paper problem with O'Hara had always been. He had style, but he had no imagination whatever. By comparison, this first posthumously published novel [ The Ewings ] (one senses that there will be more) is newspaper its future, almost a temperate, amiable piece of work.

It is research, also an utterly hollow one, and after due reflection I can think of no reason why anyone but the most dedicated O'Hara scholar would conceivably want to read it…. Favorite Essay? It is as though O'Hara had deliberately sat down to paper write an english persuasive O'Hara novel, without a single idea in his head. Self-parody was the only possible result, self-parody of the very bleakest sort. L. J. Davis, Bill and Edna's Bank Account, in Book World (© The Washington Post), February 20, 1972, p. 11 . Through most of his career, even those who disliked O'Hara's work conceded that he was a sharp social historian, a ruthless investigator of sexual mores and research paper, a connoisseur of cultural data. Many, including myself, then went on to say that he was in effect merely an aggrandized stenographer with narrative skills, an enervated tag-end of naturalism being maintained for its own exploitative sake…. There is a line of American novelists, realistic in tenor but sentimental in gist, of whom O'Hara is the descendant.

William Dean Howells may be best of breed, but O'Hara is closer to Booth Tarkington…. The most interesting question raised by organization descriptive O'Hara's death (in 1970) is whether he will be replaced, whether we will get another high-grade popular naturalist pouring out one heavily detailed novel after another, ostensibly giving us the low-down on American society, making his ruthlessness plausible by his commanding technique, his frightening eye and ear, his pleasantly insulting insistence on the dirtiness of sex; and yet for leader research paper, all his Diogenes air, a celebrant of the status quo. Seventeen novels and eleven volumes of short stories. (Among the latter are some of the best stories ever written about persuasive Hollywood, not just a writer's revenge on the studios.) When a man has written that much as well as O'Hara and has been as widely read, his disappearance leaves a gap. Leader Paper? My chief curiosity about that gap is to see whether any new author has the live essay help energy to fill it—not to leader research mention the live essay help professionalism—to patrol that area of the print spectrum; because the leader research popularity of an adroit, nasty, industrious, superficial but intelligent writer like O'Hara was a tribute, in its way, to the very idea of the novel. Stanley Kauffmann, A Rage to favorite to visit essay Write, in The New Republic (reprinted by permission of The New Republic; © 1972 by leader research Harrison-Blaine of New Jersey, Inc.), February 26, 1972, pp. 25-6 . John O'Hara's rank amongst American novelists will be difficult to live essay help fix. At last count, I suspect, he will finish just out of the money, but critics will always be mollified by leader research the enormous readability of his novels. He wrote about sophisticated people without ever requiring sophistication in his readers: a nice trick.

The Ewings is very much an O'Hara novel…. This, more or less, is all the novel has to say: that there is a tension between inhibition and licentiousness. Other sorts of emotion do not escape that characteristic repression. A young child's death, for instance, is treated by its parents, and perhaps intentionally by O'Hara himself, with superb offhandedness. The Ewings is an entertainment, hardly more than that—but then John O'Hara never made any very outlandish or presumptuous claims for favorite place, his fiction.

D. Keith Mano, A Variety of Talents, in National Review (150 East 35th St., New York, N.Y. Leader Research Paper? 10016), March 3, 1972, pp. 226-27 . Neither by the accumulation of hundreds of sketches nor by the detailing of psychoanalytic huge canvases had [O'Hara] got it all down. Research Paper? One surveys this monstrous effort and its results [seventeen novels and eleven volumes of short stories] with a certain awe. Of course, O'Hara could never have achieved his aim. Inclusiveness is essay, always unrealizable, no matter how many books one writes. What is more, such an intention had a damaging effect upon the inner design of his books, which, too, aimed at an unrealizable inclusiveness. In that compact masterpiece, O'Hara's first novel, Appointment in Samarra , almost nothing is extraneous, but in the longer novels that began with A Rage to Live there are blocks of matter, a clutter of characters, and even essay material which don't stick firmly to the rest; From the Terrace was a notorious case of research inclusiveness gone wild, its 900 pages of stuff—often fascinating stuff—submerging any idea of subject. Precisely because they did not attempt an engrossing wholeness O'Hara's short stories were often successful. Essay? They exploited the suggestiveness of the fragmentary, the authentic isolated shard, and they were rightly seen as the leader research ultimate of the so-called New Yorker story.

Millicent Bell, in Saturday Review (copyright © 1972 by Saturday Review; first appeared in Saturday Review, March 4, 1972; used with permission), March 4, 1972, pp. 80-1 . [John O'Hara] had written too much, as it is using psychoanalytic, easy to say in paper, retrospect; there are in all 32 books…. In the end his output of words outran his considerable powers of invention. Almost any novel by O'Hara—except Appointment and descriptive essay, The Farmers Hotel—is much like almost any of the leader research paper others. He presented more than a thousand characters … but many of these are O'Hara types, beautifully machined and interchangeable. They could never have justified a Nobel Prize, the honor for which he yearned, and yet he remains a novelist of stature, as well as being a magnificent story writer…. O'Hara's dialogue is as rapid and essay newspaper, natural as any that has been written in this century. In his big blocks of narrative, the leader paper style is plain, accurate, glassy-clear, and almost without metaphors, which O'Hara avoided on principle.

It is the style of a man who wants to remain invisible while at the same time mesmerizing the of a descriptive reader. The phrase is his own, and he is justified in using it, as one reader can testify. His books are easy not to research pick up, but they have a compulsive quality that makes them hard to lay down…. Malcolm Cowley, in The New York Times Book Review (© 1973 by The New York Times Company; reprinted by permission), March 18, 1973, pp. 3-4 .