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40 Useful Words and Phrases for Top-Notch Essays. The secret to a successful essay doesn’t just lie in the clever things you talk about and national bookstore essay writing, the way you structure your points. To be truly brilliant, an essay needs to utilise the right language. And The American Indian Essay! You could make a great point, but if it’s not intelligently articulated, you almost needn’t have bothered. Contest! Developing the language skills to build an does a biography a thesis, argument and to write persuasively is crucial if you’re to write outstanding essays every time. In this article, we’re going to contest equip you with the words and essay of my school children, phrases you need to write a top-notch essay, along with examples of how to utilise them. It’s by no means an exhaustive list, and there will often be other ways of using the words and national bookstore contest, phrases we describe that we won’t have room to include, but there should be more than enough below to help you make an instant improvement to your essay-writing skills whether you’re a native English speaker or taking your first steps into writing essays in research English. Let’s start by looking at language for general explanations of complex points.

Usage : “In order to” can be used to introduce an explanation for the purpose of an national bookstore essay writing contest, argument. Example : “In order to understand X, we need first to understand Y.” Usage : Use “in other words” when you want to express something in you can get with a creative writing degree a different way (more simply), to make it easier to understand, or to emphasise or expand on a point. Example : “Frogs are amphibians. In other words, they live on the land and in the water.” Usage : This phrase is another way of saying “in other words”, and national bookstore essay writing contest, can be used in particularly complex points, when you feel that an savagery and the indian essay, alternative way of wording a problem may help the reader achieve a better understanding of its significance. Example : “Plants rely on bookstore essay photosynthesis. To put it another way, they will die without the sun.” Usage : “That is” and “that is to savagery indian say” can be used to bookstore writing contest add further detail to your explanation, or to be more precise. Does A Thesis Statement! Example : “Whales are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.” Usage : Use “to that end” or “to this end” in a similar way to writing contest “in order to” or “so”.

Example : “Zoologists have long sought to understand how animals communicate with each other. Essay School Children! To that end, a new study has been launched that looks at elephant sounds and national writing contest, their possible meanings.” Adding additional information to grad school support a point. Students often make the bookstore contest mistake of using synonyms of “and” each time they want to add further information in support of a point they’re making, or to build an argument. Here are some cleverer ways of doing this. Usage : Employ “moreover” at the start of Financial analysis, a sentence to add extra information in support of a point you’re making. Example : “Moreover, the results of a recent piece of research provide compelling evidence in support of…” Usage :This is also generally used at the start of a sentence, to essay contest add extra information. List Of Jobs Get With Writing! Example : “Furthermore, there is national bookstore essay writing contest, evidence to suggest that…” Usage : This is used in Financial analysis the same way as “moreover” and “furthermore”. Example : “What’s more, this isn’t the only evidence that supports this hypothesis.” Usage : Use “likewise” when you want to talk about something that agrees with what you’ve just mentioned. Example : “Scholar A believes X. Likewise, Scholar B argues compellingly in favour of this point of view.” Usage : Use “similarly” in the same way as “likewise”. Example : “Audiences at national essay writing contest, the time reacted with shock to Beethoven’s new work, because it was very different to what they were used to.

Similarly, we have a tendency to react with surprise to savagery and the american indian essay the unfamiliar.” Usage : Use the national bookstore essay contest phrase “another key point to remember” or “another key fact to remember” to introduce additional facts without using the word “also”. Example : “As a Romantic, Blake was a proponent of a closer relationship between humans and list of jobs you can get with, nature. Essay Contest! Another key point to remember is that Blake was writing during the Financial analysis Industrial Revolution, which had a major impact on the world around him.” Usage : Use “as well as” instead of “also” or “and”. Example : “Scholar A argued that this was due to X, as well as Y.” Usage : This wording is used to add an extra piece of information, often something that’s in some way more surprising or unexpected than the first piece of information. Example : “Not only did Edmund Hillary have the bookstore essay contest honour of being the first to reach the summit of essay of my school for a children, Everest, but he was also appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the national bookstore contest British Empire.” Usage : Used when considering two or more arguments at a time. Example : “Coupled with the of jobs you can a creative writing literary evidence, the statistics paint a compelling view of…” Usage : This can be used to structure an argument, presenting facts clearly one after the other.

Example : “There are many points in support of this view. Firstly, X. Secondly, Y. And thirdly, Z. 16. Not to essay mention/to say nothing of. Usage : “Not to list of jobs a creative writing degree mention” and “to say nothing of” can be used to add extra information with a bit of writing, emphasis. Example : “The war caused unprecedented suffering to millions of people, not to family grad school essay mention its impact on the country’s economy.” Words and phrases for national contest demonstrating contrast. When you’re developing an argument, you will often need to essay school present contrasting or opposing opinions or evidence “it could show this, but it could also show this”, or “X says this, but Y disagrees”. This section covers words you can use instead of the “but” in these examples, to make your writing sound more intelligent and interesting. Usage : Use “however” to introduce a point that disagrees with what you’ve just said.

Example : “Scholar A thinks this. However, Scholar B reached a different conclusion.” Usage : Usage of this phrase includes introducing a contrasting interpretation of the same piece of evidence, a different piece of evidence that suggests something else, or an opposing opinion. Example: “The historical evidence appears to bookstore essay contest suggest a clear-cut situation. On the other hand, the archaeological evidence presents a somewhat less straightforward picture of what happened that day.” Usage : Used in family nurse practitioner grad a similar manner to “on the national writing other hand” or “but”. Example : “The historians are unanimous in telling us X, an of a research paper, agreement that suggests that this version of national essay writing contest, events must be an accurate account. Having said that, the proposal archaeology tells a different story.” Usage : Use “by contrast” or “in comparison” when you’re comparing and contrasting pieces of evidence. Example : “Scholar A’s opinion, then, is based on insufficient evidence. Bookstore Essay Contest! By contrast, Scholar B’s opinion seems more plausible.”

Usage : Use this to cast doubt on an assertion. Example : “Writer A asserts that this was the reason for a biography have statement what happened. Then again, it’s possible that he was being paid to contest say this.” Usage : This is family practitioner school essay, used in national essay the same way as “then again”. Example : “The evidence ostensibly appears to point to this conclusion. That said, much of the does have statement evidence is writing contest, unreliable at best.”

Usage : Use this when you want to introduce a contrasting idea. Example : “Much of scholarship has focused on and the essay this evidence. Bookstore Writing Contest! Yet not everyone agrees that this is the most important aspect of the situation.” Adding a proviso or acknowledging reservations. Sometimes, you may need to acknowledge a shortfalling in a piece of evidence, or add a proviso. Here are some ways of doing so. Usage : Use “despite this” or “in spite of this” when you want to outline a point that stands regardless of american indian, a shortfalling in national bookstore essay contest the evidence. Example : “The sample size was small, but the results were important despite this.” Usage : Use this when you want your reader to statement consider a point in the knowledge of something else. Example : “We’ve seen that the methods used in the 19th century study did not always live up to the rigorous standards expected in essay writing scientific research today, which makes it difficult to draw definite conclusions. With this in mind, let’s look at a more recent study to see how the results compare.” Usage : This means “on condition that”.

You can also say “providing that” or just “providing” to mean the same thing. And The American Essay! Example : “We may use this as evidence to support our argument, provided that we bear in mind the limitations of the national essay writing methods used to obtain it.” Usage : These phrases are used when something has shed light on something else. Example : “In light of the evidence from the 2013 study, we have a better understanding of…” Usage : This is similar to “despite this”. Example : “The study had its limitations, but it was nonetheless groundbreaking for Financial its day.” Usage : This is the same as “nonetheless”. Example : “The study was flawed, but it was important nevertheless.” Usage : This is another way of saying “nonetheless”.

Example : “Notwithstanding the limitations of the methodology used, it was an important study in the development of essay writing contest, how we view the proposal workings of the human mind.” Good essays always back up points with examples, but it’s going to get boring if you use the expression “for example” every time. Here are a couple of national, other ways of saying the same thing. Example : “Some birds migrate to avoid harsher winter climates. Swallows, for instance, leave the UK in list of jobs you can get with writing degree early winter and fly south…” Example : “To give an illustration of what I mean, let’s look at the case of…” When you want to demonstrate that a point is bookstore essay writing, particularly important, there are several ways of does a biography a thesis, highlighting it as such. Essay! Usage : Used to introduce a point that is loaded with meaning that might not be immediately apparent. Example : “Significantly, Tacitus omits to essay school for a children tell us the kind of gossip prevalent in Suetonius’ accounts of the same period.” Usage : This can be used to mean “significantly” (as above), and national bookstore essay, it can also be used interchangeably with “in particular” (the example below demonstrates the practitioner school first of these ways of national bookstore writing, using it). Parts Of A! Example : “Actual figures are notably absent from Scholar A’s analysis.” Usage : Use “importantly” interchangeably with “significantly”. Example : “Importantly, Scholar A was being employed by X when he wrote this work, and was presumably therefore under pressure to portray the situation more favourably than he perhaps might otherwise have done.” You’ve almost made it to bookstore essay writing contest the end of the essay, but your work isn’t over yet. Of A Proposal! You need to national bookstore essay writing end by research proposal wrapping up everything you’ve talked about, showing that you’ve considered the national essay writing contest arguments on savagery american both sides and reached the most likely conclusion. Bookstore Writing Contest! Here are some words and phrases to essay children help you.

Usage : Typically used to introduce the national contest concluding paragraph or sentence of an essay, summarising what you’ve discussed in a broad overview. Example : “In conclusion, the list you can evidence points almost exclusively to national contest Argument A.” Usage : Used to signify what you believe to be the most significant point, and the main takeaway from the essay. Example : “Above all, it seems pertinent to remember that…” Usage : This is a useful word to indian use when summarising which argument you find most convincing. Example : “Scholar A’s point that Constanze Mozart was motivated by financial gain seems to me to be the most persuasive argument for essay writing contest her actions following Mozart’s death.” Usage : Use in the same way as “persuasive” above.

Example : “The most compelling argument is presented by family grad school Scholar A.” Usage : This means “taking everything into account”. Example : “All things considered, it seems reasonable to assume that…” How many of these words and phrases will you get into your next essay? And are any of your favourite essay terms missing from our list? Let us know in the comments below! 221 Responses to #8220;40 Useful Words and Phrases for Top-Notch Essays#8221; January 09, 2015 at 8:47 am, Jimmy Tan said: January 23, 2016 at 1:13 am, AN INDIAN said: It is very useful for junior as well as to senior.It is awesome#8230;#8230;#8230;#8230;#8230;#8230; thanks for this. Bookstore Contest! November 29, 2016 at 9:46 am, Mofasa said: March 10, 2017 at 3:30 pm, Vaibhavi said: May 04, 2017 at essay school children, 3:54 pm, felix said: September 17, 2017 at 8:02 am, arjun said: April 29, 2016 at writing contest, 1:13 pm, ron said: September 01, 2016 at 1:18 am, RedKeyMon said: Ty bruv!

It#8217;s really useful! November 26, 2016 at 12:00 pm, Ranch Dressing said: This the real RedKeyMon? May 26, 2017 at and the american, 2:28 pm, inosh said: September 07, 2016 at 12:04 am, winter the national bookstore essay writing contest savage said: yeh these words are lit. October 15, 2016 at 6:19 pm, Freya said: Thanks!! I have to right an family nurse grad school essay, essay on national contest the battle of hastings and I really need to analysis widen my vocab! It really helped December 12, 2016 at essay, 1:13 pm, rose said: great thanks,now i know how to list of jobs a creative writing degree use big words in an argumentative essay. April 18, 2017 at 4:55 pm, nikie said: very very useful! May 26, 2017 at 9:13 am, Anthony said: Thanks for bookstore essay contest the article!

October 02, 2017 at 3:08 pm, yoyo said: January 13, 2015 at 2:55 am, Amila said: Wonderful. Research Proposal Paper! Thank you so much. Keep in touch. February 05, 2015 at bookstore, 12:36 pm, Tanya said: February 08, 2015 at 8:12 am, Ram said: Thank you very much. Useful for my revision. February 13, 2015 at 10:53 am, Lucienne said: Thank you so much, really useful! October 05, 2015 at of a proposal paper, 12:40 pm, Dhanushreddy said: very useful for national essay writing contest students.

February 26, 2015 at 9:08 am, Ayanika Arora said: March 28, 2015 at essay of my children, 6:06 am, Abhijeet said: Perhaps #8220;In the bookstore writing contest wake of#8221; would have been feasible to be included. March 31, 2015 at 11:04 pm, Loli said: it is wonderful, you#8217;ve helped so much. May 03, 2015 at 10:44 pm, Rihards said: Wouldn#8217;t do as great without this! May 04, 2015 at 1:47 pm, Dan said: Thanks so much, this is really going to help my essay. I#8217;m already a good writer, all I needed was a good source of words, and parts, this was it. I will recommend this website to my friends and I definitely will be checking what other information you guys have. Thanks!

May 06, 2015 at 3:08 pm, Danny said: Thank you for your help. My essay will be great! May 08, 2015 at 8:51 pm, Oxford Student said: Thank you, for your excellent choice of words oxford is very hard on you as it is one of the top schools so I appreciate these words. May 16, 2015 at 5:31 am, Aleena said: These words are quite knowledgeable to me because when I was writing an essay my phrases are so absurd to put it another way these words make my essay beautiful. Thank you for providing such words. May 19, 2015 at bookstore, 4:50 pm, juules said: ostensibly appears? tautologies seem to be a thing in school the english language. Bookstore Writing! May 25, 2015 at research paper, 8:56 am, gimhan savinda said:

This was great, thanks a lot for these meaningful words. Hopefully I can face my exam in bookstore essay contest good perfect manner. Thanks a lot for the assistant support. December 27, 2015 at 10:55 am, Ikoo said: I need more information about black#8217;s writing .also,his romantic way in nature . Please could you help me ? May 26, 2015 at 2:39 pm, Mike said: These are reach-me-downs and the ideas you express are poorly connected. Nurse Practitioner Grad! For example, #8216;As a Romantic, Blake was a proponent of a closer relationship between humans and national essay writing contest, nature. Another key point to remember is of a research, that Blake was writing during the Industrial Revolution, which had a major impact on writing contest the world around him.” You link these facts incorrectly they are not a series of Financial, points that are additive.

They are causally related, i.e. one is essay contest, a consequence of the other. I believe this is better, both logically and savagery and the american essay, stylistically: #8216;Romantic writers, including Blake, decried the bookstore writing contest negative impact of the Industrial Revolution on, amongst other things, society’s connectedness with the natural world. Financial Analysis! Consequently he foregrounded the national bookstore essay importance of improving the relationship between humankind and american, nature.#8217; You also lace your examples with contractions and these have no place in academic writing. September 19, 2016 at 11:18 am, Helena said: March 23, 2017 at bookstore, 5:33 pm, Dr. Jim Loving said: You are correct. I have taught writing for 40-plus years, and I find many of these suggestions wordy and unnecessary. For instance, #8220;In order to#8221; can simply to be #8220;To.#8221; June 02, 2015 at 1:48 am, phertauwete said: Thanks so much, I got it. June 05, 2015 at paper, 5:17 am, william said: Thank you very much, I#8217;m having my O-level English in about 2 hours now and bookstore essay writing contest, you really helped me. Does Have Statement! I#8217;m sure i can score an A now #128512; June 07, 2015 at 7:21 am, Lysha said: Great!!

Thank you so much for national contest including the list tips above. June 09, 2015 at national writing, 8:40 pm, Suus said: These words will really help me doing my English writing exam well tomorrow! #128578; June 21, 2015 at 11:52 am, Ali Zorab said: Such great tips, indeed. July 02, 2015 at 6:38 pm, Tim said: You did a wonderful job. Keep it up.

Tim Saudi Arabia. July 03, 2015 at 10:34 pm, maimunahm said: I am writing my thesis and it really helps me with it, thanks a lot. August 30, 2015 at 4:26 pm, aron said: April 23, 2017 at 9:49 am, Matorankle said: September 02, 2015 at 3:37 pm, Anonymous said: Thank you for providing me with these phrases! They will certainly help me with my English paper. September 10, 2015 at 3:31 am, Sarah said: what a great help in teaching children in writing essay#8230;#8230; September 16, 2015 at essay school for a, 8:04 am, josphat lowoi said: Good work..I greatly appreciate. September 21, 2015 at 2:45 pm, David said: September 23, 2015 at 1:04 am, haripriya said: Thanks a lot! It was very helpful for national essay contest my term end English examination! October 04, 2015 at 4:47 pm, Joanna said: This is does statement, helpful! Thanks for national bookstore contest sharing!

October 06, 2015 at 10:59 pm, Joe said: Thanks for the list. I think it would also be helpful to include a list of words to help express the thoughts of the writers being referenced in the essay, for example, #8220;Jacob states that teachers need to consider the learning abilities of essay of my for a, all students#8221; or #8220;Williams asserts that reading English texts more often can increase the writing skills of national, ESL learners#8221;. It sometimes becomes boring to keep saying, #8220;so-and-so states that#8230;#8221; October 12, 2015 at 9:07 am, faiz said: This was useful for me. Analysis! October 14, 2015 at 3:09 am, Lilow W. said: This article was wonderful. National Essay Writing! Furthermore, I don#8217;t think my world history grade, as well as my grades in of a research proposal language arts and national, science, would have been half of what they are now without it. All things considered, this was an amazing article and I recommend it to anyone looking to savagery and the american essay give their essay an elegant twist. October 15, 2015 at 3:41 pm, Ayushi said:

Thanks!! Really a very useful list! October 18, 2015 at 3:29 pm, Missy said: Really helpful ……………. Thank you guys. October 19, 2015 at 10:49 am, steven O'Donnell said: I would have also included #8220;in fact#8221; October 19, 2015 at national bookstore essay writing contest, 9:42 pm, Tom Howell said: *Gasp* As someone who has studied and family nurse school, takes a modicum of interest in the English language, and having spent a lifetime writing scientific essays, all I can say is this list of cliches will not aid you in your academic pursuits. This is a categorical list of English don#8217;ts that will undoubtedly be highlight with a sigh, and a comment something along the lines of national bookstore writing contest, #8220;Please, no more#8221; paraphrased of course. Some of these are inescapable and are useful tools, but please use in moderation.

If you truly wish to does a biography have improve your writing, consider the use of language in literature you may study as part of your academic endeavours be it english or technical based. What makes a writing style worthy of essay writing contest, note, and what makes it tedious and monotonous? The use of analysis, structure, engaging writing styles, and even metaphors can be true keys to essay success. December 07, 2015 at 8:24 am, Jeff B. Bookstore Essay! said: Tom, I must agree. Does Have Statement! In my English class such cliches as listed here would be highlighted and returned to writing the student with an admonition to does #8220;please use your own words,#8221; or something to that effect.

As I like to joke, #8220;Cliches should be avoided like the plague.#8221; October 20, 2015 at national essay contest, 8:22 pm, yoursif said: October 22, 2015 at 5:00 pm, nur amira said: thanks it was indeed helpful. November 02, 2015 at 1:11 pm, sania said: really..its very helpful. im unanimous in asserting that how this has engendered an advantageous impact..in my result. November 12, 2015 at 10:59 am, Alex said: This is research paper, so great#8230; thanks for national bookstore the A grade. November 16, 2015 at 1:22 pm, Chala said: Thanks a lot for this helpful article. One question though: The example given for phrase 12 #8220;Scholar A argued that this was due to X, as well as Y.” has a comma included after #8220;X#8221;, but isn#8217;t a serial comma incorrect in nurse essay a series of two items? November 21, 2015 at 9:05 pm, Yo said: November 26, 2015 at 5:29 pm, courage said: thanks very much.very useful we look forward for other posts. November 29, 2015 at 1:13 am, Joey said: I don#8217;t really feel comfortable using firstly, secondly, thirdly to introduce new points#8230; does anyone else feel the same? December 07, 2015 at bookstore, 7:58 am, Jeff B. said: While some of the of a suggestions in this article are valuable, I am going to have to agree with Tom Howell about the use of cliches. Many of the phrases suggested (e.g. #8220;To put it another way#8221; and national bookstore essay writing, #8220;Another key thing to remember#8221;) are cliches, and should be avoided in original writing.

Another note: this article recommends the use of #8220;In conclusion#8221; to essay of my introduce the bookstore contest conclusion. Financial Analysis! My suggestion is to avoid it, and I am not the only one who feels this way. To quote the national essay contest Writing Center at analysis, Harvard University: summary,#8217; and #8216;to sum up.#8217; These phrases can be. Essay Writing Contest! usefuleven welcomein oral presentations. But. readers can see, by the tell-tale compression of of a, the. pages, when an essay is about to end. You#8217;ll irritate. your audience if you belabor the obvious.#8221; If your readers cannot figure out that from reading your text that you are presenting your conclusion, then your conclusion has more problems than simply the introduction to it. December 07, 2015 at 8:03 am, Jeff B. said: Note: In my comment above, I should have specified #8220;for college-level writing#8230; and above.#8221; Further, I will say that sometimes, indeed, #8220;In conclusion#8221; can be a useful phrase, but in many if not most cases it should be avoided. December 07, 2015 at 10:43 am, Jeff B. said: * Assuming, of course, that my #8220;comment above#8221; is actually posted after it undergoes #8220;moderation.#8221; Otherwise my note makes no sense#8230; December 07, 2015 at 8:25 pm, pavla said: put (or set) the national bookstore contest record straight. Indian Essay! December 09, 2015 at 12:42 pm, Ahsan said: Really great info.

I will use these words in content of my site in order to get best rankings. December 09, 2015 at 8:48 pm, khalid Benameur said: really these are benificial words to bookstore essay writing contest use and Iam going to use them. December 10, 2015 at family essay, 1:51 pm, cp8 said: This is easily the go-to site when I write essays. Thank you! August 05, 2017 at 10:48 pm, abdo raheem said: January 04, 2016 at 2:41 pm, panthe veroski said: Thank you, it#8217;s so useful! January 19, 2016 at 8:33 pm, BOB said: really good, I loved it!

Would really help in my test. January 19, 2016 at 8:34 pm, daddyshrekked said: Fantastic, wouldn#8217;t do that well without it. January 28, 2016 at 12:52 pm, yahya said: it is very helpful idea because i have exam thxn. January 31, 2016 at national bookstore contest, 3:24 am, Alex Joseph said: THANK YOU so much!! January 31, 2016 at 4:08 am, Jass said: Yes, it really works in my essay writing. Thanks, and the best thing is I am finding some more useful vocab words from other#8217;s replies.:) November 29, 2016 at 9:46 am, Mofasa said: Oke i kno now veri muchh. February 04, 2016 at 3:54 pm, James said: Wow, this is really something valuable to a biography a thesis me!

I will have to jolt down all this and use them in my academic writing tmr. February 05, 2016 at 6:26 am, hanna said: AMAZING. VERY USEFUL. THANK YOU SO MUCH. National Essay Writing! February 10, 2016 at 9:37 am, Shruthi said: Not useful#8230;I want idioms and phrases please. February 12, 2016 at 9:45 am, ORA Admin said: Thank you for your comment.

It is worth bearing in and the american essay mind that examiners often consider idioms risky, as when over-used (or mis-used) they can place a candidate at a disadvantage. You are absolutely correct, however, that learning idioms is national essay, vital to savagery and the essay acquiring fluency in national bookstore contest any language you might enjoy our article on some of the more bizarre idioms in the English language! Best of of my school for a children, luck in your studies, February 17, 2016 at national bookstore writing, 2:58 pm, reyan said: Thanks it came in handy. February 20, 2016 at 5:20 pm, Unknown said: I think this might help me to essay school for a improve my essays. Thanks to whoever gave such great words#128522; February 28, 2016 at 6:04 pm, Divya said: In all probability I find this this things very helpful which would surely enhance my essay. February 29, 2016 at 1:28 am, Tanya Roy said: this phases helped me in 10th board icsc examination#8230;.. thanks a lot #128512; February 29, 2016 at 2:39 am, shubham said: I think this might help me to improve my essays.

Thanks to whoever gave such great words#128522; March 03, 2016 at 7:30 pm, Abhishek Mandge said: Its really useful for me. March 07, 2016 at 11:33 am, ashrin said: March 14, 2016 at 2:03 pm, Lekesh said: Thanks a lot#8230;.Helped me very much !! Really thanks for making this!! April 13, 2016 at 3:20 pm, Jiya Goyal said: thanks a lot#8230;,helped me very much!! April 21, 2016 at 3:30 am, Juanaye goodall said: This words are really going to help me in bookstore my graded essay tomorrow. April 23, 2016 at 1:29 pm, lyricist chaani said: it was really very usefull for me . so i am alluding to other students to use above lines. April 29, 2016 at 1:12 pm, Vape Naysh V/ said: tanks m8 ( ?° ?? ?°) May 01, 2016 at a biography, 12:07 pm, Asuna Yuuki said: Very useful for essay writing.

Thanks a lot. May 04, 2016 at 3:58 am, SJAll said: Quentin Crisp, upon being asked to give advice to contest aspiring writers replied: #8220;Never read. Analysis! This is very important. if you read books in order to improve your writing style, you will find yourself trying to write literature, instead of saying what you really mean. It#8217;s very important not to get caught up trying to write better American prose. Don#8217;t do any such thing.

Just try to think, Am I saying what I mean? Have I pared away, have I taken away all the words except the ones that say what I mean. Bookstore! And then your writing will be fine. You have the most wonderful writers in America, really great stylists, people like Damon Runyon, and there#8217;s no floweriness, no literary effect, in the work of of a research proposal, Damon Runyon, he is as neat as he can possibly be. One of his stories begins #8216;Some parties who do not wish him well have put Maury in some quicklime.#8217; March 23, 2017 at national bookstore writing, 5:39 pm, Dr. Jim Loving said: Excellent advice. Many writing students would do well to family nurse grad school read Zinsser#8217;s book #8220;On Writing Well.#8221; He emphasizes clarity in essay contest writing, and list of jobs you can get with writing, no one does it better. May 04, 2016 at 1:43 pm, angielski said: Very useful to have it in one place. National Bookstore Writing! Thanks ! May 10, 2016 at 7:57 pm, Cheese said: Hello Oxford Royale community, Thank you for and the american indian this extremely helpful guide on improving flow using phrases.

This has helped me improve, overall, as I have now taken these tips to my heart. Thanks an awful lot, May 11, 2016 at 9:17 pm, Khirod Maharana said: I greatly appreciate thankful#8230; May 12, 2016 at 12:11 am, Inderpreet said: thnk u for the amazing words#8230; May 26, 2016 at 11:11 pm, Georgia Kathleen said: This is national bookstore writing, really helpful, I#8217;ve been looking to family school essay expand and essay writing contest, vary the essay of my school for a words I use during English exams. Thanks! May 29, 2016 at 5:17 am, Noosh said: i was going to use conventionally but i have already used it so i had to use significantly #128512; June 02, 2016 at 2:24 am, jo sladky said: this is so helpful, thanks.

June 02, 2016 at 11:50 am, irisha said: truly very helpful#8230;thanksss loadsss. Bookstore Essay Writing Contest! June 02, 2016 at 2:37 pm, Kannan.P said: Could you please add more pharse. Financial! Thanks. National Bookstore Essay! June 04, 2016 at 2:04 pm, Wish said: This was very much useful to me. I pay my regards hundreds and thousands of times.

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Pldt Goal And Objective Essays and writing, Research Papers. ? Goals and Objective on school children, National Alliance to End Homelessness LaShaunda Simpson HSM 240 Ricardo Castro April 19, . 2015 Knowing the national writing difference between goals and objectives for an agency the key of of my school for a comprehending an agency and studying the national bookstore essay writing services offered. A Thesis? The National Alliance to end homelessness is national writing, committed to preventing and ending homelessness in the United States. Ensuring homeless individuals and their families have a better life in anyway they can. Alliance connect.

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Outline Goals and Objectives I. Parts Research Proposal Paper? Who is the bookstore writing aging workforce? II. Identify the effects an and the american indian essay aging workforce will have on business . growth and productivity. III. Illustrate how an aging workforce and national essay contest, management can use available technology to retain its aging workforce. Nurse Grad Essay? IV. What are other businesses doing to keep older employees from retiring? I. Who is the contest aging workforce? a. Baby Boomers * Baby Boomers Defined: The 76 million Americans born between 1946 and 1964. (Mosner, Spiezle, Emerman.

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Goals are high level statements that provide overall context for what the Vision Document is trying to savagery and the american indian essay, achieve, and bookstore essay contest, should align to its components. Objectives are lower level statements that describe the specific, tangible products, deliverables and analysis, fruits that will be delivered. The definition of goals and national bookstore essay writing, objectives. Measure , Time 379 Words | 2 Pages. Personal Goals Diana Meldon HCS/301 February 12, 2013 Thomas P. Carras, MSEd Personal Goals Setting . goals should not be just for school assignments but should be part of one’s everyday life. Developing goals gives people something to strive toward and allows an individual to keep going forward in life. Statement? Without goals , it is very easy to give up when things get rough. According to Bishop, Carter and national contest, Kravitis (2011), “Setting goals involves defining what an individual is aiming for in. Academic degree , Credit cards , Debt 1669 Words | 5 Pages. more to the “pldt.com” web site, whose contents articles, features, illustrations are derogatory and tend to discredit the telephone company.

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Objectives that are SMART (Specific, Measurable, Aligned, Realistic/Relevant, and Time-bound) are likely to be . achieved. Writing Contest? When generic, off-the shelf objectives get the SMART treatment, they emerge as targets that engage focus, action, feedback and learning. These targets assist development of individual work plans, and also provide a guidance system for supervisor-staff performance review discussions. How Do You Write a SMART Objective Statement? First, you must. All rights reserved , Copyright , Learning 668 Words | 3 Pages. TOPIC: CMMI Submitted to of a, : Sir NAVEED BUTT Submitted by : M.HASEEB NASIR Roll no : 11014156-047 Department : BS-(IT) Section . : (AF) Subject : Software Engineering University of national bookstore writing contest Gujrat F.J campus Objectives : What is list of jobs get with writing, CMMI? What is its Frame Work?

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Each of the courses in our curriculum are designed to help students achieve specific learning objectives that will help them progress towards these goals . The highlighted Computer Science departmental learning objectives are particularly relevant to your studies in CSC 4150: Goal 1: Help students develop problem-solving skills, especially. Algorithm , Computational complexity theory , Computer 382 Words | 1 Pages. The management article entitled “ Goal Setting needs to be partnership” by Ken Blanchard published on January 23, 2013, speaks about the . significant value that both managers and employees make when they work together towards achieving the organization goals . When setting goals in an organization, managers and their subordinates are equally responsible. National Bookstore Essay Contest? Goal setting is a useful method of measuring employees’ performance, as employees who apply their strengths to their work increase the company’s success. Goal , Goal setting , Management 826 Words | 3 Pages. ?SMART OBJECTIVES Goal setting is something most of us recognize as necessary for our success. The establishment of all . objectives should be created using the S.M.A.R.T. Of Jobs You Can Degree? philosophy. National Contest? What is meant by S.M.A.R.T. objective ? S.M.A.R.T. is an acronym that is used to guide the development of measurable goals . Each objective should be: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and does have a thesis statement, Timely SPECIFIC It answers the questions What is to essay, be done? How will you know it is done? and describes. 2010s , 2015 , 2016 689 Words | 2 Pages. No.

1 - Four essential steps in the management by list of jobs you can, objectives (MBO) process Management by objectives (MBO) is bookstore writing, a system . And The Indian Essay? whereby managers and employees define goals for every department, project, and person and use them to monitor subsequent performance. Four major activities make MBO successful. MBO is result oriented. Emphasize the accomplishment rather than input. Encourage the participation at all level of organization that means collaborative, shared power and self management. A process consisting. Goal , Goal setting , Intrinsic value 1017 Words | 4 Pages.

Professor Dorega 2010244321 Part 1 Mr. Manuel V. Pangilinan has been a director of PLDT since November 24, 1998. He was . appointed as Chairman of the Board of PLDT after serving as its President and CEO from November 1998 to national bookstore essay, February 2004. He is the Chairman of the Governance and Nomination, Executive Compensation and Technology Strategy Committees of the Board of Directors of PLDT . He is also a director and the President and CEO of Meralco. He also serves as Chairman of and the american essay Smart, Digitel. Board of directors , Chairman , Corporate governance 862 Words | 4 Pages. ? Goals and Objectives Goal 1: Analyzing consumer awareness of health juice. Objectives : We will . provide a clear idea regarding the customer's awareness towards the health juice as well as towards different variety of fruits. The customer's awareness to create a demand towards our product.

Goal 2: Understanding the individual’s demographic profile of consumer. Objectives : The customer acceptance depends upon the knowledge for the variety fruit in the surrounding that they have gained their maturity. Consumer behaviour , Demographic profile , Demographics 352 Words | 2 Pages. ?One of the amazing things we have been given as humans is the unquenchable desire to have dreams of a better life, and the ability to national writing, establish . goals to live out list of jobs you can get with writing degree, those dreams. Think of it: We can look deep within our hearts and dream of a better situation for national, ourselves and our families; dream of better financial lives and nurse school, better emotional or physical lives; certainly dream of better spiritual lives. But what makes this even more powerful is national writing, that we have also been given the ability to a biography statement, not only national writing, dream. 2006 singles , American football , Dream 965 Words | 3 Pages. Creating a Career Objective Dorothy Domkowski Denise Saunders Objectives 1. To learn the purpose of a career . objective . 2. To understand the parts of a career objective . Savagery And The Indian? 3. To write a career objective that is not too broad or too narrow. Essay? Introduction A job campaign consists of many tasks: writing a resume, finding potential employers, reviewing job openings, creating application letters, networking, interviewing, receiving rejections, negotiating job offers, and making many decisions.

The. Employment , Goal , Identification 1764 Words | 6 Pages. Educational Goals and Objectives A GUIDE TO DEVELOPING LEARNER BASED INSTRUCTION Educational Objectives for . this Presentation At the end of this presentation you will be able to: Compare and contrast educational goals vs. educational objectives Write an educational objective using the ABCD model Develop educational objectives that focus on the learner or participant as the intended audience List three adult learning preferences A Brief History of Educational Goals The development of have statement educational. Bloom's Taxonomy , Educational psychologists , Educational psychology 1680 Words | 10 Pages. A. FIRM AND ITS OBJECTIVE : Conventional theory of firm assumes profit maximization is the sole objective of business firms. But . recent researches on this issue reveal that the objectives the firms pursue are more than one.

Some important objectives , other than profit maximization are: (a) Maximization of the sales revenue (b) Maximization of firm’s growth rate (c) Maximization of Managers utility function (d) Making satisfactory rate of bookstore contest Profit (e) Long run Survival of the firm (f) Entry-prevention. Business , Economics , Income 763 Words | 3 Pages. (Case Study) System Glitches BDO has a slow and outdated operating systems that affects its relatively large number of clients resulting to and the american indian, poor services . National Essay Writing? rendered and misinterpretation of a need to savagery indian essay, acquire additional employees. Central Problem Objectives of the Case Study ? To seek into Banco De Oro’s profile and national writing contest, ascertain the major transactions of the bank, its products, management, and clients. ? To be able to identify the central problem that arises in Banco De Oro’s operations and to recognize. Better , Customer , Customer service 2194 Words | 11 Pages. SMART GOALS : A PERFORMANCE MULTIPLIER A White Paper by: Maj.

Gen. BK Bhatia Abstract Accountability of employees is most vital to the . growth of an does a biography have a thesis organization. This paper illustrates, with the help of a Case Study, how Goal setting helps an organization to drive performance. Before the AGM- 2005 Board of national essay writing Directors found it difficult to face the stake holders, more so the savagery and the american indian investors. The CEO felt that the company could have done better. Managers at all levels murmured that their subordinates. 2006 , Goal , Goal setting 1160 Words | 4 Pages.

What is a learning objective ? * A learning objective answers the question: What is it that your students should be able to . do at the end of the class session and course that they could not do before? * A learning objective makes clear the national bookstore essay contest intended learning outcome rather than what form the list a creative degree instruction will take. National Essay Contest? * Learning objectives focus on student performance. Family Nurse Grad School? Action verbs that are specific, such as list, describes, report, compare, demonstrate, and national contest, analyze, should state the nurse grad school behaviors. Bloom's Taxonomy , Education , Educational psychology 2257 Words | 7 Pages. plan that contains objectives . There are two types of objectives , strategic and tactical objectives . Strategic . objectives are objectives set for the long run; tactical objectives are short day-to-day objectives that the national bookstore essay business needs to operate. Setting objectives provides a greater sense of direction for the business. So once an objective is set, the employees, owner and directors even, have a clear pathway and guide of what they want the business to achieve and the objective gives everyone motivation. Business , Economics , Management 839 Words | 3 Pages. MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO) is a practical application of the parts reasoning behind the notion of goal -setting theory. MBO is a . process in which employees participate with management in the setting of goals or objectives . An essential feature of an MBO program is that it involves a one-on-one negotiation session between a supervisor and subordinate in order to national bookstore essay writing, set concrete, objective goals for the employee’s performance.

During the of my session a deadline is set for the measurement of accomplishment, and. Goal , Heterarchy , Hierarchy 1207 Words | 4 Pages. Setting goals in bookstore, the proper fashion is key to savagery and the american indian, increasing the motivation of employees. If goal setting is deployed in contest, a clear and savagery indian, . distinct manner, it can assist in increasing attendance, productivity, and ultimately motivate the employee to national bookstore contest, achieve higher goals . Savagery Indian? When setting goals for yourself or others, it is key to be specific and concrete. The explicit example of goal setting that I will be honing in on is the use of bookstore writing contest SMART Goals . This is the goal setting structure that Pratt Whitney utilizes. Goal , Goal setting , Knitting 1568 Words | 5 Pages. ? Elisa Castaneda Three Academic Objectives Gen 200 September 28, 2013 Jack Hopper Three Academic Objectives By . the time I attend the graduation ceremony of University of Financial Phoenix, there are three academic objectives I would like to accomplish. First and national bookstore essay, foremost, I would like to get a bachelor’s degree in psychology. Secondly, I would like to become a better writer.

Last, I would like to become a better communicator so that I can network with people who are in the same career and. Academic degree , Bachelor's degree , College 1046 Words | 3 Pages. ?HRM GOALS HRM has three basic goals , which contribute to achieving management objectives : First . Does A Biography? goal is integration of HRM in two senses: integrating HRM into an organization’s corporate strategy, and ensuring an contest HRM view in the decisions and actions of line managers. And The Indian? Integration in the first sense involves selecting the HRM options consistent with (and which promote) the particular corporate strategy. The option is determined by the type of employee behavior expected (e.g. innovation). Employment , Goal , Human resource management 765 Words | 3 Pages. (Financial amp; Marketing Objective ) 6.1 Financial Objectives Pran management wants each business unit to national essay writing contest, deliver a good . financial performance.

The product manager sets the following financial objectives : • Earn an annual rate of return on investment over the next 5 years of 3 percent after taxes • Produce net profits of Tk.50,00,000 in 2009. Nurse? 6.2 Marketing Objectives In this section of the national essay contest plan, marketing objectives must convert the financial objectives into marketing objectives . Children? We want to earn Tk. Advertising , Chocolate , Market segmentation 1855 Words | 6 Pages. MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO) What is Management by objective ? * Management by objectives (MBO) is a . systematic and bookstore essay contest, organized approach that allows management to focus on achievable goals and to attain the best possible results from savagery and the indian essay, available resources. It aims to increase organizational performance by aligning goals and subordinate objectives throughout the organization. Ideally, employees get strong input to identify their objectives , time lines for completion, etc. MBO includes ongoing tracking.

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Class Size: What Research Says and What it Means for State Policy. Class size is one of the small number of national writing, variables in American K-12 education that are both thought to a biography have a thesis statement influence student learning and are subject to legislative action. Legislative mandates on maximum class size have been very popular at national bookstore essay, the state level. In recent decades, at least 24 states have mandated or incentivized class-size reduction (CSR). The current fiscal environment has forced states and districts to rethink their CSR policies given the high cost of school for a, maintaining small classes.

For example, increasing the pupil/teacher ratio in the U.S. by one student would save at least $12 billion per year in teacher salary costs alone, which is roughly equivalent to the outlays of Title I of the Elementary and national bookstore essay Secondary Education Act, the Financial, federal government’s largest single K-12 education program. The substantial expenditures required to sustain smaller classes are justified by the belief that smaller classes increase student learning. We examine “what the research says” about whether class-size reduction has a positive impact on student learning and, if it does, by how much, for whom, and under what circumstances. Despite there being a large literature on class-size effects on academic achievement, only national bookstore essay writing, a few studies are of high enough quality and sufficiently relevant to be given credence as a basis for legislative action. The most influential and credible study of family nurse grad school essay, CSR is the Student Teacher Achievement Ratio, or STAR, study which was conducted in Tennessee during the essay writing, late 1980s. In this study, students and of jobs a creative degree teachers were randomly assigned to a small class, with an bookstore writing, average of 15 students, or a regular class, with an average of 22 students. This large reduction in class size (7 students, or 32 percent) was found to increase student achievement by an amount equivalent to about 3 additional months of schooling four years later. Studies of class size in of jobs you can get with writing degree Texas and Israel also found benefits of smaller classes, although the gains associated with smaller classes were smaller in magnitude than those in the Tennessee STAR study. Other rigorous studies have found mixed effects in California and in other countries, and no effects in Florida and Connecticut. Because the pool of credible studies is small and the individual studies differ in the setting, method, grades, and essay magnitude of class size variation that is studied, conclusions have to be tentative.

But it appears that very large class-size reductions, on the order of magnitude of 7-10 fewer students per grad school, class, can have significant long-term effects on student achievement and other meaningful outcomes. These effects seem to be largest when introduced in essay writing the earliest grades, and for students from Financial less advantaged family backgrounds. When school finances are limited, the cost-benefit test any educational policy must pass is national bookstore essay writing contest not “Does this policy have any positive effect?” but rather “Is this policy the paper, most productive use of these educational dollars?” Assuming even the largest class-size effects, such as the STAR results, class-size mandates must still be considered in the context of alternative uses of tax dollars for education. There is no research from the U.S. that directly compares CSR to national essay writing contest specific alternative investments, but one careful analysis of several educational interventions found CSR to be the list you can writing degree, least cost effective of those studied. How the quality of school lunch affects students’ academic performance. 2017 Brown Center Report on national essay writing American Education: Race and school suspensions. The popularity of Financial analysis, class-size reduction may make it difficult for national essay contest policymakers to increase class size across the board in order to sustain other investments in education during a period of budget reductions.

In that context, state policymakers should consider targeting CSR at students who have been shown to benefit the most: disadvantaged students in the early grades, or providing a certain amount of funding for CSR but leaving it up to local school leaders on of a research paper how to distribute it. In settings where state mandates on maximum class size are relaxed, policymakers need to national bookstore essay writing bear in family nurse practitioner essay mind that the effect of any increase in class size will depend on how such an increase is implemented. For example, a one-student increase in the pupil/teacher ratio in the U.S. National Bookstore Essay Writing. would reduce the teaching workforce by about 7 percent. A Biography A Thesis Statement. If the national, teachers to family nurse essay be laid off were chosen in a way largely unrelated to national essay writing contest their effectiveness, such as seniority-based layoffs, then the associated increase in class size might well have a negative effect on student achievement. But if schools choose the least effective teachers to let go, then the effect of increased teacher quality could make up for some or all of the possible negative impact of does a biography, increasing class size. State resources for education should always be carefully allocated, but the need to judiciously weigh costs and benefits is particularly salient in times of austere budgets. Class-size reduction has been shown to writing work for some students in some grades in some states and countries, but its impact has been found to be mixed or not discernable in Financial analysis other settings and circumstances that seem similar. It is very expensive. The costs and benefits of class-size mandates need to be carefully weighed against all of the essay, alternatives when difficult decisions must be made. A Context for Linking Research to Policy. There are a small number of nurse practitioner, variables in American K-12 education that are both thought to influence student learning and are subject to legislative action.

Class size is national bookstore essay writing one. Others include human resource policies, funding levels, curriculum, days/hours of instruction, and testing and accountability. Advocates for legislation on any of these topics are likely to essay of my school children appeal to research evidence as support for contest their position. That is appropriate and desirable as long as: a) the evidence is of high quality, b) it is relevant to the legislative action under consideration, c) conflicting evidence isn’t ignored, and d) alternative courses of legislative action are similarly evaluated and compared. The absence of any of these four conditions undermines the legitimacy of advocacy that is built on assertions about what “research says.” If the evidence is not of high quality it provides little or no support for essay of my children any conclusions. Bookstore Essay Writing. For instance, advocates for class-size reduction might cite evidence that students in smaller classes perform better on state examinations. But this simple correlation could be due to families with higher levels of education living in more affluent school districts that can afford smaller classes.

Class size per se might have no more to do with student achievement than the condition of the schools’ sports stadiums. “Evidence” that is this weak is no evidence at all. Research can be of high quality but of questionable relevance to legislative action because the settings and circumstances of the research are so different from those at hand. For example, a number of well-designed studies of class size in the U.S. prior to World War II found that student achievement increased when class size rose.[1] But the nature of the population, the organization of schools, the practitioner grad, characteristics of teachers and so many other things differ between now and the U.S. between the two world wars that the bookstore contest, relevance of this research for current legislation is weak. Considering the balance of the evidence is also very important. Too frequently advocates for particular positions cherry pick their evidence, conveniently ignoring research that raises questions about their favored position or putting their thumbs on the appraisal scale so that the flaws in conflicting research are emphasized. Advocates for and against american essay, class-size reduction have engaged in or been accused of essay contest, engaging in such cherry picking for analysis as long as there has been research on this issue and the prospect of legislation.[2] Finally, and most importantly, all legislative action that requires appropriations involves choices.

An appeal to evidence to bookstore writing support expenditures without consideration of the costs and benefits of get with a creative writing degree, all the options that are available can seriously mislead. With a limited and currently shrinking pool of state funds available to support K-12 education, the relative productivity of bookstore, expenditures should be carefully considered. What are the research proposal, costs and writing benefits of maintaining a cap on class size relative to parts of a research paper other state-mandated uses of funds for education? And what are the costs and benefits of national essay writing contest, state mandates on research proposal specific uses of education funds relative to appropriations that allow more flexibility at the local level in national bookstore essay writing how funds are spent? Research Associate, Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.

Senior Fellow - Economic Studies, Center on Children and Families. Background on Class-size Reduction. Legislative mandates on maximum class size have been very popular at have a thesis statement, the state level. In recent decades, at least 24 states have mandated or incentivized class-size limits in their public schools.[3] Because the national bookstore essay writing, legislatively imposed limits have nearly always required a reduction in class size compared to the period prior to the legislation, these initiatives are called class-size reduction (CSR). State-level CSR initiatives flourished during a period of rapidly expanding per-pupil expenditure on public K-12 education in the U.S. (per pupil revenue increased by 58 percent in real dollars in the last 20 years[4]). Indeed, CSR was a significant contributor to the increase in spending in that the average pupil/teacher ratio for public schools has decreased by 21 percent in the last 20 years.[5] ,[6] The average U.S. pupil/teacher ratio in the public schools is have a thesis currently 15.3.[7] With an average U.S. teacher salary of bookstore essay, approximately $55,000,[8] each student has an individual cost of about $3,600 in teacher salary alone. With about 49.3 million public school students enrolled, a one-student decrease in class size from the present average would cost over $12 billion a year in aggregate for the U.S.[9] A one-student increase in class size would generate an equivalent savings. The costs of list of jobs you can a creative degree, CSR are not limited to teacher salaries. More classrooms are needed for smaller classes. In our example of a one-student reduction in class size across the U.S., more than 225,000 additional classrooms would need to be added to national essay the nation’s stock.

In any context $12+ billion a year for any educational initiative is a large amount. By way of comparison, the federal government’s largest single K-12 education program, Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, involves about the same level of annual expenditure as would a one-student reduction in the nation’s average pupil/teacher ratio.[10] With the end of federal stimulus funding and economic growth at low rates, 40 states are projecting shortfalls for their 2012 budget year. Some, including large states such as California, Texas, and Illinois, are projecting revenue shortfalls that are more than 20 percent of the size of the 2011 budgets.[11] For these states, there is no single solution. Cuts will have to be made in many areas, including education, and difficult choices will abound. In this context, we believe it is useful to list get with writing degree revisit research on the effects of class size on student learning, and to bookstore essay contest explore what the findings from that research have to contribute to the budget deliberations that many state legislatures are presently or will shortly be engaged in. Does class-size reduction have a positive impact on student learning? If so, by how much, for whom, and under what circumstances? What would be the likely effect of relaxing class-size mandates? What are the uncertainties in the conclusions that can be drawn from existing evidence about state CSR policies? There is a large body of research on the relationship between class size and student learning.

A 1979 systematic review of the literature identified 80 studies.[12] There are surely hundreds today. The vast majority of these studies simply examine the association between variation in class size and student achievement. The primary difficulty in interpreting this research is that schools with different class sizes likely differ in many other, difficult-to-observe ways. For example, more affluent schools are more likely to have the resources needed to of jobs writing degree provide smaller classes, which would create the national bookstore contest, illusion that smaller classes are better when in fact family characteristics were the real reason. Alternatively, a school that serves many students with behavior problems may find it easier to manage these students in smaller classes. A comparison of such schools to other schools might give the appearance that small classes produce less learning when in fact the behavior problems were the main factor. The most credible studies of Financial, CSR have utilized either randomized experiments, in which students and national bookstore essay writing contest teachers are randomly assigned to smaller or larger classes; natural experiments in does a biography statement which, for example, a sudden change in class size policy allows a before-and-after analysis of national bookstore contest, its effects; or sophisticated mathematical models for estimating effects that take advantage of longitudinal data on individual students, teachers, and schools.

We limit our review to such studies. Research that supports the effectiveness of smaller classes. The most influential and credible study of CSR is the list of jobs you can, Student Teacher Achievement Ratio, or STAR, study which was conducted in Tennessee during the national bookstore writing, late 1980s. Beginning with the entering kindergarteners in 1985, students and teachers were randomly assigned to a small class, with an average of a creative writing, 15 students, or a regular class, with an average of 22 students. Thus the reduction in class size (7 students, or 32 percent) was quite large. There are several research studies based on the STAR experiment. We examine two, including one that focuses on longer-term outcomes. Krueger’s analysis of the Tennessee STAR experiment finds that elementary school students randomly assigned to small classes outperformed their classmates who were assigned to regular classes by about 0.22 standard deviations after four years.[13] This is equivalent to students in the smaller classes having received about writing contest 3 months more schooling than the nurse grad essay, students in the regular classes.[14] This effect was concentrated in the first year that students participated in the program.

In addition, the positive effects of class size were largest for black students, economically disadvantaged students, and boys.[15] Krueger estimates that the economic returns to national bookstore essay class-size reduction in Tennessee were greater than the costs, with an internal positive rate of return of about 6 percent. A recent long-term follow-up of essay of my for a children, STAR participants into adulthood utilized IRS tax records to investigate a range of outcomes.[16] The researchers find that students assigned to bookstore writing small classes at essay school, the beginning of elementary school are about 2 percentage points more likely to be enrolled in college at age 20. Bookstore Writing. They did not find any evidence of an impact on incomes at age 27, but the parts proposal paper, income effects are measured with too much imprecision to warrant strong conclusions. In summary, STAR researchers have found positive effects of early and very large class-size reductions on academic achievement in school and college attendance, with the economic benefits of the program outweighing the costs. These are important results from a very strong research design. Rivkin, Hanushek, and Kain used a sophisticated statistical model to writing contest examine the effects of natural variation in savagery and the american essay class size in national contest Texas in the mid-1990s.[17] The study utilized longitudinal data from more than one-half million students in over three thousand schools. The researchers found positive effects of smaller class sizes on reading and mathematics in does a biography statement 4 th grade, a smaller but still statistically significant effect in 5 th grade, and national little or no effects in later grades. Because the researchers used state assessment results that were only available beginning at 4 th grade, they could not estimate class-size effects for the early grades that were studied in STAR. The estimated class-size effects for 4 th and 5 th graders in Texas were about half the size the K-3 effects in Tennessee. International studies also provide positive evidence for the effects of class-size reduction.

Angrist and and the indian Lavy took advantage of a class-size limit in national Israel of 40 students. Whenever there are more students in a grade than 40 per does statement, teacher, a teacher and classroom must be added. The effect on national essay class size in smaller schools can be dramatic. Family Nurse Practitioner Grad. For example, with 80 students in a two-classroom 3rd grade, class size will be 40, but with 81 students it will be 27. The researchers find positive effects of smaller fourth- and fifth-grade classes, with effect sizes that are on the lower end of the range of those found in the STAR study.[18] They do not find any effects on third-grade scores. Studies with mixed results. In 1996, California enacted a K-3 CSR program designed to reduce class size by ten students per class, from 30 to 20, throughout the state. School participation in national bookstore first and second grades exceeded 90 percent statewide by 1998, but participation in Kindergarten and third grade did not exceed 90 percent until 2000.

This staggered introduction of CSR provided opportunities for researchers to study its effects. Family Nurse Practitioner Grad School. CSR created 25,000 new teaching positions in its first two years. Many of these positions were filled by national writing teachers without certification or prior teaching experience. School Children. Other positions were filled by experienced teachers who switched grades or schools. Jepsen and Rivkin carried out a sophisticated analysis to examine the influence of both the class-size reduction and the changes in the teacher workforce.[19] They find positive effects for class-size reduction that are about half as large as those found in Tennessee. At the same time they find that increases in the numbers of new and not-fully-certified teachers offset much of national essay writing contest, these gains. In other words, students who ended up in the classrooms of of jobs you can get with degree, teachers new to bookstore contest their classrooms and for a grades suffered academically from the writing contest, teacher’s inexperience by almost the Financial, same amount as they benefited from being in a smaller class. National Essay. There is an important lesson here: Major education initiatives do not operate in a vacuum. Policies designed to affect one dimension of a student’s educational experience are likely to affect others as well.

Other unintended negative consequences of California’s CSR policy included an increase in class size in Financial grades four and five[20] and the use of multi-grade classrooms.[21] Woessman and West, taking advantage of differences in average class size between the 7 th and 8 th grades within schools, examined class-size effects on performance on international examinations in 11 countries around the world.[22] They find educationally meaningful effects of smaller classes in a small number of countries, and a roughly even split between no effects and small effects in the remainder of the countries. Interestingly, the countries in which they find educationally meaningful positive effects of smaller classes are those with low salary levels for teachers and lower than average performance on international exams. A low average salary level for teachers suggests that a country is writing contest drawing its teaching population from statement a relatively low level of the overall capability distribution of all its employees. Thus, the essay writing contest, countries studied by Woessman and school for a West seem to have taken different paths, with some opting for relatively large numbers of national bookstore writing contest, poorly-paid teachers who perform better in smaller classes and essay others having relatively fewer but better-paid teachers whose performance isn’t as affected by national bookstore writing the number of of a research proposal, students in class.

In this regard it is worth noting that the East Asian nations that perform at higher levels than the U.S. on international exams have very large class sizes. Dee and West used a nationally representative database of students to compare the outcomes of the same eighth-grade students who had attended different size classes in different subjects. They find no overall impact of class size on test scores, i.e., the same students did not perform better in the subjects in which they had smaller classes. There was, however, a small positive effect on national bookstore writing contest test scores in urban schools, and modest overall positive effects on non-cognitive skills such as student attentiveness and attitudes about learning.[23] Studies with negative results. Arrayed against these positive and mixed findings for CSR are two credible studies that find no positive effects. Hoxby examined natural class size variation in Connecticut that was caused when natural population variation triggered a change in the number of classes in of a research paper a grade in a school. For example, a small school that has 15 first-grade students in one year and essay contest 18 the analysis, next year would have a larger class during the second year.

Additionally, a school that has set a class-size limit of 25 would have one second-grade class of 25 if there were 25 second-grade students but two classes of 13 if there were 26 students. Hoxby finds no relationship between class size and achievement in fourth and sixth grade (which should reflect class size in all previous grades). Hoxby does not even find class-size effects at schools that serve disproportionately large shares of disadvantaged or minority students.[24] A recent study by Chingos systematically examined the national essay, broad and expensive Florida CSR policy. In 2002, voters approved an amendment to the Florida state constitution that set limits on a biography have the number of students in core classes (such as math, English, and science) in the state’s public schools. Beginning with the national bookstore, 2010-2011 school year, the maximum number of students in each core class would be: 18 students through grade 3; 22 students in grades 4 through 8; and 25 students in grades 9 through 12. In 2003, the Florida Legislature enacted a law that implemented the a thesis statement, amendment by first requiring, from 2003-04 to 2005-06, districts to reduce their average class sizes either to the maximum for each grade grouping or by at least two students per year until they reached the maximum. National Writing Contest. Beginning in 2006-07, compliance was measured at the school level, with schools facing the same rules for parts proposal their average class size that districts faced previously. Beginning in 2010-11, compliance was measured at the classroom level. This policy cost about $20 billion to implement during its first eight years, with continuing costs of $4 billion to essay writing contest $5 billion each subsequent year.[25]

Taking advantage of the does, staggered introduction of national bookstore contest, class-size reductions over of my school, time at the district and bookstore school level, Chingos utilized a sophisticated before-and-after analysis to examine the effects of the policy on student achievement between 2004 and 2009. He finds no evidence that the Florida policy had any impact on test scores in grades 3 through 8 (state-wide assessments in math and reading were not administered in the earlier grades).[26] Despite there being a large literature on class-size effects on academic achievement, only a few studies are of high enough quality and sufficiently relevant to children be given credence as a basis for legislative action. Because the pool of credible studies is small; the individual studies differ in the setting, method, grades, and magnitude of class size variation that is studied; and no study is without issues, including those reviewed here, conclusions have to be tentative. It appears that very large class-size reductions, on the order of magnitude of 7-10 fewer students per essay writing contest, class, can have meaningful long-term effects on student achievement and perhaps on non-cognitive outcomes. The academic effects seem to be largest when introduced in the earliest grades, and for Financial analysis students from less advantaged family backgrounds. They may also be largest in classrooms of teachers who are less well prepared and effective in the classroom. The Tennessee STAR experiment generates the national contest, largest estimate of the payoffs of a big decrease in class size. In Krueger’s cost-benefit analysis, the return to the investment in smaller class sizes in of jobs degree Tennessee was slightly bigger than the costs of national bookstore contest, implementing the program. In other words, it paid its way. All other studies of CSR generate either smaller estimates of the effects of variation in class size or find no effects at all.

Getting a decent sense of the size of the effect that can be expected from reducing class size is obviously important to evaluating its benefits. Few voters would support a multi-billion dollar initiative that results in improvements in student outcomes (or any other desirable outcome, such as the population’s health or vehicle gas mileage) that are too small to be noticeable. One way to roughly estimate the size of class-size effects that is consistent with the existing literature would be to assume that the effects are linear, i.e., a reduction in class size by one student would generate 10 percent of the benefit of a reduction in class size by analysis 10 students, and to assume that the effects diminish with each grade in school, with a reduction of a given number of national bookstore essay writing contest, students in Financial analysis 5 th grade expected to have about half the effect of reduction of the same number of students in kindergarten. The largest estimates of the national bookstore essay writing, magnitude of class-size effects are those produced by Krueger (1999), who found that the students in classes that were 7 to 8 students smaller on average than regular-sized classes performed about 0.22 standard deviations better on a standardized test. Parts Research Paper. This means that students performed about 3 percent of a standard deviation better for every 1 student less in national essay writing the class. These effects were generated largely by class-size reductions in a biography have a thesis statement kindergarten. If we take the effect by essay 5 th grade to be half the Financial, size of the kindergarten effect, then a reduction in 1 student per class would generate approximately 1.5 percent of a standard deviation difference in achievement scores in 5 th grade. This means that on a statewide assessment such as the Texas Assessment of national bookstore writing contest, Knowledge and Skills (TAKS), which has a mean of essay, about 700 and national writing contest a standard deviation of about 100 at 5th grade for indian mathematics, a reduction in class size by national bookstore writing one student would generate an improvement of practitioner grad, 1.5 scale score points. National Bookstore Essay. Thus a statewide mean of 700 on TAKS would become a statewide mean of 701.5. Alternatively, an increase of class size by analysis one student would lead to national bookstore essay contest a statewide mean of essay for a children, 698.5 on TAKS. At grade three the effect would be about 2 points up or down (assuming an effect size for national a 1 student reduction of 2.0, which is 2/3 rds of the effect for earlier grades in savagery american indian essay STAR).

To put a one or two point change in bookstore student performance as a result of class size in context, the difference between the nurse grad school, average scale scores of whites and blacks on TAKS at bookstore writing contest, 5 th grade is 65 points. Note that our estimates of a one to two point effect on TAKS of a biography a thesis, a one student change in class size are based on national essay writing an upper bound for class-size effects based on Krueger’s analysis. Estimates that averaged together effect sizes for all the studies we have reviewed, including the american indian, two that found no effects at all (Hoxby; Chingos), would obviously be considerably smaller. Funding Class-size Reduction vs. Essay Writing. Other Initiatives. When school finances are limited, the essay of my children, cost-benefit test any educational policy must pass is not “Does this policy have any positive effect?” but rather “Is this policy the most productive use of these educational dollars?” Assuming even the essay, largest class-size effects, such as the STAR results, class-size mandates must still be considered in the context of alternative uses of tax dollars for education. Will a dollar spent on class-size reduction generate as much return as a dollar spent on: raising teacher salaries, implementing better curriculum, strengthening early childhood programs, providing more frequent assessment results to teachers to help guide instruction, investments in educational technology, etc.? There is no research from the U.S. that directly compares CSR to specific alternative investments.

In other words, the comparison condition for all CSR studies has been business as usual rather than, for example, a comparison of $20 billion invested in smaller classes vs. $20 billion invested in higher teacher salaries. Financial. Thus, estimates of effects and costs from different education investments have to be extrapolated and estimated from different studies, and this process is necessarily inexact. Nevertheless, Harris finds short-term rates of return for computer-aided instruction, cross-age tutoring, early childhood programs, and increases in instructional time that are all greater than those for CSR.[27] Whitehurst does not estimate costs, but finds effects on student achievement from national choosing more effective curriculum; reconstituting the of a proposal, teacher workforce (for example by substituting Teach for America teachers for new teachers from traditional training routes); and enrolling students in popular charter schools in essay writing urban areas that are all as large or larger than those obtained from list of jobs you can get with a creative degree CSR.[28] The popularity of bookstore writing contest, class-size reduction may make it politically difficult for list of jobs you can a creative policymakers to essay increase class size in order to sustain other investments in education, even in a time of budget austerity. In that context, state policymakers might consider targeting the reductions at students who have been shown to benefit the most: disadvantaged students in the early grades, or providing a certain amount of funding for CSR but leaving it up to local school leaders on family nurse practitioner school essay how to national contest distribute it. Much smaller classes for inexperienced teachers who need support in developing skills or for teachers who are responsible for you can get with a creative degree struggling students may make more sense than across the board reductions.

The tradeoff between class size and teacher salaries needs to be very carefully considered. Effects on student achievement related to differences in teacher quality are very large. The same data from the Tennessee STAR study that demonstrates long-term effects for class-size reduction produces estimates of much larger effects for variation in teacher quality within schools. Bookstore Essay. Thus, for example, while differences between large and small classes in early elementary school had no long-term effects on Financial analysis the earning power of adults, differences in national classroom quality did.[29] With fixed or reduced state budgets to support K-12 education, maintaining class-size limits means a larger pool of teachers with lower salaries. It means that funds that might be devoted to raising teacher salaries across the board or selectively in hard to fill positions or for highly effective teachers will be limited. By one estimate, an increase in average class size by 5 students would result in an across the board increase of 34 percent in of my children teacher salaries if all the savings were devoted to that purpose.[30] Higher salaries would likely draw more qualified people into the teaching profession, and keep them there.

In the current fiscal climate, it is clear that the yearly increases in funding in real dollars that have long been enjoyed by our nation’s public schools are coming to an end for the foreseeable future. Many states and districts are contemplating cuts in funding that will require schools to make hard choices. So although the research literature has focused on the effect of reducing class size, the bookstore essay writing contest, current policy debate concerns the other side of the coin—the consequences of increasing the proposal, size of classes. The potential for negative consequences of larger classes clearly needs to be weighed against the fallout from cutting other programs in order to preserve smaller classes—both academic programs and national bookstore contest non-academic offerings such as athletics and Financial the arts. Another important point is that the effect of any increase in class size will depend on how such an increase is implemented. Our earlier rough calculation indicated that a one-student increase in the pupil/teacher ratio in the U.S., which would save over $12 billion per year in salary costs alone, would decrease the contest, teaching workforce by about 7 percent of the nation’s teachers. Many school districts and states across the writing, nation are considering reductions in the teacher workforce on this order of magnitude.

If the teachers to be laid off were chosen in a way largely unrelated to national contest their effectiveness, such as “last in first out,” then the associated increase in class size could well have a negative effect on research proposal student achievement. But if schools choose the least effective teachers to let go, then the effect of increased teacher quality could make up for some or all of any negative effect of increasing class size.[31] State resources for education should always be judiciously allocated, but the need to carefully weigh costs and benefits is particularly salient in times of austere budgets. Class-size reduction has been shown to work for some students in national essay contest some grades in some states and countries, but its impact has been found to be mixed or not discernable in other settings and circumstances that seem similar. It is very expensive. The costs and benefits of class-size mandates need to be carefully weighed against all of the alternatives when difficult budget and program decisions must be made. Jonah Rockoff, “Field Experiments in Class Size from the Early Twentieth Century,” Journal of Economic Perspectives , 23(4): 211–230 (2009).

See, e.g, Eric A. Hanushek, “The Failure of Input-Based Schooling Policies,” Economic Journal , 113(485): F64–F98 (2003) and Alan B. Krueger, “Economic Considerations and Class Size,” Economic Journal , 113(485): F34–F63 (2003). Education Commission of the States, “State Class-Size Reduction Measures,” Denver, Colorado: Education Commission of the grad, States (2005). Note that the pupil/teacher ratio is nearly always smaller than class size because it includes teachers in specialized roles as well as regular classroom teachers. National Contest. However, within states, pupil/teacher ratio and parts research paper class size are highly correlated. National Bookstore Essay Contest. We use pupil/teacher ratio here because it can be calculated from data reported by all U.S. Of My Children. school districts to the federal government, whereas class size cannot. Presently there are 3.2 million teachers serving 49.3 million students in the public schools, which corresponds to 15.3 students for every teacher. Decreasing the pupil/teacher ratio to 14.3 would require hiring 226,000 additional teachers, which at $55,000 per teacher would cost $12.4 billion/year in salary costs alone. These per-pupil cost estimates are very conservative compared to others in the literature that try to national bookstore essay writing account for all costs of nurse school essay, teachers, including fringe benefits and facilities. See, e.g., Douglas N. Harris, “Toward Policy-Relevant Benchmarks for Interpreting Effect Sizes: Combining Effects With Costs,” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 31(1): 3–29 (2009).

Gene V. Glass and Mary Lee Smith. National Bookstore Contest. “Meta-Analysis of Research on Class Size and Achievement.” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 1(1): 2–16 (1979). Alan B. Krueger, “Experimental Estimates of Education Production Functions,” Quarterly Journal of Economics , 115(2): 497–532 (1999). The average student gains 0.88 standard deviations per year from list you can get with writing kindergarten through the bookstore essay, end of third grade (Carolyn J. Hill, Howard S. Bloom, Alison Rebeck Black, and Mark W. Of Jobs Get With Writing Degree. Lipsey, “Empirical Benchmarks for Interpreting Effect Sizes in Research,” Child Development Perspectives , 2(3): 172–177 (2008)). The STAR effect size of 0.22 is 25 percent of that, which corresponds to 2.5 months of a 10-month school year. Matthew M. Bookstore Contest. Chingos, “The False Promise of Class-Size Reduction,” Center for American Progress (2011). Raj Chetty, John N. Friedman, Nathaniel Hilger, Emmanuel Saez, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, and Danny Yagan, “How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? Evidence from Financial Project STAR,” NBER Working Paper No.

16381, September 2010. Steven G. Rivkin, Eric A. Hanushek, and national bookstore essay writing contest John F. Kain, “Teachers, Schools, and Academic Achievement,” Econometrica , 73(2): 417–458 (2005). Joshua D. Angrist and Victor Lavy, “Using Maimonides’ Rule to Estimate the Effect of Class Size on Scholastic Achievement,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(2): 533–575 (1999). Christopher Jepsen and Steven Rivkin, “Class Size Reduction and Student Achievement: The Potential Tradeoff between Teacher Quality and Class Size,” Journal of Human Resources , 44(1): 223–250 (2009). David Sims, “Crowding Peter to Educate Paul: Lessons from a Class Size Reduction Externality,” Economics of Education Review , 28: 465–473 (2009). David Sims, “A Strategic Response to family practitioner grad essay Class Size Reduction: Combination Classes and Student Achievement in California,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management , 27(3): 457–478 (2008). Ludger Woessmann and Martin West, “Class-Size Effects in School Systems Around the bookstore writing, World: Evidence from Between-Grade Variation in TIMSS,” European Economic Review , 50(3): 695–736 (2006).

Thomas S. Dee and Martin R. Family Nurse Grad School. West, “The Non-Cognitive Returns to Class Size,” Education Evaluation and Policy Analysis (forthcoming). Caroline M. Bookstore. Hoxby, “The Effects of Class Size on Student Achievement: New Evidence from Population Variation,” Quarterly Journal of essay school children, Economics , 115(4): 1239–1285 (2000). [25] “2009–10 Florida Education Finance Program,” DOE Information Database Workshop, Summer 2009, available at http://www.fldoe.org/eias/databaseworkshop/ppt/fefp.ppt . [26] Matthew M. Chingos, “The Impact of a Universal Class-Size Reduction Policy: Evidence from Florida’s Statewide Mandate,” Harvard University, Program on Education Policy and Governance Working Paper. 10-03 (2010), available at http://www.hks.harvard.edu/pepg/PDF/Papers/PEPG10-03_Chingos.pdf. [27] Douglas N. Harris, “Toward Policy-Relevant Benchmarks for Interpreting Effect Sizes: Combining Effects With Costs,” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 31(1): 3–29 (2009). [28] Grover J. Whitehurst. “Don’t forget Curriculum,” Brown Center Letters on Education, #3 . October 2009, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. [29] Raj Chetty, John N. Friedman, Nathaniel Hilger, Emmanuel Saez, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, and Danny Yagan, “How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? Evidence from Project STAR,” NBER Working Paper No. Bookstore Essay Contest. 16381, September 2010.

[30] Matthew M. Chingos, “The False Promise of Class-Size Reduction,” Center for American Progress (2011).

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