American beauty essays lester burnham

Australian Dictionary of Biography. The Council for Aboriginal Rights (Victoria) The Council for american lester Aboriginal Rights (CAR) was founded at a meeting in Melbourne on 16 March 1951 that was attended by approximately seventy citizens representing unions, women’s organisations, peace bodies, and churches. Its stated aim was to ‘plan, conduct and organize the widest possible support for thesis on antidiabetic a campaign to beauty essays burnham obtain justice for how do essay all Australian Aborigines.’ [1] Only two Aboriginal people—Pastor Doug Nicholls and essays, Bill Onus—were present at this meeting. The 1960s was the most energetic decade in the Council’s life as its members were at the forefront of national campaigns for constitutional reform, the thesis on antidiabetic, principle of equal wages for american essays burnham equal work, and land rights. By the mid-1980s the Council was no longer operating. The world into essay before exams which it was born was much changed, and burnham, members could no longer see a role for themselves. When it formed there were other organisations, such as the Victorian Aboriginal Group, concerned about systemic injustices faced by an analysis essay, Aboriginal people but their focus was often to provide welfare support for individuals rather than pressing for american beauty broad legislative change. Such organisations were state-based and, as Aboriginal affairs were a matter for State governments rather than the Commonwealth in the 1950s and most of the 1960s, this was understandable. From the outset the Council took a national approach to what it regarded as a national shame. It became a key contributor to the decade-long campaign to press for Commonwealth responsibility in Aboriginal affairs. The Council came into being at a time of heightened ideological conflict, against the background of the Cold War, when Prime Minister Robert Menzies was exploring strategies to outlaw the Communist Party of Australia (CPA).

Opposing this move were bodies with strong memberships such as the on antidiabetic, Australian Council for Civil Liberties , some women’s organisations, and the peace movement. These diverse organisations drew support from essays those concerned about the loss of freedom of family nurse essay speech and political expression that would accompany the banning of a political party. They had joined with socialists, Christians, pacifists, and liberal democrats in 1947 in opposition to the joint British-Australian nuclear testing project in the central Australian desert. [2] Opponents who claimed that this project would be fatal to hunter-gatherer Aboriginal people were branded as communists or fellow travellers. The Council attracted membership from all of these groups, at a time when none had the rights of Aboriginal Australians as a central purpose. The Council for Civil Liberties may have seemed the natural starting place for campaigns for Aboriginal civil rights, but under Brian Fitzpatrick, who was its driving force, it was rather Anglocentric in its concerns and unprepared to extend its work to include Aboriginal rights. The catalyst that led to the formation of the american beauty essays lester, Council was a strike in how do you write a comparison essay, 1950 in american lester burnham, far distant Darwin.

The North Australian Workers’ Union (NAWU) supported Aboriginal residents of Bagot and Berrimah reserves when they opposed the curfew imposed on them, asked for more than token wages and demanded better living and thesis, working conditions. Identifying Fred Waters as the leader of the strike action, the Department of Native Affairs exiled him to american lester burnham Haast’s Bluff, west of Alice Springs. The NAWU mobilised, publicising Waters’ exile through the press and organising a speaking tour by the president, Murray Norris, who exposed the conditions of Aboriginal Territorians. Waters had not been found guilty of a crime in a court of law but had been forcibly moved over 1,500 kilometres from home and family. As an Aboriginal man he was not protected by habeas corpus. These events, publicised by Norris’ speaking tour through the eastern states, helped interested non-Aboriginal citizens understand conditions which the nursing process, Council described as ‘an affront to humanity’ and the human consequences when Aboriginal Australians were not protected by Australian law. [3] A group of people who had heard Norris speak in Melbourne met to form a body that would dedicate itself to the pursuit of rights on behalf of Aboriginal Australians. They named the new organisation the Council for Aboriginal Rights, using the american essays lester, United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, passed three years earlier, as their moral compass for the campaigns that would follow. A constitution was adopted and office bearers were elected: Canon Farnham Maynard, an Anglican clergyman, became the president; Reverend Colin Williams, a Methodist minister, accepted the vice-presidency; and Henry Wardlaw, who was not a church man, became honorary secretary. Money Buy Happiness Essays! Shirley Andrews, who would later be a key driver of the Council, was a member of this inaugural executive, as was Molly Bayne, an academic from the University of Melbourne, who, like the american beauty lester, others on the executive, had been active in does money buy happiness, the peace movement against war and fascism.

What united them was a desire to draw public attention to beauty essays burnham the legal restrictions under which Aboriginal people lived and to point out that such restrictions were ‘in flat contradiction to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights’. [4] The Council was committed to work to eradicate this contradiction. Does Money! On 19 June 1951 the Council held its first public meeting, attended by beauty burnham, over nine hundred people who gathered in the Melbourne Town Hall to hear three well-known speakers, Dr Charles Duguid, Alan Marshall, and Pastor Doug Nicholls, launch a campaign ‘to win justice for the Aboriginal people.’ Duguid, a medical practitioner from practitioner grad school essay South Australia and moderator of the Presbyterian Church in that state, had fifteen years of beauty essays burnham experience working in Aboriginal communities, where the conditions faced by residents prompted him to become active in their cause. More recently he had been forthright in his opposition to the proposed rocket range in the Central Aboriginal Reserve. He had predicted, correctly it later became clear, dangerous harmful effects of nuclear testing on the desert nomads who were still living tribally. Journalist Alan Marshall was the author of Ourselves Writ Strange , based on his meetings with Aboriginal people when touring Queensland and the Northern Territory in the mid-1940s. The only Aboriginal person on the stage was the Church of Christ pastor, Doug Nicholls, who was remembered by many in the audience as the short, speedy, and very talented footballer who played for Fitzroy in the 1930s. The meeting publicised the essay exams, new council, and lester burnham, individuals from a number of states, as well as organisations, including unions, women’s organisations, and religious bodies, joined. At the essay on stress before exams, end of the first year Wardlaw concluded: ‘It may fairly be said that the foundation for effective work to win justice for the Aborigines has been laid.’ [5] Educating, Organising, Expanding. American Beauty Lester Burnham! Early in 1952, following Wardlaw’s resignation, Shirley Andrews was elected honorary secretary of the Council. She had returned to Australia after a year in Europe, having travelled as a member of the Australian delegation to the third world Festival of thesis Youth and Students held in East Berlin.

She brought a trained scientific mind, a humane concern about social injustice, and a capacity for sustained hard work to the cause of rectifying social inequalities. While a student in the new field of biochemistry at the University of Melbourne, she had experienced discrimination from male lecturers who questioned women’s ability to be scientists. She would later link her fellow feeling for Aboriginal people to her experience as a woman in the predominantly male scientific world. American Beauty Lester! She saw both gender and racial discrimination as irrational and unjust. During the decade in which she held the office of honorary secretary Andrews would shape the Council, developing a wide network of correspondents, initiating campaigns to amend discriminatory laws and practices, and beginning to essay process shift entrenched negative community attitudes towards Aboriginal people. [6] In the early years of the Council Andrews had limited contact with Aboriginal people. She felt constrained in her social interactions with them as she was acutely self-conscious about appearing patronising in her dealings with people from a different social and cultural background. Consequently, she depended on lester, information from does money correspondents from different parts of the country who did work closely with Aboriginal communities. American Beauty Lester! Her two most prolific and informative correspondents were both from Western Australia. Don McLeod lived and worked with Aboriginal families who had gone on strike in 1946 for better wages on pastoral stations in the Pilbara, and never returned to their former employment. McLeod became their spokesman as they set up their own mining ventures supplemented by kangaroo hunting and grass seed collecting to gain economic independence.

In 1955 the Council sponsored McLeod to make a lecture tour of the eastern states. Three thousand Victorians heard him speak in church and how do you write a comparison essay, town halls and mechanics institutes about the co-operative mining group that had formed after the 1946 strike. The Northern Development and Mining Company Pty Ltd was registered in 1951, and in 1955 a new company, Pindan Pty Ltd, was set up. Despite continuing opposition from pastoralists and the Western Australian government, the Aboriginal mining venture provided an inspiration to the Council and evidence of Aboriginal people organising to determine their own lives. Andrews’ other regular correspondent was Mary Montgomerie Bennett, who had been working with the Wongutha people of the eastern goldfields for twenty years when she began writing to the Council from her Kalgoorlie home. Bennett provided evidence of cases of racial discrimination in lester, Kalgoorlie where elderly Aboriginal workers were denied the old age pension because they were Aboriginal. Andrews used these cases in pressing for essay process the Commonwealth Social Services Consolidation Act 1947 to american beauty essays lester burnham be amended so that Aboriginal people would be eligible for the old age pension, the unemployment benefit, and other social services. When Bennett alerted Andrews to continuing cases of family nurse practitioner school essay discrimination after the 1959 Social Services Act was passed , Andrews vigorously pursued the issue with the minister for social services. As she pointed out to politicians, the administrators knew that birth certificates had never been generated for these elderly pastoral workers who could not advocate on their own behalf because they had not been given the opportunity to learn to read and write. The CAR understood that in order to effect social change the non-Aboriginal community needed to be educated. It fought individual instances of injustice, while ensuring they received publicity.

One such case concerned a former pupil of Bennett’s, Peter Pontara, an Aboriginal child who was taken to Cundalee mission (160 kilometres east of Kalgoorlie) by his parents, who had come in from the bush and were seeking a place to live. When they returned to beauty lester collect their child the mission authorities refused to before exams relinquish him. Andrews took up the case with alacrity when it was reported to her by american beauty, Bennett, entering into a lengthy and frustrating correspondence with native welfare officials, and Western Australian and federal politicians. Does Buy Happiness Essays! The campaign failed because under the Western Australian Native Welfare Act 1954 the Department of Native Welfare had the right to intervene in Aboriginal families to provide custody, maintenance, and burnham, education of their children. The publicity about the case, however, provided an example, replicated especially in Queensland, Western Australia, and the Northern Territory at this time, of the ways that the human rights of Aboriginal families could be overridden. From 1953 to on antidiabetic 1961 Andrews wrote and edited a biannual publication simply called Bulletin, a stapled circular of american beauty essays lester burnham some four or five foolscap pages, to keep members informed as to start an analysis CAR activities. It was sent to members as far afield as England, Italy, and India, and drew attention to particular instances of essays injustice, such as the start an analysis essay, Peter Pontara case, as well as describing successful efforts of Aboriginal communities to address their problems, as in the Pilbara. Readers learned of the CAR’s decision to arrange defence for Albert Namatjira, after he was charged with an offence under the Northern Territory’s Aboriginals Ordinance, relating to sharing alcohol with a relative. Namatjira had been granted citizenship but his family had not.

The CAR sought to publicise the case as an example of both irrationality and injustice. Andrews’ strength was as a researcher. As the committee members became aware of the plethora of lester burnham controlling state laws that constrained Aboriginal people, she came to recognise that their legal status changed when they travelled across a state border. Family Grad! She began collecting and analysing laws and beauty, the regulations under them, and in 1962 she published The Australian Aborigines: A Summary of their Situation in all States, a nine-page comparative chart in a question and answer format. How Do You Write Essay! Questions such as ‘Can Aborigines own property?

Can Aborigines handle their own money? Are Aborigines free to marry? Do Aborigines have control of their own children?’ were posed and answered (mostly in the negative) for each state and the Northern Territory. This was the first time that information about legislation had been brought together in such a way and made available for american beauty essays lester burnham public scrutiny. Andrews later observed that this was a task more suited to a lawyer but no-one had undertaken it. The Australian Aborigines was revised a couple of times in the following years and it contributed to public education by demonstrating that human rights, such as guardianship of one’s own children, were routinely denied to those people defined as Aboriginal under state laws. Throughout the 1950s the CAR, more than any other body, addressed injustice for Aboriginal people across the country, not just in Victoria, and played a crucial role in the movement to develop a national advocacy body. Andrews first wrote to other state bodies, such as the does money, South Australian Aborigines’ Advancement League and the Western Australian Native Welfare Council, in 1953 canvassing this idea, but the response was lukewarm.

Three years later, however, Jessie Street, an american beauty essays lester Australian committee member of the London-based Anti-Slavery and Aborigines’ Protection Society, sought Andrews’ view on essay nursing, that organisation’s plans to lester bring Australia’s treatment of its Aboriginal population to the attention of the on stress exams, United Nations. American Beauty Lester! Street argued that if a national activist body existed, this strategy could be more easily pursued. Conversations between Street, Andrews, Duguid, and others coincided with an an analysis essay event that provided what Street referred to as ‘the psychological moment’ when society was more open than previously to change. [7] Early in 1957 a Western Australian parliamentary committee reported on american beauty lester burnham, the suffering, malnutrition, and preventable diseases of people still living nomadically in the Central Australian desert. This report argued that violations of the Central Aboriginal Reserve by the Commonwealth government in building infrastructure to support the practitioner grad school, British-Australian atomic testing program in the desert were having the predicted negative consequences on the local people. American Beauty Burnham! The loss of water and game meant that survival in the desert, always a challenge, was compromised by these government-sanctioned developments. For more than a month the newspapers focused on the Warburton Ranges controversy, as it was dubbed by the Australian press, highlighting a State-Commonwealth dilemma. The atomic testing program was an Australian government initiative and yet, the Commonwealth argued, the responsibility for Aboriginal people lay with the essay process, States.

This furthered the beauty, case for a referendum to amend the Constitution so as to practitioner grad essay empower the beauty essays lester, Commonwealth in Aboriginal affairs. Jessie Street’s ‘psychological moment’ had arrived. Thesis! Before returning to England she delegated to Andrews the task of convening a meeting with representatives from essays lester existing Aboriginal rights organisations in order to a comparison essay form a national activist body. With Duguid, of the South Australian Aborigines Advancement League, and Stan Davey, of the newly formed Victorian Aborigines Advancement League, Andrews planned the essays lester, February 1958 meeting at which the Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement (FCAA) was formed. Process! The other bodies represented were the Aboriginal-Australian Fellowship and the Association for the Assimilation of Aborigines , both from New South Wales, the american burnham, Western Australian Native Welfare Council, the Aborigines Advancement League of Western Australia, and Queensland’s hastily formed United Council for Aboriginal Welfare. The new federal body agreed to five guiding principles that owed much to does essays Andrews and the ideas she had been exploring over beauty essays lester burnham, the previous five years. [8] Maturity: Supporting Indigenous Advocacy and National Campaigning. How Do You Write! In 1957 Mollie Bayne, who had been active in american beauty essays lester, the CAR since its inception, resigned from the presidency. She was replaced by Dr Barry Christophers, a medical practitioner in Richmond, an inner working-class suburb of Melbourne, who would hold the position until CAR ceased operation in the 1980s. Christophers was, like Andrews, a member of the CPA. The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation considered the essay, CAR to be a front organisation, operating to advance the essays, cause of how do you write a comparison essay communism. This was not the case: neither Andrews, nor Christophers, nor later Pauline Pickford (also a CPA member) were driven by american burnham, central CPA policy, although they did agree with CPA policy that removing economic discrimination was central to the cause of Aboriginal justice.

During these Cold War times, the ‘red’ smear, coupled with the loss of the churchmen who had been on the early executive, led conservatives to question the motives of the nurse school essay, CAR. The idea of equal wages in the pastoral industry challenged powerful vested interests and their exploitation of burnham Aboriginal people employed as stockmen and domestics for token wages. A decision by Doug Nicholls and Stan Davey, both CAR members, to address more directly the welfare needs of Aboriginal Victorians led Andrews to suggest they form a new organisation. Aware of the start essay, possibility of damaging assertions that communists manipulated Aborigines for their political ends, she encouraged them to form what would become the Victorian Aborigines Advancement League (VAAL). The League and the Council were both affiliated with the FCAA, an umbrella organisation comprising member bodies from american all mainland states. However, the location of the FCAA headquarters in Melbourne meant that the CAR was frequently given research projects by Davey, the FCAA’s secretary. Among these were a national petition campaign to pressure the Federal government to hold a referendum to nurse practitioner school empower the american essays, Commonwealth in Aboriginal affairs and a campaign to amend racially discriminatory clauses in you write, the Commonwealth’s Tuberculosis Act. Beauty Lester! Andrews took primary responsibility for the campaign to amend the Constitution, while Christophers, as a medical practitioner, was well placed to expose racial discrimination in the Tuberculosis Act and campaign to have it amended.

Christophers brought to his new position a sense of outrage at essay before social injustices and a tenacity to undertake the research and writing necessary to expose them. American! His early work included publicising the abuse of legislation initially designed to thesis stop the beauty essays burnham, spread of leprosy by forbidding Aboriginal people in Western Australia to thesis travel south beyond the twentieth parallel. In 1957 this legislation was invoked to charge members of the Pindan group in Port Hedland who crossed ‘the Leper Line’ in order to encourage Aboriginal pastoral workers to leave their employment. Christophers also drew attention to the use of demeaning nicknames, such as ‘Ruby Yaws’ and ‘Blind Nelly’, in the Commonwealth government’s register of wards in the Northern Territory. Pauline Pickford, who became honorary secretary in 1961 when Andrews relinquished the position to become the CAR’s research officer, brought new Aboriginal members into beauty the Council. Her warm, friendly personality was a great asset as the CAR realised that it needed to engage more closely with Aboriginal Victorians. She developed friendships with Aboriginal people, some of whose families she had known since childhood as they were her mother’s friends. Thesis On Antidiabetic! She drew on common experiences as a mother with Aboriginal women, and she and her husband holidayed at Lake Tyers recreational camping ground near the Aboriginal Reserve, where, sitting around a campfire they listened to the concerns of the beauty lester, local people.

By the mid-1960s over thirty Aboriginal correspondents in how do a comparison, Victoria and Queensland were writing to Pickford to seek assistance in such matters as social service benefits. Under her secretaryship Aboriginal membership and representation on the executive grew, with Laurie Moffatt from Lake Tyers, Margaret Edwards (the sister of Joe McGinness), Nicholls, and Bill Onus active over american beauty, a number of years in the 1960s. With Christophers as president, Pickford as honorary secretary, and Andrews as research officer, the CAR pursued local concerns as well as national matters. Nurse Practitioner School! The early 1960s were the CAR’s heyday. In 1961 Pickford represented the Council at a hearing in north Queensland, where Pastor Erich Kernich, superintendent of the american beauty lester burnham, Hopevale Mission, faced a charge of breaching the Queensland Aboriginals Preservation and Protection Act by beating a resident. With a coalition of left-wing union representatives, Cairns and Townsville Trades and Labour Council representatives, and members of the Cairns Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Advancement League, Pickford attended the hearing at which Fred Paterson, who had earlier represented Bowen in the Queensland parliament as a member of the process, CPA, provided pro bono legal representation for the man who had been beaten. The magistrate found the pastor guilty and he was transferred away from the mission.

The case was a triumph for american essays lester the activists. A long-term benefit was the friendship which developed between Pickford and Gladys O’Shane, the on antidiabetic, president of the Cairns Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Advancement League. For the remainder of the CAR’s existence, it had strong ties with Aboriginal and essays burnham, Torres Strait Islander activists from far north Queensland, such as McGinness, Evelyn Scott, and others. [9] At a time when the Lake Tyers community were fighting to keep their land, Pickford’s people skills were vital in encouraging the residents of this isolated Gippsland community to organise. On Stress Exams! The CAR responded to a request from Laurie Moffatt, a Lake Tyers spokesman, to assist as they campaigned against the Victorian government’s plan to sell the Lake Tyers Aboriginal reserve and disperse the beauty lester burnham, residents. The Council encouraged and financed Victorian Aboriginal people to travel to Canberra to attend the annual conferences of FCAA (later the Federal Council for before exams the Advancement of essays Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, or FCAATSI). Nurse Practitioner School! These Gippsland representatives told delegates of the struggle for american beauty lester burnham Lake Tyers at practitioner school a time when Aboriginal reserved land in many other parts of Australia was under pressure from mining. Such connections between Aboriginal activists from all over the country provided the opportunities for political organisation that would, within a decade, lead to the formation of all-Aboriginal bodies.

Once the FCAA was effectively operating, the CAR was able to essays lester burnham relinquish the de facto national responsibility it had taken upon itself in the absence of a national body. The close relationship and personnel overlap between the Council, the does money buy happiness, VAAL, and the head office of the FCAA(TSI) in Melbourne, meant that office-bearers such as Andrews, who was also a member of the league and on the FCAA executive, worked on national campaigns, like the campaign for a referendum to essays burnham change the Constitution to empower the Commonwealth in Aboriginal affairs. The work of writing the leaflets to does money buy happiness set out the arguments for change, and the preamble to the petition, fell to her, a member of the planning committee along with Davey, Nicholls, and Gordon Bryant, the federal Labor member for Wills. Petitioners would ask that section 127 of the Constitution, which did not require Aboriginal Australians to be counted in lester, the census, be repealed. The other change sought was to section 51 (xxvi), which read: The Parliament shall, subject to the Constitution, have power to does buy happiness essays make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to the people of any race other than the aboriginal race in any state, for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws. The proposal was that the italicized phrase would be removed, giving the Commonwealth the power to make laws specific to beauty essays burnham Aboriginal people as a group. Andrews was the principal author of ‘National Petition: Towards Equal Citizenship for nurse school essay Aborigines’, and beauty, much of the day-to-day work of the exams, planning committee fell to her as more than 100,000 signatures were gathered, organized, and american beauty lester burnham, distributed to you write essay members of parliament to table in the House of Representatives.

When the FCAA established a committee system in 1963, Andrews and Christophers continued their work for equal wages and american beauty essays lester, access to social service benefits through the FCAA Equal Wages for Aborigines Committee. With Rodney Hall, Andrews wrote ‘A Yinjilli Leaflet’ to Aboriginal people eligible to claim social service benefits after the Social Services Act was amended in 1959. Properly a task for essay the federal government, the american beauty essays burnham, leaflet provided information on how, where, and when to apply for benefits. Money Buy Happiness Essays! The campaign for equal wages in the cattle industry was also effectively run by this subcommittee, with Christophers and Andrews responsible for much of the work. Essays! Meanwhile the CAR saw that the task of continuing to educate the Australian public was critical. In 1962 it completed its most ambitious project, the publication of The Struggle for Dignity . Subtitled ‘a critical analysis of the Australian Aborigine today, the an analysis, laws which govern him, and their effects,’ this small book was a state-by-state study of Aboriginal conditions of life. [10] Andrews contributed chapters on Victoria and lester, South Australia, and Christophers produced one on the Northern Territory as well as drafting a chapter on Western Australia, which Mary Bennett had been working on before her death. While the family practitioner school, booklet was very informative, it received a mixed reception.

It provided little-known facts that were damning of state governments’ approaches to Aboriginal affairs. Lester! However, all of the living authors were members of the CPA, leading some readers to argue that the essay nursing, work was unbalanced, with, for beauty essays lester burnham example, little recognition of the efforts of Paul Hasluck, the practitioner grad school essay, Commonwealth minister for territories, to increase the budget for Aboriginal affairs in the Northern Territory and to develop an beauty lester education for citizenship program. The eighty-page book was widely distributed to schools, filling an information gap and providing a readable account of before exams how state laws dehumanized Aboriginal people. By the early 1970s, when the american beauty burnham, CAR was twenty years old, much had changed. Start! FCAATSI became an lester Indigenous-controlled body in nursing process, 1973. The Whitlam Labor government provided financial encouragement for new grass-roots Aboriginal organisations, such as Aboriginal legal services and Aboriginal health services. In a post-referendum world, the original goal of the Council, to pursue ‘the widest possible support for a campaign to obtain justice for all Australian Aborigines,’ was being taken up by Aboriginal activists themselves.

Indigenous advocacy was formalised in american beauty, 1973 when the Labor government set up the National Aboriginal Consultative Committee. The Council now operated to assist and money buy happiness essays, support Indigenous enterprises. Andrews and american, Pickford were still members, but no longer on the executive; Christophers remained as president and how do a comparison, engaged in american lester burnham, campaigns such as opposition to the Queensland Trust Fund, but the efficiency and energy of the organisation were now diminished. Relationships formed with Aboriginal activists were now the driving force. When the National Council of Aboriginal and Islander Women (an initiative of Geraldine Briggs from Victoria) was formed in the early 1970s, Pickford provided practical support, such as driving Victorian Aboriginal women to Townsville for an International Women’s Year conference in 1975.

When the honorarium paid to McGinness as the essay nursing, president of FCAATSI ceased in 1970 and american essays burnham, his work as a wharf labourer dried up due to mechanisation, the nurse practitioner grad school, CAR ran their last big appeal. ‘Project Field Officer’ raised money to fund McGinness’ work among the far-flung Aboriginal communities of northern Queensland. American Lester Burnham! The earlier, tight organisation, with monthly committee meetings and regular fund-raising for essay specific campaigns, was replaced with intermittent meetings of a small core group that included Christophers, Andrews, Pickford, Alan Dredge, who had been the treasurer for american essays burnham a number of years, and Enid Radic, a committee member of many years’ standing. How Do A Comparison Essay! Two new members, Barbara Chmielewska and her brother Stan Pelczynski, who had come to Australia as Polish refugees, joined and were active in the 1970s, with Barbara taking up the secretary’s role for a time, but the earlier structure of organisational membership had collapsed. The sense of purpose and energy that characterised the organisation in the 1950s and 1960s was no longer evident. The Council’s last recorded action in 1981 was to purchase a car for McGinness, described as ‘our field officer’, FCAATSI by that time having disbanded. The Council operated as a de facto national body in its youth, drawing attention to systemic injustices which hurt individuals. In its maturity it contributed to Victorian and national campaigns for such issues as land rights and equal wages. Essays Burnham! The declining years of the CAR, when these battles were taken up by other bodies, saw members engaged in assisting Aboriginal activists who asked for help. On Antidiabetic! Shirley Andrews, Barry Christophers, Pauline Pickford, and others made a real contribution in the long struggle, as they often called it, for justice for Aboriginal Australians. Beauty Essays Lester! The files of how do you write a comparison essay this organisation, held in the State Library of Victoria, do not indicate when it was wound up, but it seems that it had ceased operation by the mid-1980s.

Sue Taffe, 'The Council for Aboriginal Rights (Victoria)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/essay/8/text29426, originally published 11 April 2014, accessed 6 October 2017. © Copyright Australian Dictionary of Biography, 2010-2017. Australian Dictionary of american beauty essays Biography. © Copyright Australian Dictionary of Biography, 2006-2017.

Simple Software for Better Interview Skills. Learn how to land the job with Big Interview’s powerful video tutorials and virtual interview practice software. The Art of Writing a Great Resume Summary Statement. Guest contributor and beauty lester professional resume writer Kimberly Sarmiento will help you make your resume stand out exams with a summary statement. In resume writing, you know you need more than just a list of jobs and education, but how to begin? Or rather, how should your resume begin? First, nix the objective statement.

It is almost impossible to beauty essays burnham write an objective statement without either telling the hiring manager something they already know or focusing on what you want to get from a job. Both are things you should absolutely avoid in thesis a resume. Instead, use a summary statement or what I like to call your “written elevator speech.” Why You Should Use a Resume Summary Statement. Professionals who work with career coaches and burnham those who have done some solid web research have come to understand that they need to does master their “Elevator Speech”. This speech is a short summary of an employee’s value proposition and should be thought of as a “sales pitch” that is ready to go anytime you run into essays burnham, a potential hiring manager or networking contact. A carefully prepared “Elevator Speech” is customized to the person giving the speech and contains information that makes the professional stand out while still focusing on things the employer wants to know (excels in cutting costs, not excellent deep sea diver). The same holds true for does money, your “Written Elevator Speech” or resume summary statement. This “speech” is given at the top of your resume — in the prime resume real estate where a recruiter or hiring manager always looks first. The summary statement serves as an introduction to the reader that seeks to answer the question “Tell me about american beauty essays yourself” in just a few lines of on stress, text.

The resume summary statement will help your resume stand out by: a. Catching the reader’s attention immediately. b. American Lester? Ensuring a clear understanding of your top selling points at a glance (important when hiring managers are skimming through dozens of resumes at a time and you write attention spans are short) c. Putting emphasis on your career highlights and key strengths in an easy-to-scan format. d. Briefly communicating your professional objective if relevant (if the objective is not obvious) Every resume can benefit from a summary statement. For some candidates, it can be critical. 1. Career Changers — A summary statement can help a hiring manager quickly see your transferable skills.

Without a summary statement, a recruiter might look at your most recent experience, assume you’re not a fit because your experience isn’t traditional, and toss your resume. 2. Beauty Lester? Recent College Grads — A summary statement can help you customize your resume for different opportunities. This is an analysis essay, especially helpful if your background is somewhat general. You can use the american beauty essays burnham, summary to highlight skills and experience most relevant for each position. 3. Experienced Professionals with Diverse Backgrounds — For experienced professionals, a summary statement can become the “executive summary” of your resume, tailored for exams, each position. This allows you to pull the most relevant and impressive skills and career accomplishments and feature them at the top of your resume. Elements of a Strong Resume Summary Statement. The Basics — Your summary statement should consist of a title and a few lines of text. The text can be in paragraph form and/or use bullets.

The summary statement should appear directly below your contact information at the top of the essays lester, resume. and should reflect a general (or specific) idea of your career goals. Your Title — When working with my clients on their resumes, I typically recommend starting with a title that communicates their professional identity. Think of family grad, it as a headline that will catch the reader’s eye and help them see your fit for the position at beauty hand. Examples include Social Media Brand Strategist, Senior Marketing Executive, Multifaceted Art Director, and Global Operations Professional. See Resume Summary Statement examples below for additional titles that may spark ideas for you.

The Format — The main body of your summary statement should be approximately 3-4 lines of text and should NOT be written with first-person pronouns. If you are tempted to make your summary statement longer to squeeze in more details, resist the money buy happiness essays, temptation. Industry research tells us that most hiring managers spend only seconds reviewing a resume before they make up their minds to call a candidate or not. We also know that when they see large chunks of text, their eyes will skip over it. Therefore, it is beauty essays, vital to limit the length of on antidiabetic, a summary statement to american beauty lester burnham ensure it gets read. Resume Summary Statement Examples.

Below are several examples of “written elevator speeches” or summary/branding statements with titles. A versatile and creative writer fuses a background in process journalism and academics with expertise in beauty lester business writing to deliver quality, customized material spanning news, marketing, web content, curriculum, and career development. Essay Exams? Provides sales support and highly-rated client service and american beauty lester burnham excels in meeting deadlines in quick-turnaround settings. FINANCIAL OPERATIONS SUPPORT PROFESSIONAL. Blends academic training in essay exams economics and essays lester business administration with hands-on experience in sales and operations support to offer employers a track record of delivering on tasks accurately, efficiently, and quickly. Known for providing best-in-class customer service and communications in a variety of business settings. A proven leader of US and essay international sales organizations offers expertise in developing successful growth strategies and beauty essays training both individual representative and team leaders in product benefits and customer service techniques. Also known for creating dynamic marketing/brand strategies that engage consumers and take away business from the how do you write essay, competition.

Effectively manages PL on multimillion-dollar, multi-product lines of american, business. How to how do a comparison Write Your Resume Summary Statement. Since you have limited space, it’s important to carefully plan what goes into your summary statement. Your statement must be concise AND represent the strongest elements of you as a professional. Here are three steps to writing a strong summary statement for your resume: Step 1: First, think of three or four things that define you as a professional. This can be a strong sales record, excellent customer service, expertise in drawing engineering plans, or an ability to american essays lester burnham manage large-scale technical projects.

These professional traits will vary according to profession and exams skill level. Managers and executives should focus on business skills as well as technical expertise — even if they fall into a technical industry. Entry-level and american burnham recent graduates can include academic training and experience to support professional abilities. Step 2: Next, think of the exams, things you enjoy the most in your work. When you write your summary statement, you aren’t just telling the employer what you are good at, you are also telling them what you want to do day in and day out. Ergo, no matter how well you do something – don’t talk about it if you don’t want to do it. American Beauty Essays Lester? My wisest clients have pointed it out to me when I have focused too much on on stress something they don’t particularly enjoy and we rework their summaries accordingly.

Step 3: Align your summary statement with the beauty lester burnham, company’s job requirements. Once you identify the skills you want to focus on, do a little research and see if they line up with job requirements listed for the positions you are seeking. If you are a project manager, you probably want to establish early that you are skilled at managing resources and ensuring assignments get completed on-time/on-budget. This might not be the thing you want to before focus on essays the most, but it is essential to work in. More Tips on practitioner school Resume Summary Statements. 1. Customize for Your Experience Level. Each of the above example statements effectively sets up the skill sets, achievements, and even certifications/degrees that the applicants highlight throughout their resumes. When writing your statement, it is important to consider where you are in your professional progression. While a job description might want an MBA, PMP, or other certifications, whether or not you mention such things in your opening statement will depend greatly on how much experience you have to back your application. When the beauty essays lester, job seeker is young and needs to rely on academic experience to strengthen their qualifications, it is best to call that out from the start.

Consider the example below: Blends lab management experience with academic training at the University of Florida to offer solid skills in clinical experiments and research activities. Incorporates a background in family practitioner essay office administration to provide employers with proven organization, communications, and american beauty essays burnham scheduling expertise. In this instance, the job seeker focused on on antidiabetic things learned through education and transferable skills that could be applicable from part-time work experience. On the other hand, when the job applicant has strong experience, there is no need to rely on the academic training any longer and beauty lester it doesn’t need to be mentioned. 2. Focus on essay nursing process your most important selling points. Some requirements can be covered in the body of the resume and just aren’t important enough to place in that opening paragraph. One example I see a lot is proficiency in MS Office. Even if you are a technical professional, software and hardware skills need their own section on the resume and don’t belong in the opening statement. The summary statement is for the strengths and accomplishments that truly make you stand out american essays lester burnham as a candidate. Consider the following examples of resume summaries for technology professionals:

A proven leader of IT startups and money essays established operations offers expertise in defining technical strategies that support overall business objectives. Supports efforts to american beauty essays develop and market technical solutions to both internal and start an analysis external clients. Oversees team development and vendor selection/maintenance for american beauty essays lester, multimillion-dollar operations. COMPUTER/HARDWARE SPECIALIST /TEAM SUPERVISOR. Leverages technical expertise on hardware setup/configuration to provide exceptional user support and does money buy happiness essays resolve critical operational issues. Experience includes managing security and after-hour support for american beauty essays burnham, classified materials and communications.

Known for creating and money implementing training that expands team member capabilities and instructs users on system utilization/improvement. Works with government, civilian, and corporate stakeholders. Of course there are other things you might want to call to the reader’s attention early, including language proficiencies, award-winning performance, or being named on one or more US patents. While these qualifications can be contained in the body of a resume (and should still be placed there) , it could be relevant to american essays lester highlight them early to establish your unique value as an employee. Please note again that none of these opening paragraphs are written with first person pronouns. While you do write the paragraph in present tense, you write it as if you are the understood subject of the resume. This allows the essay, focus to remain on the employer.

Use of “I, me, my” places the focus on the applicant and the goal of the resume is to sell the employer on essays lester what you can do for THEM. By telling the reader what you “do” and what you are “known for,” you get the essay exams, reader thinking about how you can do those things for them. This message should be reinforced throughout the resume as you use achievements and certifications to reinforce your opening paragraph and american lester highlight examples of when you have done the things that summary statement promotes. Remember, aside from a cover letter, the thesis, summary statement is the very first thing the hiring manager reads about beauty you. It is family practitioner grad, your handshake long before you meet the interviewer. It is your first impression long before you get a chance to pick out your best outfit. American Beauty Essays? It requires more than “I am seeking a job as….” It is your first chance to answer the question “Tell me about Yourself” and you want to make the most of it. HUMOR: Also, if you’re struggling for ideas, why not let Barney Stinson inspire you with some “creative” ways to highlight your awesomeness. Pamela Skillings is family nurse practitioner grad, co-founder of Big Interview. As an interview coach, she has helped her clients land dream jobs at companies including Google, Microsoft, Goldman Sachs, and JP Morgan Chase.

She also has more than 15 years of experience training and advising managers at organizations from American Express to the City of New York. She is an adjunct professor at New York University and an instructor at american the American Management Association. 20 Comment to The Art of essay process, Writing a Great Resume Summary Statement. Nice one Pamela. One more thing I would like to add here is lester burnham, one should never try to add any fake information in their resume which can put them in thesis trouble. @terrylewis – thats great. Lester Burnham? Maybe you can share it here once you’re done.

@Arman – that’s correct. Faking info will very likely come back to bite you. Essay? So resist the american essays lester, temptation to be too “creative”. What an exceptional post Pamela. I have seen many articles on resume tips but nothing like this one. Just want to add more tip here that job seekers should never try to add any fake information in their resumes just to impress the recruiter. This is the part that is very difficult for me, i work in the service area, i work for a very prestigious hotel brand and i don’t know how to convert what i do into essay, a summary. I want to american beauty lester burnham advance in essay my career, i want to move in int administrative part of the hotel, not front office. No I’m not a front desk agent nor a concierge. I am having so much trouble coming with the perfect resume so i can apply to better jobs.!

Here’s a way to american burnham possibly get unstuck and nursing process draft your summary statement: 1) Brainstorm a bit about the most important qualities required for the job(s) that you want. If there’s a job description, scan it for keywords. 2) Think about your 3 most valuable transferable skills/strengths/areas of american beauty burnham, expertise and how they relate. 3) Draft a sentence about each of those three selling points.

4) Combine/arrange/edit them into a summary statement using the examples in the post for inspiration. Depending on your level of on antidiabetic, experience, your statement may be a few simple sentences or a brief bulleted list. Please feel free to post a draft of your summary statement here and essays lester I would be happy to give some feedback. Keep track of the interviews. Maintain a record of the .information about the interview so that you can refer to it in future. Family Nurse Essay? Many times you would have more than one interview with an organisation and lester it would help if you have jotted down somewhere what happened in the previous interviews. As the human memory fades with time it is preferable that you record the information within 24 hours of the interview. While maintaining the summary of interviews include the following information:• Name and position of interviewer(s) After the essay process, Interview. It is not over until you finally get the job. So don’t just sit back and relax.

Now is the american essays lester burnham, time to money do the follow up procedures to finally get selected and gain the job of american beauty lester burnham, your dreams. Get Selected at essay nursing Job Interviews. • Job profile/description: duties, responsibilities, powers, salary, other benefits etc. • Category: positive, negative, average. • Date of contact with the essays, organisation. • Specific points discussed: stressed on some qualifications, achievements more than others. Pamela you are genius…Just read your blog….It is simply amazing. Already started working on creating my own personal branding statement. Essay Nursing? It would be great if you can suggest what should be the caption or heading for essays burnham, personal branding statement. For instance, the categories/headings which appear in a Resume/CV are Core Competencies, Professional Experience, Academics, Personal Information etc. Start An Analysis? Is it a good idea to write heading ” Senior Banking Professional ” followed by branding statement under this heading.

Since, I am a banker with 8 years of experience in executing cross- functional assignments in Retail ( Marketing Campaigns for beauty, Retail banking ), Corporate Banking (Commercial Credit to SMEs ) and Strategy (Launch of Wealth Management Business) with MBA as background. Start Essay? Keeping my fingers crossed …to discover a nice branding statement for me… THANKS A LOT…. Outstanding post Pamela! I am a young creative professional and find it very difficult to lester put my skills and experience into a summary when its such a broad field. Family Practitioner School Essay? After reading your article I now have a better understanding of what companies look for beauty essays burnham, in a resume. Thank you! Outstanding post Pamela and very helpful but I am some time confused that – What type of essay on stress before, CV format should I opt for HR post please help as I am working as an HR? What type of beauty essays lester burnham, frequent question can be asked during an start essay, interview? How can we describe a healthy interview? How can I create my own profession brand as an HR?

It seems like the examples used are trying to beauty essays burnham show some corporate bean counter that you know a lot of money buy happiness essays, big words. Beauty Essays Lester? Is this really what sells? I don’t want to jump through a bunch of on stress before exams, hoops to dazzle some corporate sell out. What ever happend to keeping it simple? Great article. I’m running into beauty burnham, trouble highlighting my transferable skills that I got from does money buy happiness being a corporate lawyer because I now want to work on research teams for news shows, or in production. Its difficult trying to connect the two. Can you write an example here. Good article, exposed some weaknesses in my resume, I’m make the changes today! Thanks. Helpful article, though I find myself wondering at the images you chose for the sections.

They are all part of a larger work by Pablo Picasso, titled “Guernica,” which was his attempt at a propaganda piece criticizing war. The painting depicts innocent people being firebombed by German and lester Italian warplanes. You Write A Comparison? Clearly shown are tormented soldiers, a dead child in the arms of american beauty lester burnham, a ravaged woman, and citizens and a comparison essay livestock burning alive. Perhaps this is a strange choice of artwork to use for beauty essays lester burnham, this article. Awesome. shares some other resume design skill in AmoLink resume.

Hope it’s useful to all of us. I found it odd also. This is why doing arts papers while studying for your business degree is so important. Family Practitioner Grad School Essay? Something incredibly ironic about someone who is an expert in beauty essays selling yourself plastering her blog post with images from a painting as brutally about suffering as this. I guess whoever pieced this page together thought “oh, it’s art, so it must be sophisticated.” And they say I’m irrational for thinking business people aren’t necessarily very bright. Thank you for the inspiring article!

I have been struggling to find a job that fits my professional profile and when I finally find it, I get no attention… at all! Now, I migh have identified some of my common mistakes. Anyhow, I have a big problem. I am a BA in International Relations and I have no idea how to name my professional title…. An Analysis? Any ideas? I rarely get sidetracked by advertisements or odd artwork in beauty essays lester blog posts, mainly because I’m inundated with it. But my concentration was quickly. diverted to the slightly barbaric images as soon as I could make out an. Pamela Skillings is essay exams, co-founder of Big Interview.

As one of the country's top interview coaches, she has helped her clients land dream jobs at essays companies including Google, Microsoft, Goldman Sachs, and JP Morgan Chase. She also has more than 15 years of experience training and advising managers at organizations from American Express to family practitioner school the City of New York. She is an adjunct professor at New York University and an instructor at the American Management Association. Continue reading. Copyright © 2017 Big Interview – Job Interview Training - All Rights Reserved.

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Why Should We Respect Our Elders Essays and Research Papers. ? RESPECT YOUR ELDERS Respect you elders . This statement may seem all too familiar, but is american essays burnham it really . being followed these days? Every day as I flip through the television, I witness discrimination against the old and wise. On Antidiabetic? Frequently on television sitcoms I notice a false portrayal of old people as being boring and in poor health. Beauty? The audience laughs as a teenager yells words at a grandmother whose hearing is failing or a grandfather having trouble finding his false teeth. I don't know about start an analysis, the. Ageing , Death , Elderly care 892 Words | 3 Pages.

Respect Essay I am very lucky to live in Canada, where this beautiful country has not been shattered by destruction of the land and . towns, but rather provides protection from it, and delivers respectful education, freedom, and american essays burnham, safety so that we don’t need to live a decided life, or a life of fear. Before? What is beauty essays lester “respectful education”? Well, you could say that it is education that teaches children not only curriculum, but also how to be respectful to everyone and family nurse practitioner, everything around them, you may. Creator deity , Democracy , Dictatorship 883 Words | 3 Pages. Respecting my elders , and everyone else, just comes natural to american beauty essays lester me, because when I was just a little girl, I was taught that I must always . respect my elders , if I didn't, I'd get a slap on my face by my parents. As I grew up, I came to realize the true meaning of the phrase, respect your elders , and I agree fully with my mother's teachings. I not only respected my elders , but I respected everyone around me. When I had my children, I taught them the same way my parents taught me, on how to respect their. Ageing , Ageism , Death 1559 Words | 5 Pages.

Importance of essay on stress exams, respecting elders : It is very important for each one of beauty essays burnham, us to learn to family grad essay . respect others. We cannot retain knowledge, if we do not respect our Parents, Teachers, and essays burnham, elders . Respect for others is expressed in start many different ways like bowing down to american beauty essays burnham elders , taking good care of our books, paying attention in start an analysis essay class; listening to our parents, being polite to everybody which results in good manners and good behaviour. Lester Burnham? Respect destroys the ego and pride. Bowing , Grammatical person , Human behavior 1022 Words | 3 Pages. Why Should We Respect Our Teachers. WHY WE SHOULD RESPECT OUR TEACHERS We should . On Stress? respect our teachers because if we don’t respect people, that are more complex and more experienced than us it will reflect on us earlier down in our lives. American Beauty Lester Burnham? Although sometimes our teachers may make a fool of us and humiliate us and sometimes embarrass us in the cruelest ways we should not retaliate in on antidiabetic a bad way. If we know all the rules in lester burnham the school we should report it to the principal or someone that is a part of the school and nurse practitioner grad essay, is able to tell the teacher. Core issues in ethics , Education , English-language films 623 Words | 2 Pages.

chose the word respect for my definition essay, and american beauty burnham, asked my mom what I should write about, she started singing an Aretha . Franklin song, which I have heard, but I do not know it that well, so I looked up the lyrics. (What you want Baby, I got What you need Do you know I got it? All I'm askin' Is for a little respect when you come home (just a little bit) Hey baby (just a little bit) when you get home (just a little bit) mister (just a little bit) Lyrics from the song, Respect by Aretha. 1990 singles , Aretha Franklin , Respect 867 Words | 2 Pages. Why Should We Protect Our Environment. Nowadays you must have heard about the growing concern towards global environmental problems. One may ask why there is money so much concern about . the environment.

The answer is american essays simple and essays, clear; our very existence depends on conservation of the environment. The unprecedented economic progress of american beauty essays, 19th and 20th centuries has pushed the environmental and thesis on antidiabetic, ecological awareness into the background. Beauty Essays Lester Burnham? However, today the whole world, particularly the developing countries, faces a near-crisis situation – both economic. Conservation movement , Developed country , Developing country 778 Words | 3 Pages. Danylle Payne # 4713 Christian Lifestyle Midterm Essay Our Christian life is based on nurse practitioner grad essay, the word of God and nothing else. As a Christian . Beauty Lester Burnham? we are held to a higher standard. We should abstain from alcoholic drink. The bible clearly shows that drinking alcoholic beverages result in does money essays cheating, hypocrisy, pride, and essays lester, blasphemy. The spiritual damage caused is not worth it, not only that but the physical health problems as well.

Christians should act responsibly concerning their personal testimony and influence. Alcohol , Alcoholic beverage , Alcoholism 1440 Words | 4 Pages. ?Topic: Why should we attend university? For people who have already finished high school, one of the essay before exams choices they . will have to make is whether to continue to higher education, which means going to college or university, or to start working and planning their life right away. American Burnham? Different people will have different choices of start an analysis, their own, but for me, I think there are two main reasons why we should attend college or university. The first thing that perhaps anyone would think about going to college. Academic degree , College , Education 1212 Words | 3 Pages. Elder abuse, A Social Problem Elderly abuse has not been researched enough, although there has been recent expansion on the research of . abuse of the elderly. However, it is still lacking adequate theory because there has not been enough research done, data collected on why it happens, or the american beauty essays lester burnham characteristics of the on stress exams abuser and beauty essays burnham, victim.

There are some diseases that cannot always be treated or prevented, but negligence and abuse can always be prevented. By learning to how do essay recognize the burnham signs and symptoms. Abuse , Child abuse , Domestic violence 1199 Words | 4 Pages. Why We Should Never Sacrifice Knowledge. ?Greavu 1 John Greavu Mark Herr Philosophy 1002 17 December 2012 Annas vs. Driver: Why We Should Never Sacrifice . Knowledge For as long as we Homo sapiens have been capable of reasoning, we have pondered how we ought to live our lives. What constitutes a “good” life? What constitutes a “bad” one?

How should we treat the world, and how should we treat ourselves? What does “good” even mean? Although the how do a comparison answers to american these questions are understandably still quite foggy, it seems safe to say that the general. Ethics , Virtue 1791 Words | 7 Pages. We Should Not Put Our Families in Nursing Homes. We should not put our families in nurse practitioner grad nursing home Purpose . To persuade my audience why they should not put their family members in a nursing home. Introduction Do you have a disable or elderly family member that can not do for themselves? We as people need to think about essays burnham, where we place our family members as far as nursing homes and family nurse practitioner grad, facilities. Essays Lester? Many of you may not have any disable. Care of does money essays, residents , Geriatrics , Healthcare occupations 1007 Words | 3 Pages. I have been given the opportunity to beauty burnham compare both legal systems.

By comparing both systems, I was able to evaluate the positive and negative factors . involved and thus structure the regulations that should obey. There is a list of factors that influence the nursing process decisions why some obey the law and why some do not: background, financial stability, education; they all affect the decisions that people make such as talking on the phone while driving or get in a car knowingly that there is alcohol in the. Black-and-white films , Common law , Ethics 732 Words | 3 Pages. Why Should I Be Moral? The question of morality proves to be a complex interrogatory. Should I be moral? If I . should be, then why ? Why is american beauty burnham morality important to society? An assumption can be made that morals derive from a purely religious perspective or the Golden Rule approach. We are told that it is essay right to be moral. This is an ineffective answer, since it does not apply to someone outside the moral circle (Olsen, 79). This in mind, there is really no way to american beauty prove this too a person.

Ethics , Eudaimonia , Happiness 1406 Words | 5 Pages. Position Paper: We should change our lifestyles and eating habits to decrease Global Warming ENGL135 Advanced . Composition DeVry University We should change our lifestyles and does money, eating habits to decrease Global Warming We should change our lifestyles and eating habits to decrease Global Warming The menace of global warming is looming to destroy humanity and it is absolutely crucial for us to pay utmost importance to american essays lester burnham this cause and do everything possible in to essay ensure that we are not contributing. Atmosphere , Carbon dioxide , Fossil fuel 949 Words | 3 Pages. Title: How Should We Spend Our Time? Introduction It is only fitting that November is chosen to be the Stewardship . Beauty Lester Burnham? month and a very timely occasion to remind us of the abundant gifts, many talents and vast resources that God has blessed us and entrusted us to essay nursing be used in the building of His kingdom, in service to the church and in lester burnham helping others. Essay Nursing? November is a sensible month to celebrate Stewardship because UCCP recognizes the beauty lester burnham importance of proper management and effective utilization of our time, wealth. Bible , Christianity , Gospel of how do you write essay, Luke 2569 Words | 5 Pages. I, have always respected authority, I believe it is beauty essays lester burnham always imperative to respect authority, as shortly after I entered the Marine Corps I heard . Essay On Stress? a story about beauty burnham, a NCO that told a LCPL to get over here now and how do, he did and right after he moved the berm where he had been standing was shot right where his head would have been.

I remember that story from beauty essays burnham when my gunny told it to me when I first got to the fleet it’s something I don’t think I will ever forget it is essay nursing process one of the beauty essays things that reminds me every day. Corporal , Military rank , Non-commissioned officer 1655 Words | 4 Pages. How Congress Works and on antidiabetic, Why We Should Care? How Congress Works and Why Should you Care Many Americans in today's society will find it difficult to answer the question of burnham, . On Stress Before? what Congress exactly does and beauty essays lester, why it exists. Others simply don't care and see Congress as a failed system where nothing gets done.

Lee Hamilton, in his book Why Congress Works and Why you Should Care, proves these people wrong and gives an insider's look at what Congress actually does do and how it affects every American each day. Congress has come a long way since. Democracy , Federal government of the United States , Judiciary 1910 Words | 5 Pages. Why should we have pets? (More reasons) 1. What are the reasons why pets should be . allowed in an analysis essay the Marco Polo building? * Pets make loyal, lovable friends * Pets teach you how to take care of others * Pets teach you about american essays lester burnham, responsibility * A pet can help you learn about animals * Playing with pets can make you feel happy * Having a pet can keep you from feeling lonely or depressed * Pets are good for your health * Your whole family can share the benefits of. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder , Cortisol , Dog 1688 Words | 5 Pages. Introduction How should we live our lives? This question is the most confusing question that many of essays, people lost . there lives trying to answer. Many philosophers, sociologists and thinkers consumed many years trying to american beauty essays put theories, concepts, and thesis on antidiabetic, norms to guide others to the most efficient way to live. American Beauty Essays? One thing I had discovered is money buy happiness that life is easier than many people think you should have to open your eyes and american, start to enjoy life, instead of essay on stress before, trying to american burnham explain it. This book will not be a guide or. Aerosmith , Answer , Death 937 Words | 3 Pages.

should a millitary demand a respect? ? Should a military leader demand respect or should it be gained? Discuss. An Analysis Essay? First of all, we need . to understand the definition of leader. Leader is essays someone that can lead his men and even control them.

The roles of leader were broad as many things he needs to look after for example the welfare of his men and a comparison, so on. In terms of respect , it can be gain or it can be naturally. It depends on american beauty essays burnham, how the leader express theirself to thesis their men. You’ve got to give it to get it. Gaining respect is a process. Charismatic authority , Ethics , Leadership 2475 Words | 7 Pages.

Why Should We Conserve Our Coral Reefs Before Its Too Late? Why Should We Conserve Our Coral Reefs Before Its Too Late? The International Union for american essays lester burnham, . Conservation of Nature’s latest report warns that half of the nursing coral reefs could disappear by 2045. Coral reefs are diverse ecosystems that support different kinds of fish species and other organisms under the sea. Lester Burnham? They are home to as many as 150,000 species in any given coral reef (Harris 1060). They are located in thesis warm, shallow, and beauty essays lester burnham, tropical marine waters where there is enough sunlight available for the coral. Algae , Cnidaria , Coral 1237 Words | 4 Pages.

be a complex interrogatory. Should I be moral? If I should be, then why ? Why is thesis morality . Beauty? important to society? An assumption can be made that morals derive from a purely religious perspective or the Golden Rule approach. We are told that it is right to be moral. This is an ineffective answer, since it does not apply to someone outside the nursing process moral circle This in mind, there is beauty essays really no way to prove this too a person who wants to know why he/she should be moral.

According to Olen. Business ethics , Ethics , Eudaimonia 2395 Words | 7 Pages. We should legalize marijuana because it would be a great tax source for the government, it would help out farmers, it would . create many jobs, it would eliminate a good majority of the jail population, it would lessen the amount of does money, tension that we see around us, and it is a safe drug. Although there are many good reasons that we should legalize marijuana, there are also some good reasons that we should not legalize it. These include it would increase the burnham amount of lazy people, it might be hard to. Cannabis , Legality of family, cannabis by country , Tax 843 Words | 3 Pages. This is the age old question that is lester burnham so frequently asked that no one has a true answer. You have the people on family nurse school essay, one side saying that it will scar . our children and nothing good can come from american beauty it, and start, you have the other half that believe it is the best way to discipline our children.

So who do we believe? In my opinion I believe parents have the right to american beauty burnham discipline their children, as long as it doesn’t surpass child abuse. I understand smacking your kid on the butt, but not on their arms or other extremities. Aggression , Buttocks , Corporal punishment 1162 Words | 3 Pages. Why Our Troops should withdraw from Afghanistan. ?Philosophy 106 First Paper Assignment Why our Troops Should Withdrawal From Afghanistan On September . 11th 2001 the United States witnessed one of the worst terroristic attacks in you write a comparison essay U.S history.

Nineteen terrorists that were apart of an beauty essays lester, Islamic group hijacked four planes crashing them into various areas around the United States, committing suicide along with many innocent citizens. Family Nurse Practitioner School Essay? Two separate planes hit the world trade center in New York City, while a plane also hit the pentagon as well. Afghanistan , Al-Qaeda , Iraq War 1653 Words | 4 Pages. me with one question; that why should we study poetry at all? I think I know just the right words to answer it. . Poetry is a voice given to american beauty lester each one of us in our life time. It can be a roar, a scream or even a whisper. This voice can be used to express a variety of things. Often, people use poetry to express how they feel when they are misunderstood. You Write? Writing your feelings down in the form of poetry allows you be seen through the eyes of another person, and american beauty burnham, this is why poetry is important to me. . Debut albums , Emotion , Literature 730 Words | 3 Pages. Respect , respect , respect , that's what my father always said to me. Growing up in grad school essay a typical Chinese family, I have . learnt the importance of beauty essays lester, Respect , whether it is towards your grandparents, friends or your teachers.

Although most of them are just simple things, it really shows your respect towards others. To show your respect towards others, there are often things you must not do. Thesis On Antidiabetic? For example, if you respect your parents or your grandparents, you wouldn't just pat their heads, dropping their wig. China , English-language films , Family 1002 Words | 3 Pages. Respect Respect , especially in the Army is beauty a very important value to live by.

It is much more than just talking kindly and . listening to on antidiabetic someone, it is the process of taking into american burnham consideration someone’s emotions, feelings and on antidiabetic, needs. You must also focus on american beauty essays lester, their ideas, thoughts, and essay on stress, preferences. It is showing someone that you value their time; that you care what they have to say. Showing someone respect allows that person to know and lester burnham, acknowledge that you comprehend and believe in what they are. Military , Non-commissioned officer , People 2857 Words | 7 Pages. Why we should raise the minimum wage. Narin Gopaul Professor Flanagan Enc1101 8/4/2013 It's the thesis on antidiabetic year 2014, and we are in the state of the financial crisis which is still being . felt across the nation by the majority of Americans. Many Americans who have worked on minimum wages are struggling to live on a salary that is below the poverty threshold. Lester Burnham? In 2012, the U.S census posted that in a family of three; their income is essay before exams 18,552, (U.S Census).

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The authorities, our . government, and american essays burnham, worried parents see it as the how do you write a comparison essay devil’s drink, bringing with it only irresponsibility, self destructive habits, and a general decline in standard of essays, behavior. Meanwhile it is held up by social media and family nurse practitioner school, marketing to cater to our adolescents, flooding their malleable minds with images of fame, fortune, sex appeal, care-free living and artificial maturity. Alcohol , Alcohol abuse , Alcoholic beverage 1444 Words | 4 Pages. Should We Blame Television? The amount of violence shown in the media has posed a lot of controversy. Beauty Lester Burnham? Many video games, . television programs, adverts, films and on antidiabetic, music lyrics depict different forms of violence.

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views on buy happiness, our attitudes towards death. What argument does he provide for beauty lester, why we should not fear death? . What is the ethical purpose of this argument for how we should live our lives? Do you agree with Epicurus’s view? Why or why not? Epicurus was Philosopher in essay on stress exams the Hellenistic period, he presents the idea that man should strive for the ‘good life’ attaining happiness through the american beauty burnham pursuit of pleasure. Family Nurse School? In “Letter to american lester Menoeccus,” Epicurus discusses these ethics and views on how we should live our lives. Death , Epicureanism , Epicurus 1087 Words | 3 Pages.

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Its sad knowing that majority of people that know it exists does not know how to get rid of it. But some people question how to beauty essays eliminate it and wonder where it comes. Buddhism , Christianity , God 1696 Words | 4 Pages. Should Old People Be Allowed to Drive. Should Old People be allowed to Drive? The debate of whether old people should be allowed to drive is often brought up by . younger drivers, the reality is that all able bodied people who are healthy should be able to drive but as old age arrives it is inevitable our health will decrease. There are many different arguments on this subject and it is a wide spoken debate amongst road users, I will concentrate on both opinions and arrive at a conclusion as to whether old people should be allowed to. Ageing , Driver's license , Gerontology 1428 Words | 4 Pages.

Respect Respect is to show regard or consideration towards someone or something. It can be defined as a positive feeling of . appreciation towards a person or thing. Thesis On Antidiabetic? Respect expresses the american beauty essays lester regard and consideration shown by an individual towards others. An Analysis? Respect cannot be demanded, it is an asset that has to be earned. From childhood we are taught to respect our parents, elders , teachers and the list goes on. There is a personal form of respect , which is well known as self- respect . If an individual.

Feeling , Human behavior , Individual 1262 Words | 3 Pages. THE ROLE OF ELDERS IN PRESERVING INDIGENOUS CULTURE . indigenous people and take away the remains of their fore fathers and burnham, ancestors, listening to people involved and finding out why it happened . should be made in a plain language.” (Bob Sam, 2013) Dissemination of thesis on antidiabetic, information should be made to lester students to avoid making such mistakes again. Repatriation (The return of human remains to the right place) is the before exams main goal of beauty essays lester burnham, this Native elder of the TRINGLET Tribe in a comparison essay Alaska. The Collision between worlds; one who sees the essays lester remains as bones as and the other which. Ainu people , Human , Indigenous Australians 1955 Words | 5 Pages. may think. C. Today we will be talking about why cheerleading should be a sport, the mental and does essays, physical . strength it takes, how other sports relate to cheer, how much time it takes, and what injuries can be involved with it.

2. Why cheer should be a sport? A. Cheer is one of american beauty essays lester burnham, my favorite sports because it takes practice, strive for perfection, endurance, and its year around. I. I’m not saying that your sports don’t have that too, just stating why it’s my favorite sport. . 2008 albums , Basketball , Cheering 1002 Words | 3 Pages. Respect is something that everyone in life wants to receive from everybody that they deal with on a day to day basis. From my first hand . experience I can tell u that respect is one thing that has to be earned. A lot of people think that people should give them respect just because they are alive well sorry to say it does not work that way , if it worked that easy then respect would mean nothing to anybody. I personally give respect until someone gives me a reason to not respect them. Thesis? In my personal. Armed forces , Army , Combat 1685 Words | 4 Pages.

Why Medicinal Marijuana Should be Legal. Why Medicinal Marijuana Should be Legal For the past decade, talk of Medical Marijuana legalization has been a huge debate . in the United States. Individuals on both sides of the issue refuse to american concede to each other. Everyone is family grad convinced that their opinion on lester, the issue is the right opinion. Doctors and Physicians on essay, both sides have researched this issue to the end. American Lester? My question to those who oppose; is how do you write essay marijuana more harmful than the prescription drugs Doctors so easily prescribe today? I understand. Cannabis , Drugs , Food and Drug Administration 917 Words | 3 Pages. ENGL 250 Should A Woman Be President? Should a woman be president? I don’t think so.

I hear all of the time “women are . equal to men”, and “women are just as capable as men to lead our country”, and most of american beauty essays burnham, all, “women should not stay home barefooted and thesis on antidiabetic, pregnant”. Essays Burnham? The people that are saying these things are convincing women that they can become president. There are several reasons why a woman should never think about buy happiness essays, becoming president. Face it; we women bleed uterine lining out of certain. Childbirth , Female , Gender 1349 Words | 4 Pages.

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conjugal roles essay Lifestyle as Resistance: The Case of the Courtesans of Lucknow. by Veena Talwar Oldenburg (1990) [[1]] When, in 1976, I was doing the research for a study on the social consequences of colonial urbanization in Lucknow, /1/ a city in northern India situated about a third of the way between Delhi and american beauty essays Calcutta, I came across its famous courtesans for the first time. They appeared, surprisingly, in the civic tax ledgers of 1858-77 and in money, the related official correspondence preserved in the Municipal Corporation records room. /2/ They were classed under the american beauty essays lester burnham, occupational category of dancing and start singing girls, and as if it was not surprise enough to find women in the tax records, it was even more remarkable that they were in the highest tax bracket, with the largest individual incomes of any in the city. The courtesans' names were also on lists of property: (houses, orchards, manufacturing and retail establishments for food and luxury items) confiscated by British officials for their proven involvement in the siege of Lucknow and the rebeilion against British rule in 1857. These women, though patently noncombatants, were penalized for their instigation of and pecuniary assistance to the rebels.

On yet another list, some twenty pages long, are recorded the spoils of war seized from one set of female apartments in the palace and garden complex called the Qaisar Bagh, where some of the deposed ex-King Wajid Ali Shah's three hundred or more consorts /3/ resided when it was seized by the British. It is a remarkable list, eloquently evocative of a privileged existence: gold and silver ornaments studded with precious stones, embroidered cashmere wool and brocade shawls, bejeweled caps and shoes, silver-, gold-, jade-, and amber-handled fly whisks, silver cutlery, jade goblets, plates, spitoons, huqqahs , and silver utensils for american beauty burnham serving and storing food and drink, and valuable furnishings. The value of this part of the booty of war was estimated at nearly four million rupees (there were approximately two rupees to the U.S. dollar in 1857). These courtesans appeared in other British colonial records as well. They were the subject of frequent official memorandums written in connection with a grave medical crisis that engulfed the thesis on antidiabetic, military establishment in Lucknow, as well as in all the major cantonments in British India. American Beauty? A greater number of European casualties during the essay process, mutiny and beauty essays rebellion of 1857, it was discovered, were caused by disease than in combat. The shock of this discovery was compounded by the embarrassing fact that one in every four European soldiers was afflicted with a venereal disease. It became clear that the battle to reduce European mortality rates would now be joined on the hygienic front, to ensure a healthy European army for the strategic needs of the empire. It became imperative that the courtesans and prostitutes of Lucknow, along with those in the other 110 cantonments in does money, India (and in several towns in Britain) where European soldiers were stationed, be regulated, inspected, and controlled. The provisions of Britain's Contagious Diseases Act of 1864 were incorporated into a comprehensive piece of legislation, Act XXII of 1864 in american beauty lester, India; it required the registration and periodic medical examination of prostitutes in all cantonment cities of the Indian empire. /4/

The British usurpation of the Kingdom of Awadh in 1856, and the forced exile of the king and how do you write many of his courtiers, had abruptly put an end to american beauty essays burnham royal patronage for the courtesans. The imposition of the contagious diseases regulations and heavy fines and penalties on the courtesans for their role in a comparison, the rebellion signaled the gradual debasement of an esteemed cultural institution into beauty essays common prostitution. Essay? Women who had once consorted with kings and courtiers, enjoyed a fabulously opulent living, manipulated men and means for american essays their own social and political ends, been the custodians of culture and the setters of on antidiabetic, fashion trends, were left in an extremely dubious and vulnerable position under the lester burnham, British. Singing and dancing girls was the classification invented to describe them in an analysis essay, the civic tax ledgers, and american essays lester encapsulates one of the many profound cultural misunderstandings of exotic Indian women by colonial authorities. These new challenges provoked these women to intensify their struggle to keep out an intrusive civic authority that taxed their incomes and inspected their bodies. Characteristically, they responded by keeping two sets of how do essay, books on their income, bribing the local da'i , or nurse, to avoid bodily inspections, bribing local policemen to avoid arrests for beauty lester selling liquor to the soldiers, or publicly refusing to pay taxes even when threatened with imprisonment. The tactics were new but the spirit behind them was veteran. These methods were imaginative extensions of the ancient and subtle ways the courtesans had cultivated to contest male authority in their liaisons with men, and add up to a spirited defense of their own rights against colonial politics. Their loyalty to thesis on antidiabetic the king of Awadh's regime underscores the position and privileges that were the beauty burnham, sine qua non of their existence. /5/ In a departure from the conventional perspective on this profession, I would argue that these women, even today, are independent, and essays consciously involved in the covert subversion of a male-dominated world; they celebrate womanhood in the privacy of their apartments by resisting and inverting the beauty essays, rules of gender of the larger society of which they are part. On Antidiabetic? Their way of life is not complicitous with male authority; on the contrary, in essays, their own self-perceptions, definitions, and descriptions they are engaged in ceaseless and chiefly nonconfrontational resistance to the new regulations and the resultant loss of prestige they have suffered since colonial rule began.

It would be no exaggeration to say that their life-style is resistance to rather than a perpetuation of patriarchal values . [[2]] Quite unexpectedly, another set of archival documents led me to a group of courtesans living in Lucknow in 1976, proud descendants of those who had survived first the pressures of a century of systematic harassment by the colonial authorities, and then the ban placed on their activities by the government of independent India. These documents were the intercepted letters written by the Shi'i ruler, Wajid Ali Shah, to some of his wives, whom he had been forced to money buy happiness essays abandon in the capital city of Lucknow, after the British annexed the prosperous and fertile Awadh Province in northern India and exiled him in 1856. I engaged a young Persian scholar, Chhote Miyan, /6/ to help me decipher these Persian letters. He not only provided the entree required to american essays lester visit this group of courtesans but also, quite fortuitously, the key to comprehending their world. He explained why he had only been given a pet name (roughly, Mr. Small) instead of a serious Muslim famiiy name. He was the son of a courtesan, and she had never revealed to him the identity of his father. Ironically, his sad life story had all the elements of the socialization and upbringing accorded to a girl in essay on stress exams, a normal household: While I love and respect my mother and american beauty burnham all my aunts (other courtesans) and my grandmother, my misfortune is essays that I was born a son and not a daughter in beauty essays lester burnham, their house. When a boy is born in essay, the kotha (salon), the day is without moment, even one of quiet sadness.

When my sister was born, there was a joyous celebration that was unforgettable. Everyone received new clothes, there was singing, dancing, and feasting. Beauty Lester? My aunts went from door to door distributing sweets. My sister is, today, a beautiful, educated, propertied woman. She will also inherit what my mother and grandmother own. Money Essays? She will have a large income from rents; she doesn't even have to work as a courtesan, if she so chooses. I am educated, but I have no money or property.

Jobs are very hard to come by, so I live in a room and subsist on a small allowance that my mother gives in exchange for running errands for her and beauty essays lester helping her deal with her lawyers. (She was trying to money essays evict a tenant from american essays a house she owned.) She paid for my education, but a degree is pretty worthless these days. My only does money, hope is that I may marry a good woman who has money and who gives me sons so they can look after me in my old age, or find a way of getting a job in Dubai, as my cousin did. Beauty Essays Lester Burnham? Otherwise my chances in essay, life are pretty dim. Funny isn't it, how these women have made life so topsy-turvy? In order to appreciate this rather remarkable inversion in a society that blatantly favors males over females, a brief sketch of the historical background of the tawa'if , or the courtesans of Lucknow, is in order. /7/ At all Hindu and Muslim courts in the many kingdoms that made up the subcontinent before the lester burnham, British began to conquer them and displace their rulers, the courtesans were an influential female elite. The courtesans of Lucknow were especially reputable. They had established themselves at on stress before exams the Awadh court in lester burnham, the eighteenth century, under the lavish patronage of the chief noblemen, merchants, and the official elite of the capital city. Essay? Abdul Halim Sharar, an early-twentieth-century novelist and american essays lester burnham journalist who constructed a remarkable history of the family nurse practitioner school essay, Nawabs of Awadh, based mainly on the oral testimony of the survivors of the burnham, events of 1857 in Lucknow, tells of their compelling role in court politics. A Comparison Essay? A cultivated man like Hakim Mahdi, who later became Vazir (prime minister of Awadh), owed his initial success to a courtesan named Piyaro, who advanced her own money to enable him to make an offering to the ruler on his first appointment as Governor of the Province of Awadh. These absurdities went so far that it is said that until a person had association with courtesans he was not a polished man. American Beauty Burnham? At the present time (c.1913) there are still some courtesans with whom it is not reprehensible to associate, and whose houses one can enter openly and unabashed. /8/ While implying that the coming of the British had left these women as a beleaguered community, Sharar was strongly of the opinion that the morals, manners, and distinctiveness of Lucknow culture and society were sustained by the courtesans.

Ensconced as they were in lavish apartments in the city's main Chauk Bazaar, and in the Qaisar Bagh palace, they were not only recognized as preservers and performers of the high culture of the court, but they actively shaped the developments in Hindustani music and Kathak dance styles. /9/ Their style of entertainment was widely imitated in other Indian court cities, and their enduring influence on does money essays, the Hindi film is all too patent. /10/ They commanded great respect in the court and in burnham, society, and essay association with them bestowed prestige on american beauty essays lester burnham, those who were invited to essay their salons for cultural soirées. It was not uncommon for american beauty lester burnham the young sons of the nobility to be sent to the best-known salons for start instruction in etiquette, the art of beauty essays burnham, conversation and polite manners, and the appreciation of Urdu literature. [[3]] In Lucknow, the world of the tawa'if was as complex and hierarchical as the society of nursing, which it was part. Beauty Lester? Courtesans were, and still are, usually a part of an analysis, a larger establishment run by a chaudharayan , or chief courtesan, an american beauty essays lester older woman who has retired to the position of manager after a successful career as a tawa'if . Having acquired wealth and fame, such women were able to recruit and train women who came to essay nursing them, along with the more talented daughters of the household. Typically a wealthy courtier, often the king himself, /11/ began his direct association with a kotha by bidding for a virgin whose patron he became, with the full privileges and obligations of beauty burnham, that position. He was obliged to make regular contributions in cash and jewelry, and privileged to invite his friends to soirées and enjoy an exclusive sexual relationship with a tawa'if . His guests were expected to impress the essay exams, management with their civilities and substance, so that they would qualify as patrons of the women who were still unattached, or at least as regulars of the kotha . The chaudharayan always received a fixed proportion (approximately one-third) of the earnings to maintain the essays burnham, apartments; hire and essays train other dancing girls; and attract the musicians, chefs, and special servants that such establishments employed. Many of the musicians belonged to famous lineages, and much of late-nineteenth-century Hindustani music was invented and american beauty essays lester transformed in start, these salons, to american essays lester burnham accommodate the new urban elite who filled the patronage vacuum in the colonial period. The household had other functionaries beyond the does buy happiness, core group of daughters or nieces of the senior tawa'if . These women, called thakahi and randi , were affiliates of burnham, a kotha but were ranked lower; their less remarkable appearance and talent restricted them to providing chiefly sexual services in rather more austere quarters downstairs. Another interesting group of women secretly associated with the establishment were khangi , or women who were married and essays observed strict pardah , but who, for financial or other reasons, came to the kotha for clandestine liaisons; the chaudharayan collected a fee from them for american essays burnham her hospitality.

Doormen, watchmen, errand boys, tailors, palanquin carriers, and others, who lived in the lower floors of the house, or in detached servants' quarters, and were also often kinsmen, screened suspicious characters at nurse practitioner grad school essay the door, acted as protectors of the house, and spied on the activities of the police and medical departments. American Beauty Essays Burnham? Pimps or other male agents simply did not exist, then or later. It is buy happiness essays popularly believed that the chaudharayan's most common mode of american beauty burnham, recruitment has always been kidnapping; that the tawa'if were linked to a large underground network of male criminals who abducted very young girls from villages and small towns and sold them to how do you write essay the kothas or nishat-khanas (literally, pleasure houses). This belief was fueled, if not actually generated, by Lucknow's famous poet and littérateur , Mirza Hadi Ruswa, in his Umra'o Jan Ada . The novel first appeared in 1905 [[actually 1899--fwp]], was an immediate success, and was translated into essays lester burnham English in 1961. It has been reprinted several times since it was reincarnated as a Bombay film in 1981. The influence this novel has exerted on thesis, the popular imagination is enormous; it is the single most important source of information on courtesans of Lucknow, and by extension, the entire profession as it was practiced in the nineteenth century, in northern India. Set in the second half of the nineteenth century, it is a melodramatic story of a tawa'if , Umrao Jan, who as a beautiful child of five is kidnapped and american sold to a tawa'if in Lucknow, where she trains and essay becomes, after a few complicated twists and turns in the plot, a renowned and much-sought-after courtesan. Ruswa uses the classic ploy of writing an introduction wherein he explains that he is merely recording the american beauty, true story of Umra'o Jan, told to him by the protagonist herself. His use of the first person in the memoir, in which the courtesan frequently addresses him by does buy happiness essays, name, makes it all the more convincing. Ruswa was a regular participant at several salons, and the glimpses he provides of the rigorous training and the world view of the courtesan are quite accurate historically.

What is american beauty essays less known is that Ruswa had a keen interest in crime, and several of his translations and exams adaptations were of contemporary Victorian and american lester Urdu potboilers. Money? He published a then-popular series of khuni novels (literally, bloody killer), some of american beauty essays burnham, whose titles, such as Khuni Shahzada (The killer prince), Khuni Joru (The killer wife), Khuni 'Ashiq (The killer lover), betray his predilection for the sensational. Family Nurse Practitioner Grad Essay? One of the beauty essays burnham, older courtesans I interviewed, who had known Ruswa personally, gave the book a mixed review. She commended Ruswa for understanding the mentality of the courtesan, but blamed him for thesis on antidiabetic inventing characters such as the evil kidnapper and the exploitative madame who became the stuff of american beauty essays, later stereotypes. /12/ [[4]] The greatest harm was done to the reputation of the kotha , however, by nurse practitioner grad school, British political propaganda. The older courtesans I interviewed, who felt keenly about contemporary politics and had connections among the local power elite, were impressively knowledgeable about the history of their city. In their view it was official British policy to american beauty essays lester malign the courtesans and the culture of family nurse practitioner school essay, salons, in order to justify the British role as usurpers of the throne of Awadh in lester burnham, 1856. British high-handedness in this and other policies unleashed a widespread rebellion in north and central India in 1857, which raged for ten months in Awadh until Lucknow was recaptured by the British. To consolidate their rule in the Province of start an analysis, Awadh, the British turned their fury against american beauty lester the powerful elite of Lucknow, of which the tawa'f were an integral part. Yet when it came to matters such as using these women as prostitutes for the European garrison, or collecting income tax, the eminently pragmatic British set aside their high moral dudgeon.

It became official policy to select the healthy and beautiful specimens from among the kotha women and arbitrarily relocate them in the cantonment for how do you write essay the convenience of the European soldiers. American Lester Burnham? This not only dehumanized the profession, stripping it of its cultural function, but it also made sex cheap and how do a comparison essay easy for the men, and exposed the women to venereal infection from the soldiers. /13/ Kidnapping may have been (and perhaps still is) one of the methods by which girls fmd their way into the tawa'if households, but it is certainly not the most common. From my interviews with the thirty women who today live in the Chowk area of Lucknow, and lester burnham whose ages ranged from an analysis thirty-five to seventy-eight, a very different picture emerged. In recording the lester, life stories of how do you write essay, these women, who spanned three generations, I found that the compelling circumstance that brought the majority of american lester burnham, them to the various tawa'if households in does buy happiness essays, Lucknow was the american essays lester, misery they endured in either their natal or their conjugal homes. Four of these women were widowed in their early teens, two of thesis, whom hailed from the same district and had lost their husbands in a cholera epidemic; three were sold by their parents when famine conditions made feeding these girls impossible. Essays Burnham? Seven were victims of physical abuse, two of whom were sisters who were regularly beaten by their alcoholic father for not obliging him by making themselves sexually available to the toddy seller. Three were known victims of rape and before exams therefore deemed ineligible for american marriage; two had left their ill-paid jobs as municipal sweeper women, because they were tired of collecting other people's dirt; two were battered wives; one had left her husband because he had a mistress; and one admitted no particular hardship, only a love for singing and dancing that was not countenanced in start an analysis, her orthodox Brahmin home.

Three said they had left their marriages without much ado; they saw the advantage of earning their own living and being at liberty to use their resources as they wished, and they did not want to have children. Only four of american lester burnham, them were daughters of other tawa'if . Thesis? Not one claimed that kidnapping had been her experience, although they had heard of such cases. Beauty Essays Lester Burnham? This assortment of you write essay, refugees from the american beauty essays burnham, sharif , or respectable, world gave a completely ironic slant to the notion of respectability. The problem, according to Saira Jan, a plump woman in nurse, her early forties, who recounted her escape from a violent, alcoholic husband at length and with humor, was that there were no obliging kidnappers in her muhallah [neighborhood]. Had there been such farishte [angels] in Hasanganj I would not have had to plot and essays burnham plan my own escape at great peril to my life and my friends, who helped me. /14/ This catalog reflects the on stress exams, wide range of miserable circumstances from essays which these women had escaped. Desertion has been traditionally resorted to by those trapped in situations they had no other effective means of fighting or changing. To the list of fugitives from oppression, which includes black slaves in the ante­bellum United States, bonded laborers on colonial plantations, and drafted soldiers, can be added women fleeing the quotidian suffering they encountered as daughters, sisters, or wives. /15/ Gulbadan, who was a chaudharayan from her late thirties (she claims she was born in 1900 and initiated when she was thirteen years old), had been the niece of a tawa'if and was raised in the household she now managed.

She spoke of the kotha as a sanctuary for both women and men: women found in it a greater peace and freedom than in the normal world; men escaped the boredom of their domestic lives. She reminded Saira that she was a miserable, under-weight, frightened wretch when she had first appeared at her doorstep. She was thin as a stick, her complexion was blotchy, her eyes sunk in black holes, and she had less than two rupees tied to the end of her sari. Even these she had to steal, explained Rahat Jan, Gulbadan's partner (her term). Now look at her, we call her our hathini [female elephant], who eats milk and a comparison essay jalebi [syrup-filled, deep-fried sweets] to beauty lester burnham keep herself occupied between meals, although she argues it is to keep her voice dulcet. Most women told their stories with enthusiasm.

They had wanted to money escape hell (the word jahannum , the Islamic hell, was frequently used to describe their earlier homes) at any cost. Learning professional skills and earning their own money helped them develop self-esteem and value the relative independence they encountered in american beauty essays burnham, Rahat Jan's kotha . It may well be that some of the women exaggerated the horrors of the family school, past, but the kernels of american, their stories were embedded in the reality of the gender bias in society. Here they could be women first, and Hindus and Muslims in a more mutually tolerant way, because the culture of the kotha represented elements of both and was acknowledged as a truly synthetic tradition. [[5]] The story of one of the Hindu child widows, Rasulan Ba'i, thirty-five, is start an analysis especially compelling, because it exposes the ineffectiveness of the social reform legislation passed in the last 150 years, and the lack of options for beauty essays young widows even today. You Write Essay? Although it is the story of a habitual but covert rebel, it also explains why a courtesan is american beauty not willing to engage in questioning her status as a collaborator in buy happiness, perpetuating patriarchal values in society that keep other women in powerless positions. /16/ I was married when I was ten. My natal family was Rajput, my father and uncles owned fifty acres of irrigated land; my mother did not have to work too hard because we had two servants who did most of the beauty lester, household work. Does Essays? I had attended three years of school, but I barely knew how to recognize the letters that spell my name. My gauna ceremony occurred just three months after menarche. I remember being taken to my husband's house with my dowry and plenty of american beauty burnham, gifts for my in-laws. Essay Nursing Process? My father sent several sacks of wheat, sugar, lentils, and other produce from the farm, because I was married to american beauty essays a young Rajput boy whose father had gambled away most of their wealth.

That summer [19601 there was a very big flood, which washed away the mud huts in thesis, the village, the livestock, and our food reserves. While my husband was out with his brothers trying to beauty essays lester burnham salvage some of the food stored in earthenware jars, he slipped and fell into the water, and thesis on antidiabetic three days later was dead after a severe bout of cholera. I survived, but I often wished I were dead. Beauty? The local Brahmin said that my ill-starred presence had brought flood and death to the village. How Do You Write? My jewels, clothes, and the few silver coins which I had hidden away were all forcibly taken away from me, and I became a widow in white who did all the nasty, heavy chores for beauty essays lester burnham the household. I was fed scraps when I cried out in hunger. You talk about the laws that were passed by how do you write, the British to prevent child marriage, you talk of the rights we won when the american beauty, Hindu Civil Code (1956) was passed, but I sneer at all that. An Analysis Essay? I had no recourse to the laws, or to lawyers, only to american lester my wits sharpened by adversity. I first tried to get back at essays them with sly acts of sabotage.

I did the washing up indifferently, leaving a dull film on the metal platters and the pots. For this my mother-in-law thrashed me. I would sneak into the kitchen when my sister-in-law had finished cooking and add a heuvy dose of salt to the lentils and american beauty lester vegetables.. I would hide my smile when I heard the thesis, yells and abuse heaped on her by the menfolk. Beauty Lester Burnham? She caught me one day and thrashed me soundly until I howled with pain.

Her husband came home and essay on stress exams gave me another hiding. Life was unbearable, but I was trapped; there was nowhere that I could go. My parents, who had come for lester burnham the funeral to our village, were distressed, but they did not offer to essay take me back, because they still had my younger sisters to marry. Fights, violence erupted all the time. My sister-in-law kept wishing me dead. When it was discovered that I stole money to buy snacks from the vendor, they threatened to burn me alive. I wanted to run away but didn't know where I would go, except to the river to drown myself. Finally when an itinerant troupe of entertainers was encamped in our village, I saw the performance and thought I would secretly apply to work for them, just do their housework or something.

They agreed to shelter me, after I told them my troubles and showed them the beauty essays lester, bruises on my body. They smuggled me out of that hell, gave me bit parts in their dramas, and finally brought me to the lap of Bibi Khanum (another tawa'if ) in you write a comparison, Lucknow, and I have never looked back. Lester? I had no option but to run away. Tell me, sister, what would you have done in my place? There were many stories, each with its own flavor of horror, and of courage, and essay none that did not have a relatively happy ending. Comparable employment opportunities for women simply did not exist then, and american beauty lester burnham are few and far between even now. Gulbadan explained that not all women in need can make the kotha their refuge; some are not talented enough to become courtesans, and some are too anxious about their moral standing. Women, particularly from the higher strata of Hindu and Muslim society, fear violent reprisals if discovered by their families, or shrink from exposure to essay exams strange men. She went on to say that many women flee their homes in the villages and come to the anonymity of the city to work as domestic servants, as ayahs [nannies] or maids or cooks. Some join road gangs run by government or private building contractors, only to break bricks into american lester burnham small pieces with a hammer all day in the sun, and essay process earn in a month what we make in a few hours of passing the time in civilized company. /17/ To make ends meet they have to sleep with their employers and the dalal , or middle­men who found them their jobs, and get beaten up by their husbands when they find out: Gulbadan explained that a woman compromises her dignity twenty.four hours of the day when she has no control over her body or her money. /18/ This response was unanimously endorsed by the other courtesans. The women who said that their own parents had sold them when they were unable to feed them, much less pay for a wcdding and a dowry, felt that their parenls were forced by circumstances to make such a hard decision.

Yet they sent money home every month to take care of lester, their impoverished families, which was gratefully received, and whatever resentment they may have felt for being abandoned as children had dissipated through understanding the limits imposed on women in this world. Gulbadan, who spoke more aphoristically than the others, explained that even fifty years ago there was very little scope for women to you write change the lives they grumblingly led: What they couldn't change they called their qismat , their fate. Here, in our world, even though things are not as good as they were before the British came, women change their qismat . Even philosophers and poets will tell you that no one can change their qismat . Ask these women, who have lived and beauty lester worked together for more than twenty years, whether or not they think that I taught them how to mold their own fate like clay with their own hands. I did, and they agreed, with laughing nods, while they celebrated Janmashtami (birthday of the Hindu god Krishna, the patron of their dance) and the Muslim festival of family nurse practitioner grad school, 'Id, on the third floor of lester burnham, Gulbadan's impressively large building. And this was the very essence of their world view.

[[6]] Gulbadan had tossed this off as she sat on the large platform covered with an old Persian rug and velvet and brocade bolsters that propped her up. Watching her deft fingers prepare a paan , or betel leaf, with its half-dozen nut-and-spice fixings, I felt I was in thesis on antidiabetic, the presence of an alchemist who had transformed base fortunes into gold. American Beauty Essays Lester Burnham? She, along with her septuagenarian friends, had inherited a way of life and struggled to preserve it, quite selfishly, in the face of an school essay increasingly hostile future. Their business was neither to exploit women, nor to transform the lot of the generality of womankind, but to liberate and empower those with whom they were associated. The high level of camaraderie, wit, teasing, and american essays affectionate interaction that I observed and participated in on how do you write essay, several visits to the apartments of the older women over ten years affirmed this impression repeatedly. The process of changing one's fate ( qismat badalna ) is, under closer scrutiny, a psychosocial process through which the social construction of gender (and sexuality, as we shall see) is stripped bare. The chaudharayan acts in essays lester burnham, several capacities, the most challenging being to inspire in the women who come to her a confidence in their own ability and family nurse essay worth, restore shattered nerves, set about undoing the socialization they had received in their natal homes. This delicate and difficult task, at american essays lester burnham one level, is essay on stress not unlike the american, task modern psychotherapy purports to perform in Western society. The problem, according to Rasulan, was to forget the expectations inherent in the meaning of the word 'aurat , or woman, as it obtained in practitioner school essay, the larger society: The notion woman was dinned into my mind and had shaped my behavior from the day I was born.

Fortunately I was still a child (thirteen or fourteen), so forgetting was not as difficult as it might have been even a few years later. I forgot my misery upon beauty lester, arriving in a house where a different meaning of that word was already in place, where Amina Ba'i and how do you write a comparison Zehra Jan [Gulbadan's granddaughters] were acting out those meanings for us all. They did not fear men because they were admired and american beauty lester burnham praised by men; nor had they ever been nagged by their mother and family grad grandmother about american essays lester, not doing this or that or they would not be able to get married, nor slapped by a father for being immodest. Does Buy Happiness Essays? They had never been upset at being a burden to their parents, since the shadow of dahej [dowry] has never darkened their lives. I resented them to beauty essays begin with, thought them spoilt and on antidiabetic selfish, but slowly 1 began to realize that they were of a different mold.

I would have to break my own mental mold and recast myself. I got a lot of love from american beauty essays lester burnham Gulbadan, Rahat Jan, and Amiran. Start An Analysis Essay? They would listen to american beauty essays lester me, and I would regurgitate all the sorrow, pain, and how do you write essay poison I had swallowed, again and beauty essays again. Now when I tell you my story, it is as if I am telling you another's tale. Really, I didn't know that I was capable of doing anything, being anyone, or owning my own building and employing seventeen men in a charpa'i karkhana [wooden cot workshop]. Essay? I had the mentality of a timid and ugly mouse; now I am accused of being too arrogant and am envied for the property I own. /19/ The process of rehabilitation for these women is rapid, since they generally arrive young and are plunged into american beauty essays lester burnham a welcoming environment. The self-affirming ethos of the kotha makes it possible for them to assimilate their newly revised perceptions and behavior patterns, while living among a host of an analysis, nurturing and supportive women, and american essays lester burnham without the fear of men. Freedom from the pressure of the marriage market where grooms were for sale to essay before exams the woman with the american beauty essays, largest dowry, they unanimously agreed, gave them the inner courage to develop their skills and treat men as equals, or even as inferiors. [[7]] There are other therapeutic devices invented over the ages that are still in use in these salons. Novices are introduced to a secret repertoire of start an analysis essay, satirical and american beauty lester bawdy songs, dances, informal miming, and dramatic representations, aimed at the institution of marriage and heterosexual relations.

These entertainments are privately performed only among women. These matinee shows, as they jokingly call them, are not only crucial for the solidarity and well­being of the group, but they also help the newcomers to discard the old and internalize the new meaning of being an 'aurat . I recognized this, when in answer to one of my early (and very naive) questions I was treated to a vignette on the joys of marriage. /20/ VTO: Gulbadan, since you are a handsome woman, so well educated, with all this money and essay process property and jewels, why didn't you marry a sharif [respectable) nawab (there are several descendants of noble families in Lucknow who use this honorific) and settle down to a life of respectability? Gulbadan: Your use of the word respectable is thoughtless. Is marringe considered the only respectable alternative for women in America? Are married women not abused? Well, let us show you what marriage is before you wish it on essays lester, an old and respectable woman like myself, or any of us here. Let us dispel the darkness in thesis on antidiabetic, your mind about the nature of marriage. Of what they then played out for me I can only offer an beauty essays lester burnham inadequate summary, because it is difficult to capture the visual details of the half-hour-long satirical medley of song, dance, dialogue, and nursing process mime that followed.

Rasulan immediately took her dupatta [long scarf] and wound it around her head as a turban to play the husband. Elfin Hasina Jan took her cue as the wife, others became children and members of the american beauty essays burnham, extended family, while Gulbadan remained on her settee amid the bolsters, taking occasional drags from the huqqah , presiding, as a particularly obnoxious mother-in­law, over a scene of domestic disharmony. The wife/mother first surveys the multifarious demands on her energy and time: the children squall, ask for nursing food, drink, and want to be picked up; the mother-in-law orders that her legs, which have wearied from sitting, be massaged; the husband demands food and attention; the lester burnham, father-in-law asks for his huqqah to be refilled; and nurse practitioner school a sister-in-law announces that she cannot fmish doing the laundry, nor knead the chapati dough, because she is not feeling too well. Hasina is defeated, harried. Muttering choice obscenities /21/ under her breath, she begins, in a frenzied way, to do the lester, job of a wife. How Do Essay? She lights the coal stove, dusts and tidies the room, cooks, presses the legs of the mother-in-law who emits pleasurable grunts, tries to soothe the baby who is now wailing, and puts plates of food in front of the beauty lester, demanding husband. She finally collapses, her hands striking her own brow as she croaks a hai tobah or never more. A little later the din subsides and she, choked with sobs, says that her qismat is terrible, that she would do anything not to have to be the bahu , or daughter-in-law, in this or any other household, if she only had a choice. She is trapped. Money Essays? The rest of the household snores noisily while her husband, belching and hiccupping after his food and drink, makes a lunge at her for some quick sex.

She succumbs, and after a few agitated seconds he appears satisfied. He grudgingly parts with twenty rupees he owes her for household expenses. She complains that the money is just not enough for the groceries, ducks a blow, cries some more, and finally falls asleep, wretched and hungry. Apart from the cathartic value of such a representation, it transmuted grim reality into mordant comment, marked with their own brand of exaggeration and mockery. The women pointed out the beauty lester, several morals embedded in the story to me. Those who dare to money hold moral objections to the life of a tawa'if should first examine the american essays burnham, thankless toil of an average housewife, including her obligation to satisfy a sometimes faithless or alcoholic or violent husband for the sake of a meager living.

Such an existence is does buy happiness without dignity, and was not the american beauty lester, situation of the housewife tantamount to that of a common prostitute, giving her body for money? /22/ It is we who are brought up to live in sharafat [genteel respectability], with control over our bodies and our money, and they who suffer the essay nursing, degradation reserved for lowly [ nich ] women. /23/ Such vivid reversals of social perception and logic are stock idioms in the courtesans' speech and song. American Beauty Essays Lester Burnham? Male affines, particularly fathers and brothers-in-law, are caricatured in countless risqué episodes enacted regularly and privately among women. They mock the practitioner school essay, repressive relationships and american beauty essays male sexuality in the conjugal home, even as they amuse, educate, and edify the denizens of the kotha . /24/ The routines, studded with subversive and irreverent jokes and obscene gestures, are performed like secret anti-rites /25/ which have been carefully distilled and historically transmitted from generation to generation, to form the core of their private consciousness and oral heritage. [[8]] I had also seriously questioned the courtesans' use of the essay, burqa' , which is lester burnham a long overcloak that Muslim women in pardah wear for extended seclusion outside the home. This cloak, usually black or white, is worn over regular clothes and exams covers the wearer from head to foot. It has a small rectangular piece of netting that fits over the eyes that enables the wearers to see, while they cannot be seen at beauty burnham all. It is certainly an artifact of essay before exams, a male-dominated society, where men could dictate that women keep themselves covered so as not to provoke male lust. American Essays? /26/ It was, at first, inexplicable why tawa'if not only used the burqa' to move around when they went visiting or shopping, but actually insisted that I too should wear one as they led me to on stress other kothas in beauty essays lester, the vicinity, because injunctions about you write, female modesty did not apply to them. It was precisely because they were not expected to be in pardah , they reasoned, in another classic reversal of patriarchal logic, that they chose to essays block the gaze of men. It was an extension of the autonomy they enjoyed in their living space and their jism [bodies], unlike normal women whose bodies were the essay, property of american beauty essays, their husbands and who were secluded but lacked privacy in their own homes. The latter were kept in on stress before exams, pardah to maintain (and increase) khandani 'izzat , or family honor; for them to show their faces in american essays burnham, public would bring disgrace to their families.

Ah, but our case is just the opposite, said Saira, men long to see our faces. If they could brag among their friends that they had seen Gulbadan or Amiran in the bazaar without a covering, they would go up in the esteem in which their friends hold them. We are not in the business of nurse practitioner grad school essay, giving them cheap thrills. While we walk freely and anonymously in public places, looking at the world through our nets, they are deprived because we have blinkered them. We do not, as you know, bestow anything on men without extracting its price. /27/ I would have disputed this had I not experienced the freedom the burqa' gave me to walk along the winding alleys in a very old­fashioned and lester gossip-filled city, where I formerly never passed without being accosted with vulgar taunts from the idle youths who mill on the streets. These women had appropriated the power of the gaze, while eluding the how do essay, leer of american, sexually frustrated men. A great deal has been said, and an analysis is known, about the rigorous training and american beauty lester education courtesans undergo to ultimately please and entertain their patrons. /28/ What has never received discursive treatment, because of its very nature, is their secret skill – the art of nakhrah , or pretense, that courtesans have to essay on stress before exams master in order to american beauty lester spare no opportunity of how do essay, coaxing money out of their patron and his friends. Their avowed and unabashed purpose is to amass a tidy fortune as early in american, their careers as possible, so that they can invest the thesis on antidiabetic, surplus in american beauty essays, income-producing properties or enterprises and retire comfortably at the age of thirty-five or so. To achieve their material ambitions, they use, in addition to nurse grad essay their exorbitant charges, an arsenal of devious routines that make up the hidden text of an evening's entertainment. These are subtly deployed to bargain, cajole, and extort extra cash or kind from their unsuspecting clients. /29/ Some of these are learned, some invented, some even improvised, but nuances are refigured with care to suit the temperament of a client, or the mood of the moment, to appear spontaneous.

Repeated rehearsals by the trainee are evaluated by the adept tawa'if , until no trace of the pretense is discernible. [[9]] These well-practiced ploys – the feigned headache that interrupts a dance or a song, feigned anger for having been neglected, a sprained ankle, tears, a jealous rage – have beguiled generations of men to lose thousands of extra rupees or gold coins to these women. The tawa'if's refusal, at a critical juncture, to complete a sexual interlude with a favorite patron is a particularly profitable device, because feigned coital injuries or painful menstrual cramps involve expensive and patient waiting on beauty lester, the part of the patron. Nursing? Gulbadan said she often carried the game a step further by allying herself with the patron against the offending courtesan, to set the american lester burnham, seal of authenticity on start an analysis essay, the scene. She would scold and even slap her till the patron begged her not to be so harsh. Beauty? Gulbadan was the privately acclaimed champion of these more serious confidence tricks, and others cheerfully confessed to having blackmailed, stolen, lied, and cheated for how do a comparison essay material gain as soon as they acquired competence in this art. This may sound more like self-enrichment than resistance, but because society has virtually denied women control over american beauty essays lester burnham, wealth or property, it is essential to establishing a countercultural way of life. The formula, Gulbadan confided, is to win the complete trust of the on antidiabetic, man. This they do by first mastering all the information about the man – his public reputation, his finances, his foibles and vanities, his domestic life, and the skeletons in his closet. Not many come here openly any more, because our salons are regarded as houses of ill-repute in these modern times.

Most come to drink and for sexual titillation. We know how to get a man drunk and pliant, so that we can extort whatever we want from him: money, even property, apologies, jewels, perfume, or other lavish gifts. Industrialists, government officers, other businessmen come here now; they have a lot of black money [undeclared cash] that they bring with them, sometimes without even counting it. We make sure that they leave with very little, if any. We know those who will pay large sums to american essays lester burnham insure secrecy, so we threaten them with careless gossip in the bazaar, or with an anonymous note addressed to their fathers or their wives.

We do not act collectively as a rule, but sometimes it may become necessary to do so. We once did a drama against a money lender who came and essay exams would not pay us the money he had promised for holding an exclusive soirée for him. So when a police officer who had fallen in love with me came by. we all told him tales of how the wretched man would not return jewels some of us had pawned with him. Essays Burnham? We filed a police report, he was arrested, and some of the pawned items (which the jeweler had taken from some of our recently straitened noble patrons) were made over to practitioner grad us by the lovelorn officer; others of his debtors sent us sweets and thanks for bringing the hated Ram Swarup to justice. But our biggest gambit of lester, all is the game of love that makes these men come back again and again, some until they are financially ruined. They return every evening, like the flocks of a comparison essay, homing pigeons, in beauty lester, the vain belief thnt it is we who are in essay exams, love with them. /30/ In Ruswa's 1905 novel about Lucknow's courtesans, this particular nakhrah is insightfully described by the protagonist, Umra'o Jan : I am but a courtesan in whose profession love is a current coin. Whenever we want to ensnare anyone we pretend to fall in love with him. No one knows how to love more than we do: to heave deep sighs; to burst into tears at the slightest pretext; to lester go without food for days on end; to sit dangling our legs on the parapets of wells ready to buy happiness essays jump into american beauty them; to essay threaten to take arsenic. All these are parts of our game of love.

But I tell you truthfully, no man ever really loved me nor did I love any man. /31/ [[10]] A discussion of the feigning of love for men (a discussion which occurred only after several visits) brought perhaps the most startling hidden text to light. It was difficult to imagine that these women, even though they were economically independent, educated, and in control of american beauty, their lives, would spurn the opportunity for real intimacy and emotional stability. Everyone agreed that emotional needs do not disappear with success, fame, or independence; on the contrary, they often intensify. Almost every one of the women I interviewed during these many visits claimed that their closest emotional relationships were among themselves, and eight of them admitted, when I pressed them, that their most satisfying physical involvements were with other women. They referred to themselves as chapat baz , or lesbians, and to chapti , or chipti , or chapat bazi , or lesbianism. /32/ They seemed to attach little importance to labels, and made no verbal distinctions between homosexual and heterosexual relations. There was no other serious or poetic term for lesbianism, so I settled for the colloquialisms. Their explanation for this was that emotions and acts of love are gender-free. Serious words such as muhabbat (Urdu) or prem (Hindi) or love (English) are versatile and can be used to describe many kinds of love, such as the love of man or woman, the love for country, for siblings, parents of either sex, so there was no need to have a special term for love between two women. There are words that suggest passionate love, like 'ishq ; these have the same neutral capability and are used by either gender. Although their lesbianism is a strictly private matter for them, the absence of a specialized vocabulary makes it a simple fact of life, like heterosexual love, or the less denied male homosexual love.

The lack of terminology or the a comparison, scrambling of pronouns may also be interpreted as the ultimate disguise for it; if something cannot be named, it is easy to deny its existence. In Urdu poetry, ambiguity about american beauty essays lester, gender is not uncommon, and homosexual love often passes for heterosexual love. Does Money Essays? /33/ The frank discussions on the subject of their private sexuality left some of my informants uneasy. American Beauty Burnham? I had probed enough into essay before their personal affairs, they insisted, and they were not going to american beauty essays lester satisfy my curiosity any further; they were uncomfortable with my insistence on stripping their strategic camouflage, by which they also preserved their emotional integrity. Their very diffidence to talk about buy happiness essays, their lesbianism underscores the lester burnham, thesis that they believe in a quiet, but profound, subversion of essay process, patriarchal values. It became clear that for american beauty essays lester many of family practitioner, them heterosexuality itself is the ultimate nakhrah , and feigned passion an occupational hallmark. My ardor for precise statistics faded as the real and theoretical implications of their silences and their disguises began to emerge. /34/ And it is to these that I now turn. [[11]] What do all these stories signify? Does the courtesans' presentation of american beauty essays lester, their life-style add up to a subversion of existing gender relations in heterosexual marriage? Can their beliefs and behavior be seen as feminist by modern standards, or are they just another example of that widespread affliction, false consciousness? How do we reconcile the horizontal stratifications of class with the vertical divide of gender, and their anomalous position in either group?

Do they qualify as a subaltern group as women, or as an family grad essay elite group by virtue of their power and connections? Does this life-style not signify that sexuality, including lesbianism, is burnham indeed socially constructed? Let me begin to hack at this thicket by citing Romila Thapar's perspective on Hindu ascetics. In taking ascetics (an equally unlikely-seeming group of process, rebels) both as individuals or in essays burnham, organized groups, as dissenters, she sees in their rejection of the grahasta-ashrama , or the householder stage in a prescribed four-stage cycle (student, householder, recluse, and ascetic) of an start an analysis upper-caste Hindu male's life, the essence of their rebellion. An aging grahasta [householder] taking to samnyasa [the ascetic life] was merely conforming to the ideal vita. The negation of the family as a basic unit of society is evident from the opposition to the grahasta status and specially the insistence on celibacy. [Inherent in] the act of american beauty burnham, opting out of the existing life­style and substituting it with a distinctively different one. [is that] the grad school, characteristics of the new life-style be seen as a protest against the existing one. To this extent such movements may be regarded as movements of dissent. Lester? But the element of you write a comparison essay, protest was muted by the wish, not to change society radically, but to stand aside and beauty lester burnham create an alternative system. /35/ The life-style of female ascetics could not be reckoned as a true counterpart because, as Thapar points out, female ascetics, with few exceptions, were always subordinate to the authority of males. They were not really autonomous, and their right to moksha (spiritual liberation) as Hindu women is dubious, if not entirely denied. I would argue that the true female counterpart of the rebellious ascetic,and perhaps the on stress before exams, far more daring, is the tawa'if . By listening carefully to the stories the courtesans tell, it becomes undeniable that they too are rebelling, all the more explicitly, against the housewifely stage, since this is the only .stage of life implicitly mandated for american essays all women in both Hindu and Islamic cultural systems. It is in does money essays, this stage that the woman must achieve total fulfillment, because she does not graduate, as the man does, to a more mature level.

The informal student stage for a girl used to american lester burnham be, and still is for the majority, the start an analysis essay, acquisition of practical experience in housework and childcare. Her gurus are the beauty lester burnham, sternly admonishing older generation of similarly trained mothers and on antidiabetic aunts. Modesty, obedience, and other subordinate behavior patterns are drilled into her until she comes to hold the single-minded belief that her eligibility for marriage is the only index of her worth. It is the normal woman's social and american lester burnham sexual regimen that courtesans-in-the­making must unlearn and an analysis supplant by undergoing a radically different socialization process and adopting the life-style that gives them the liberation they desire, without jerking the reflexive muscle of a repressive system. Although life-styles of the male ascetic and the female courtesan are both modes of social dissent, the beauty lester burnham, sexual differences, and the social prescriptions on which they are predicated, produce interestingly contrasted strategies and ideologies. On Stress Exams? The former emerges from a religious interpretation of grahasta with the denial of sexuality, lineage, and property ownership, as its strategic thrust to gain spiritual liberation.

The latter, on the other hand, emerges from the secular and domestic context in beauty essays, which women's lives are enmeshed. Money Essays? The courtesans seek material and social liberation by reversing the constraints imposed on women's chastity and economic rights, and by american beauty lester, establishing a female lineage of selected and ascriptive members who make up their gharana . The male becomes celibate, renounces property and the privileges of his gender in this world of other-worldly rewards; the female becomes sexually active and aggressively acquisitive, prefers autonomy to virtue, and seeks this-worldly women's liberation. Yet some consequences of these divergent paths are strikingly similar. Both life-styles subvert the hierarchies of how do you write essay, caste and class, because in both groups lower caste and economically disadvantaged persons find refuge. The tawa'if have created a secular meritocracy based on talent and education, accepting Hindus and Muslims alike. American Essays Lester Burnham? They too, like the ascetics, hold positions of nursing, respect by the society at large, and both countercultures exist by maintaining vital links to burnham the overarching patriarchal culture, while consciously inverting or rejecting its values.

Although neither group has the pretension of you write a comparison, changing the entrenched notions of the householder stage, both serve their own personal ends by elaborate strategies of avoidance. American Beauty Essays Burnham? By opting for the institutional security of a monastery or a brothel, both groups wielded political power in the past through the powerful heads of sects in ancient Hindu kingdoms in the subcontinent or through the money, chaudharayan in precolonial Lucknow and other court cities, such as Hyderabad, Rampur, Banaras, Bijapur, and Golkonda. In unfavorable historical circumstances, both groups lost political power, but their patented life-styles still remain viable modes for women and men to elude the shackles of patriarchy and seek their own brands of liberation. [[12]] During the reign of the nawabs of Awadh, these women could manipulate powerful courtiers and the nawabs themselves, and even the most powerful patron did not have any authority over the women's lives. American Lester Burnham? The executive authority and managerial functions were the exclusive preserve of the chaudharayan and process her appointees. Beauty Essays Lester? An angered patron had few options, because of the material investment he had made in a kotha (there are no refunds or exchanges); and nursing process his honor, too, would be on the line (gossip about him would quickly circulate in the bazaar). Essays Lester? It is therefore not the thesis, patron who is ultimately significant but the matron, who creates the ethos, reputation, and the quality of life and american beauty essays lester services in a comparison essay, her establishment. The courtesan's position is of course much diminished by the events and reconfigurations of beauty, power in the colonial and post­colonial periods. Fully aware of this history, these women find hope in other educational and employment opportunities that have recently opened up for women, for their basic goal is to free themselves from how do direct economic dependence on men.

They already had daughters or nieces competing for and obtaining posts in essays lester, the banking system, or as pleaders in the local courts, but these professions were not, as Chhote Miyan, the Persian-speaking son of start, one of the courtesans and my first informant, pointed out, a way of life. Women might become financially independent, but without the refuge of the kotha they would again be forced to marry and american lester possibly suffer the degradation at the hands of unsympathetic husbands. Amiran's daughter, a banker, chose to marry. We were wary of this alliance, Amiran recollected, and sure enough her husband took up with another woman, and before my daughter and granddaughter are back with us. She looks after our investments and bank work, so that she does really contribute to american beauty essays the household with her labor just as we all do. In other words, they shrewdly recognized that while financial independence was important, it did not solve the central problem of the gender inequality inherent within marriage in a patriarchal society. Some of the family grad school, covert strategies of beauty lester, courtesans that I have described earlier defy analysis, for they do not fit the scholarly definitions of protest and resistance. The defections of abused daughters, child widows, or unhappy wives to nursing process high-class prostitution are indeed unorganized, sporadic, individual attempts prompted by thoughts of self-preservation or self-interest rather than by hopes of wider social change. The courtesan's nakhre , which include blackmail, theft, confidence games, and even feigned heterosexuality, smack more of a sleazy underworld than of the burnham, acts of determined rebels, particularly because the consequences of such acts neither threaten nor change the overall power relations against which they are aimed. Most of my analytical and definitional qualms have been dealt with in James C. Scott's study on start an analysis essay, everyday forms of peasant resistance, Weapons of the beauty essays lester, Weak . Essay On Stress Exams? He refutes theoretical objections and accusations of excessive romanticism so compellingly that I find it pertinent to quote him at some length: Real resistance, it is burnham argued, is (a) organized, systematic, and cooperative, (b) principled or selfless, (c) has revolutionary consequences, and/or (d) embodies ideas or intentions that negate the essay before exams, basis of essays lester burnham, domination itself.

Token, incidental, or epiphenomenal activities by essay process, contrast, are la) unorganized, un­systematic, and beauty essays individual, (b) opportunistic and self-indulgent, (c) have no revolutionary consequences, and/or (d) imply, in their intention or meaning, an accommodation with the system of domination. These distinctions are important for any analysis. [but my] quarrel is with the contention that the latter forms are ultimately trivial or inconsequential, while only the essay nursing, former could be said to constitute real resistance. This position, in american burnham, my view, fundamentally misconstrues the very basis of economic and political struggle conducted daily by subordinate classes – not only slaves, but peasants and workers [and, I would add, women] as well – in repressive settings. It is based on an ironic combination of both Leninist and bourgeois assumptions of whot constitutes political action. Family Practitioner Grad Essay? The problem lies in what is a misleading, sterile, and sociologically naive insistence upon american essays lester burnham, distinguishing self-indulgent,. individual acts, on you write essay, the one hand, from presumably .principled, selfless, collective actions, on the other, and excluding the former from the essays lester burnham, category of an analysis, real resistance. /36/ [[13]] If traditional constructs of class and class struggle are not directly relevant to the clandestine and unorganized struggles of the peasants in Malaysia whom Scott studied, they are even farther removed from the arena of gender relations and the courtesans' style of reversing an oppressive order. One does not use a hammer to prune a rose bush. Women's struggle obviously cannot be a class struggle:, for the gender divisions are vertical, not horizontal, and cut through class lines, so the validity of the courtesans' struggle cannot be refuted on the grounds that it is engaged in at a private, unobtrusive level. The courtesans have uniquely combined the elements of american beauty burnham, struggle for family nurse school their material needs with those of an ideological struggle against patriarchal values, by creating and hiding behind their many masks. Beauty Essays Burnham? They live in outward harmony with male power and male sexuality, for the struggle can only on antidiabetic, be effective if their subterfuges are mistaken for american beauty essays lester burnham compliance, and their true intentions as collusion with men against money essays other women. Their cooperation with some women outside the kotha , such as the khangi , or the married women to whom they rent space so that they too can earn (undisclosed) extra money, is beauty essays lester burnham also little known, and it would be no longer politic or possible if it were uncovered. It is for these reasons that courtesans have had to resort to outward conformity and the partial transcript, as Scott calls the off­stage behavior of Sedaka peasants: That the poor should dissemble in the face of power is hardly an occasion for surprise.

No close account of the life of subordinate classes can fail to distinguish between what is said 'backstage' and what may be safely declared openly. An Analysis? /37/ If it can still be argued that no matter what the tawa'ifs' self-perceptions, actions, goals, and ideology are, they were and are still complicitous in perpetuating patriarchal relations in society, it is to insist on the ideal instead of the possible in a struggle for power. As Gulbadan, the oldest courtesan I interviewed, responded to this question: I know we are blamed for american lester burnham enabling men to perpetuate their double moral standards and family nurse practitioner grad school essay dominating women. American Essays Lester Burnham? Must we desert our own interests, give up our own strategy, for the dubious cause of women who suffer such men as husbands, fathers, and brothers? Today we are silent, we are despised, and thesis on antidiabetic the law has cracked down on us; has that helped the cause of women, or only made life harder for us? /38/ In fact, their silence is beauty essays lester burnham so complete that for all official intents and purposes (such as taxation), this category of thesis, women is no longer acknowledged in postcolonial India. This for them is a mixed result. It is a small triumph, because their professional incomes are no longer taxed, yet among their patrons are a large number of public officials.

It is a larger defeat, because officialdom can piously claim that they have banned female sexual exploitation while converting their once-proud profession into lester a species of vice. [[14]] And finally I return to the question of sexuality, as reality and as a nakhrah , because there is the essay before, larger question, that of the essays, social construction of sexuality, that may well be illuminated by analyzing the world view of courtesans of Lucknow. It is obvious that hegemonic gender relations are effectively perpetuated, and essay on stress sexuality itself constructed, through the process of differential socialization of women and men. I would (tentatively) argue further that by systematically reversing the socialization process for females, in order to combat the disabilities inherent in women's existing social and sexual roles, the courtesans have logically constructed lesbian existence as a legitimate alternative, just as much as Indian society at large constructs and enforces, through the institution of compulsory marriage, heterosexuality as normative behavior. Heterosexual relations for most of the courtesans was work, not pleasure. Right from birth, if we recall the testimony of Chhote Miyan, the female is celebrated, empowered, cherished; those who arrive as adolescents in the kotha are methodically reeducated within the context of this parallel and beauty exclusive society of you write a comparison, women, and its woman-centered vision of power relations. Their relationships with men in the kotha are congenial but businesslike; except for kin, only american essays lester, very few ever become emotional bondsmen. Thesis? Men play diverse roles: not only are they servants, cooks, watchmen, and musicians, but they are also wealthy, generous, powerful patrons.

The latter relate on equal terms with the courtesans precisely because power is genuinely shared in that cultural setting. Arguably, it is therefore in the kotha , rather than in the normal world, that female sexuality has the chance of being more fairly and fearlessly constructed by women. I do not have the space to explore the subject cross-culturally to offer, in support of this contention, the american essays burnham, growing evidence of lesbianism in brothels, salons, geisha houses, and apartments of call girls in international capitals, which is a universal common denominator across time and space. That sexuality competes with economics for priority in the struggle against family practitioner grad school essay gender inequality is not surprising, That male sexual control and aggression is american essays lester neutralized in family nurse practitioner essay, a setting where the heterosexual sex act is mere routine, and passion and pleasure are simulated or distanced, is american essays lester burnham perhaps an thesis on antidiabetic essential mechanism that women, both wives and prostitutes, have universally used to preserve their emotional integrity and dignity. All the courtesan's nakhre , particularly the american beauty lester, sexual pretenses, are brilliantly echoed in the following interview Studs Terkel conducted, in the early 1970s, with a Chicago hooker, Roberta Victor: Of course we faked it. The ethic was. Money Buy Happiness? You always fake it. You're pulling something over on him and he is paying for essays lester burnham something he really didn't get. That's the only way you keep any sense of self-respect.

The call girl ethic is very strong. You were the lowest of the nursing, low if you allowed yourself to feel anything. The way you maintain your integrity is by essays lester burnham, acting all the way through. Here I was doing absolutely nothing, feeling nothing, and in twenty minutes I was going to essay nursing walk out with fifty dollars in american beauty, my pocket. On Antidiabetic? How many people could make fifty dollars for american beauty essays burnham twenty minutes' work? [and] no taxes, nothing.

The overt hustling society is the microcosm of the start an analysis, rest of society. The power relations are the same and the games are the same. Only this one I was in control of. American Beauty Lester? The greater one I wasn't. /39/ Roberta's philosophy of life and her indictment of family nurse grad, contemporary American society matches, in startling detail, that of the courtesans of Lucknow, and this coincidence, including a lesbian lover, gives their stories a timeless, transcultural resonance. In quest of a room of their own and considerably more than five hundred pounds a year, these women had taken control of their lives by reversing not only the social rules but even the sexual fantasies of patriarchy.

The research for this paper was conducted in India and in Britain between 1976 and american lester 1986 and was funded by the American Council for family nurse practitioner essay Learned Societies, American Institute for Indian Studies, and the Social Science Research Council, for which I am very grateful. I thank Douglas Haynes, Philip Oldenburg, Frances Pritchett, Catherine R, Stimpson, Romila Thapar, Judy Walkowitz, Judy Walsh, and Gauri Vishwanathan for their prompt and insightful comments, The responsibility for american essays burnham the interpretive framework is my own. /1/ Lucknow, situated 300 miles southeast of Delhi, was the capital of the Muslim Kingdom of Awadh, 1775-1856. Awadh was annexed by the British in 1856, the court was disbanded, and the king was dethroned and exiled. In the following year, the grad school essay, great rebellion of 1857, which began as a mutiny of Indian sepoys (soldiers) against the British, broke out. It was suppressed in 1858 and sweeping changes were made in the city of Lucknow and the provincial government to avoid such uprisings in american essays, the future. Lucknow remained a seat of regional power under the British, 1856-1947, and is today the capital of you write a comparison, Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in the Republic of India.

/2/ For a detailed history of the city and an account of these sources, taxation policies, and beauty lester the subtle and overt forms of resistance and evasion adopted by the citizens of Lucknow, see my book, The Making of Colonial Lucknow, 1856-1877 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), chap. 5. Thesis On Antidiabetic? I have referred freely to my earlier work to construct the history of the american lester burnham, courtesans in the colonial period. A full analysis of earlier interviews, especially those conducted in 1980-81, 1983, 1984, and 1985-86, is on antidiabetic presented here for the first time. Names have been changed to american essays burnham keep their identities private, as they had requested. /3/ The last Shi'i nawab , or King, of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, had acquired a large harem of singers and dancers by using a Shi'i variant of family grad school essay, Islamic marriage called mutah . This allows a man to enter into numberless marital contracts, which expire when the stipulated time elapses. It saves men and women from the accusation of adultery, and in Wajid Ali Shah's case, gave him the opportunity to be a true patron of these talented women by american lester burnham, bestowing on them some of the best real estate in Lucknow. He married both Hindu and Muslim women, and the courtesans I met in 1976 were also of an analysis, both faiths. /4/ Oldenburg, passim. For a detailed account of British reaction to beauty the mortality statistics in the colonial army and their control of prostitutes, see Kenneth A. Ballhatchet, Race, Sex, and Class under the Raj (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1980).

/6/ This scholar requested anonymity, so I have referred to him as Chhote Miyan. Family Nurse Essay? The interview occurred in January 1976. /7/ This section is summarized from Oldenburg, 131-42. Essays Burnham? Corroborative evidence from other sources will be noted. The term tawa'if is the word most commonly used (both as singular and plural) for courtesan in Lucknow. Other terms used to designate these women are kothewali , nachwali , and the honorific baiji . I will use the first term, and this will also distinguish the courtesans from common prostitutes, whose main service was to provide sexual services to their clients. /8/ Abdul Halim Sharar, Lucknow: The Last Phase of an Oriental Culture , trans. and ed. E.S. Harcourt and Fakhir Hussain (London: Paul Elek, 1975), 192.

/9/ Peter Manuel, Courtesans and Hindustani Music, Asian Review 1 (Spring 1987):12-17. In this brief piece, Manuel sketches the role of the courtesans in start an analysis essay, enriching the musical traditions of India and describes the development of thumri and ghazal , semiclassical genres of singing, by the courtesans of Lucknow in their bid to adapt to the taste of their new patrons, the taluqdars of Awadh, after Wajid All Shah and his chief courtiers were exiled in 1856. I have discussed the role of the rural taluqdars (large landowners) and essays burnham their transformation into an urban elite in great detail in my Making of Colonial Lucknow , 215-30. /10/ Most Hindi films, called masala , or formula, films, are popular because of the songs and dances in them. The very notion of the romantic musical owes its inspiration to the style of entertainment at the kotha . It goes without saying that a film will fail at the box office if it has no songs. /11/ The romantic and generous patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, who fell in love with a large assortment of female palanquin bearers, courtesans, domestic servants, and women who came in and out of the palace, in short with hundreds of. beautiful and dissolute women, is legendary and retold by does money essays, Sharar.

He goes on to say (p. 631) that soon dancers and singers became the pillars of state and beauty essays lester burnham favorites of the realm. /12/ Interview with Gulbadan, aged eighty-three, in August 1980, at her kotha in Lucknow, after the release of the film Umra'o Jan Ada . Four other retired courtesans in their late sixties and early seventies were present at this visit. Does Money? They had not seen the film but had read the novel (Mirza Mohammad Hadi Ruswa, Umrao Jon Ada , trans. Khushwant Singh and M.A. Husaini [Madras, India: Sangam Books, 1982]); two of them claimed to have known Ruswa in their youth. All the interviewees that I cite have been given names by me to american beauty burnham disguise their real identities. I have translated into essay nursing process English the substance of the unstructured interviews I conducted more in the form of conversations in Urdu with these women. The following paragraph is constructed out of the conversation we had on this occasion. /13/ See Oldenburg, 138-41, for a detailed account.

The courtesans' version of these events conformed closely to what I reconstructed from the archives. /14/ Saira Jan spoke to me for two hours on 2 Nov. 1976, at the kotha in Lucknow, and american beauty essays never failed to add her opinion to those being voiced on countless other occasions, if she was within earshot. /15/ An extremely interesting article by Raymond A. Bauer and Alice H. Bauer, Day to Day Resistance to Slavery:, The Journal of Negro History 27 (October 1942) presages much of the literature on what they call less spectacular and indirect retaliation for a comparison essay their enslavement. American Lester Burnham? It was very useful in formulating the argument that I present here, and how do you write essay I wish to thank Geraldine Forbes for the reference. /16/ This story is the american beauty essays lester, story of the courtesan I call Rasulan Ba'i, The other widows whom I interviewed were from the same clan of Rajput Hindus from western Uttar Pradesh, and the outlines of the family nurse grad school, stories were similar. No story was ever told without comments or interruptions from the others present. This life story was related to me in November 1980. /17/ In the 1860s In Lucknow a randi . Beauty Lester Burnham? charged a nightly rate of five rupees and often more; tawa'if insisted on a hundred rupees a night and also received lavish gifts of family nurse school, jewelry and property. (A male laborer was only paid two to four annas (one rupee = 16annas) and a female laborer only half that.) See Oldenburg, 138. Essays Burnham? A century later, with the number of generous patrons on the wane, the disparities in income were only family nurse school essay, slightly less ridiculous. A contractor pays women laborers between seven and ten rupees a day, and a well. known tawa'if charges three thousand rupees for a muscial evening.

Most have regular income besides, from investments, rents, and sale of produce from orchards or shops. /18/ Interview with Gulbadan, November 1980, at her kotha in Lucknow. /19/ Interview with Rasulan, thirty-five, Amina Ba'i, forty-two, and Zehra Jan, forty-eight, in December 1980, at Gulbadan's kotha in Lucknow. /20/ I was not allowed to take notes or record this performance, play-cum-mime, nor any of american beauty essays lester, my conversations with these women, because this is part of kotha life that is not shared with male patrons or outsiders. So what I present here is reconstructed from memory and before exams the notes I wrote after the meeting. This event occurred in September 1976 and was repeated in a slightly modified version (because oral tradition is not bound by american burnham, a text) at my request in July 1984. /21/ These are not the run-of-the.mill obscenities heard in the bazaar; they are special gaaliyan , poetic, funny, stylized terms and phrases of an analysis essay, abuse. An example: Is kohri ka ghar sar bal ja'e (let the house of this leper burn to the ground). Male genitalia were also a popular target for verbal abuse. /22/ Similar sentiments are expressed about the bourgeois housewife in Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto . /23/ Rasulan Ba'i, November 1980, at lester Gulbadan's kotha in Lucknow. Does Buy Happiness? Elsewhere, prostitutes also express a strong aversion to marriage.

Geraldine Forbes brought to my attention a late-nineteenth-century account of the profession in Bombay that reiterates these sentiments: No Bhavin (very degraded catcgory of essays burnham, prostitute) would consent to contract matrimony with a person of her own caste, or remain in his keeping. as prostitution in their view, is more honorable; it enriches and makes them sole mistresses of their liberty and property, and their protectors are ever ready to be at their command: See.K. Raghunathji Bombay Dancing Girls, Indian Antiquary 13 (June 1884):165-78. A great many of the Bombay prostitutes had left their husbands willingly for a better life. /24/ Ruswa has Umra'o Jan flatly deny the existence of these obscene routines performed privately among the courtesans, but informs her that there are eyewitnesses' reports to the contrary. She finally concedes that such things do go on, but refuses to explicate any further (Ruswa, 321). Less risqué versions of such songs form the repertoire of village women, and they are sung at weddings or as women go about doing their daily chores. /25/ Mary Douglas, in an interesting analysis of joking rites, in her essay entitled Jokes (see her Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology [London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1975], 90-114), writes: The message of a standard rite is that the ordained patterns of social life are inescapable. Essay? The message of the joke is that they are escapable. A joke is by nature an anti-rite. Recall that a joke connects and burnham disorganizes. It attacks sense and hierarchy.

The joke rite then must express a comparable situation. If it devalues social structure, perhaps it celebrates something else instead. It could be saying something about the value of individuals as against the value of social relations in which they are organized (103-04). /26/ The most comprehensive treatment of the subject of pardah in India is to be found in Hannah Papanek and on stress before Gail Minault, eds., Separate Worlds: Studies of Purdah in South Asia (Delhi: Chanakya Publications, 1982). /27/ Interview with Saira Ba'i, July 1984, at beauty essays lester burnham Gulbadan's kotha in Lucknow. /28/ The Kamasutra of Vatsyayana (trans. Sir Richard F. Burton [New York: E.P. Dutton, 1962]) describes the sixty-four arts the an analysis, courtesan was supposed to master as a skilled practitioner of her profession (69ff). Ruswa describes in great detail the essays lester, musical and before exams formal education of Umrao Jan Ada (119-23), and throughout the book comments on her mastery of Urdu poetry and the styles of the leading poets, her ability to write poems and converse with wit and wisdom. /29/ Only after I was accepted as a friend and confidant among the women were they willing to burnham apprise me of practitioner grad essay, their many stylized nakhre , or feigning games. The acting ability of lester, some of these women is astonishing, and it is does money buy happiness essays no accident that some, like Nargis, moved on to becoming famous film stars of the Bombay screen.

/30/ Interview with Gulbadan, November 1980, at essays her kotha in Lucknow. /32/ I am grateful to Catherine R. Stimpson for money informing me that the word lesbian did not come into the English language until the american essays burnham, late nineteenth century and that history has constructed its meaning. Thesis On Antidiabetic? I was unable to find another Hindi or Urdu equivalent. Platt's Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English Dictionary does not give a root or even an English definition of beauty, these terms. It only defines them with customary bashfulness in Latin: capat , s.f. [feminine] = capti (used in essay, comp.): capat baz , s.f. Femina libidini sapphicae indulgens: – capat bazi , Congressus libidinosus duorum mulierum. Essays Lester? The Kama-sutra refers to this practice being rampant among courtesans but docs not give it a nnme (198). No term is in common usage, and before exams an organization of american beauty essays burnham, Indian lesbians in the United States tellingly calls itself Anamika, i.e., nameless. /33/ This is discussed in does money essays, C. M. Naim, The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry, in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction , ed. Muhammad Umar Memon, South Asian Studies Series, no. 5, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979), 120-42.

Shaikh Qalandar Bakhsh Jur'at, an Urdu poel from I.ucknow (1749-18091, wrote a poem, Chapti Namah , in which he describes the sexual intimacies shared by american essays, two married women lovers, who elude their husbands every afternoon nnd speak wistfully of the frequent gatherings with other married women who are of the same persuasion. I am grateful to exams C. M. Naim for the reference. /34/ I have to confess that I wanted a precise head count of the beauty, lesbians, because I wanted to bolster these facts with figures, but the women refused to oblige, for it militates against their interest to have me as a credible witness who might want to testify in does essays, writing one day. I roughly estimate that there were at least one in four who admitted to sexual relations with other women, some from beyond the american beauty, kotha . School Essay? Does this 25 percent estimate reflect the life and values of the kotha only, or can it be extrapolated to the women in Indian society at large? This will remain a question until women agree to talk about their sexuality, not as a matter or duty bounded by normative riues, but as a matter of experience and preference. American Beauty Essays Lester Burnham? Although the essay process, thirty women I have spoken to american burnham over the past decade is a somewhat self-selected sample from that society, this finding has interesting implications about female sexuality in general, because that is the truly hidden text, which defies investigation even by women scholars of how do a comparison, South Asia. Certainly women in the normal world use their sexuality, by denying it, by making it available, or by disguising it entirely, to gain varying measures of autonomy in a world dominated by men.

/35/ Romila Thapar, Ancient Indian Social History (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1978), 73-86. The essay is entitled Renunciation: The Making of a Counter-culture? (63-104). /36/ James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), 292-93, 295. The theoretical implications of american essays burnham, his analysis of everyday forms of how do a comparison, peasant resistance are contained in the two final chapters of this exceptionally lucid and compelling work. /38/ Interview with Gulbadan in July 1984, at her kotha in Lucknow. /39/ Studs Terkel, Working (New York: Ballantine Books, 1974), 94-103. This electronic version of the beauty lester burnham, article is presented here through the generous permission of the author. The original print version was published in Feminist Studies 16, 2 (Summer 1990). This present version contains minor adjustments of essay process, punctuation for beauty essays clarity, and minor improvements in transliteration, made by FWP.

The numbers in double square brackets, for process convenience in classroom discussion, have been added by FWP. All editorial comments in double square brackets are by FWP, May 2008. -- Umrao Jan index page -- fwp's main page --

Laura Kipnis’s Endless Trial by Title IX. September 20, 2017. Students and lester educators now live in a world where expressing an opinion about sexual harassment can be sincerely perceived as sexual harassment. In 2015, Laura Kipnis, a film-studies professor at Northwestern University, published a polemic in The Chronicle of Higher Education titled “ Sexual Paranoia Strikes Academe .” Kipnis argued that students’ sense of family grad school vulnerability on campus was expanding to american lester burnham, an unwarranted degree, partly owing to new enforcement policies around Title IX, which prohibits sex discrimination at educational institutions that receive federal funds. The new Title IX policies on sexual misconduct which were then sweeping campuses perpetuated “myths and fantasies about power,” Kipnis wrote, which enlarged the invasive power of institutions while undermining the goal of educating students in family nurse practitioner grad essay, critical thinking and resilience. “If you wanted to produce a pacified, cowering citizenry, this would be the american beauty burnham method,” she concluded. Kipnis wrote of a philosophy professor, Peter Ludlow, whom Northwestern disciplined for sexual harassment; Kipnis questioned the logic of the accusations against him. One of Ludlow’s accusers, a graduate student (unnamed in Kipnis’s essay), then joined a fellow graduate student in the philosophy department in thesis on antidiabetic, filing Title IX complaints against Kipnis, under Northwestern’s sexual-misconduct policy. Through her essay and beauty essays burnham a subsequent tweet about the essay, Kipnis was alleged to have violated the part of the sexual-misconduct policy prohibiting “retaliation”; additionally, she was alleged to money buy happiness essays, have created a “hostile environment” and a “chilling effect” on complaints. Northwestern launched a formal Title IX investigation of Kipnis. Most people under Title IX investigation don’t speak publicly about it, even to defend themselves. But Kipnis responded by publishing a follow-up essay in the Chronicle , called “ My Title IX Inquisition ,” decrying the investigation as a misuse of Title IX that allowed “intellectual disagreement to be redefined as retaliation.” On the same day, Northwestern cleared Kipnis of beauty lester burnham wrongdoing, finding that “viewpoint expression” is not retaliation, and that a “reasonable person” in the complainant’s position “would not suffer a hostile environment on account of” the essay and the tweet.

Earlier this month, Betsy DeVos, the Secretary of Education, delivered a policy speech on Title IX that focussed on the need for fair process for both accusers and the accused. Nursing Process! She also stated that “schools have been compelled by Washington to enforce ambiguous and incredibly broad definitions of assault and harassment,” stemming from over-compliance with the essays lester burnham Department’s 2011 “Dear Colleague” letter, which DeVos has made clear will be replaced by start an analysis essay, new regulations after a formal rulemaking process. Beauty! Individuals “have faced investigation and punishment simply for speaking their minds or teaching their classes,” she said. The investigation of Kipnis helped to fuel the debate on Title IX and academic freedom. In the meantime, Kipnis told me something that had only on antidiabetic, just been made public in a court filing.

Her 2015 Title IX investigation, she said, was not her last; she was investigated again, just this past summer. Back in american beauty lester, 2015, the first investigation of essay process Kipnis immediately triggered several other complaints. A professor whom Kipnis brought to her interview as her “support person” also had a Title IX retaliation complaint filed against essays, him, after he spoke to the faculty senate about his concerns that the Kipnis investigation threatened academic freedom. Thesis! An additional Title IX complaint at the same time also accused Kipnis of “involvement in and/or approval of” the faculty support person’s statement to the faculty senate. (Both of essays burnham those complaints were eventually dropped.) Drawing on essay on stress before exams her experience, Kipnis wrote the american lester burnham book “Unwanted Advances,” which was published in April. After Northwestern terminated Ludlow’s employment, he gave Kipnis access to confidential records in the graduate student’s successful Title IX complaint against him, along with thousands of family grad school essay texts and e-mails between them. Kipnis writes that “the more I learned about his situation, the more I saw his case as a lens through which the beauty essays excesses and hypocrisies of the current campus hysteria came into focus.” Kipnis devotes a chapter of thesis on antidiabetic “Unwanted Advances” to her theory that Ludlow was falsely accused. In a letter to lester burnham, the editor in on antidiabetic, the Daily Northwestern , the Northwestern Philosophy Graduate Student Association objected that Kipnis “unfairly portrayed our colleague,” the graduate student. In May, the graduate student sued Kipnis and her publisher, HarperCollins, for defamation. (A HarperCollins representative told me that the company does not comment on pending litigation.) The suit alleges that the book falsely suggests that the graduate student and Ludlow had a consensual dating relationship, falsely insinuates that her allegation of american lester rape was untrue, and falsely claims that she is a “serial Title IX filer.” It also makes an invasion-of-privacy claim, alleging that Kipnis’s book publicly disclosed private facts, including the plaintiff’s prior relationship with a married professor at another school, and details intimate conversations from on stress before, her relationship with Ludlow. It’s puzzling that the plaintiff is staking part of her lawsuit on american beauty essays burnham the alleged falsehood of the statement that she is a “serial Title IX filer.” Kipnis mentions in the book that the graduate student was a complainant in does money essays, six Title IX complaints; in the suit, the plaintiff acknowledges two, one against Ludlow and one against Kipnis. But days before filing the defamation suit, in May, the graduate student joined four Northwestern faculty members and five other graduate students as a complainant in yet another Title IX complaint against Kipnis, this time based on the publication of american beauty burnham “Unwanted Advances.”

Kipnis told me that she was surprised when Northwestern once again launched a formal Title IX investigation of nursing her writing. (A spokesperson from Northwestern did not respond to a request for comment by press time.) Kipnis said that investigators presented her with a spreadsheet laying out burnham, dozens of does money buy happiness quotations from her book, along with at least eighty written questions, such as “What do you mean by this statement?,” “What is the source/are the sources for this information?,” and american essays lester “How do you respond to the allegation that this detail is not necessary to your argument and that its inclusion is thesis on antidiabetic, evidence of retaliatory intent on your part?” Kipnis chose not to answer any questions, following the american beauty essays lester standard advice of on stress exams counsel defending the beauty essays lester burnham court case. She did submit a statement saying that “these complaints seem like an attempt to bend the campus judicial system to punish someone whose work involves questioning the family nurse practitioner essay campus judicial system, just as bringing Title IX complaints over my first Chronicle essay attempted to do two years ago.” In other words, the process was the beauty burnham punishment. Possible evidence of retaliatory purpose, she learned, included statements in the book that aggressively staked out her refusal to keep quiet, expressed in her trademark hyperbole. Her prior Title IX investigation, she writes, “has made me a little mad and possibly a little dangerous. . . . I mean, having been hauled up on complaints once, what do I have to lose? ‘Confidentiality’? ‘Conduct befitting a professor’? Kiss my ass. Thesis On Antidiabetic! In other words, thank you to my accusers: unwitting collaborators, accidental muses.” Also presented as possible evidence was her Facebook post quoting a book review—“Kipnis doesn’t seem like the american burnham sort of enemy you’d want to attract, let alone help create”—on which Kipnis had commented, “I love that.” If Kipnis did engage in retaliation or violate confidentiality, those infractions would be impossible to start, untangle from her book’s performance of her protest. “Unwanted Advances” sharply criticizes both the use of Title IX to silence political opponents and the secrecy that can enable abuse and beauty burnham overreach in campus Title IX processes. The latest iteration of Northwestern’s investigation of Kipnis took a month to complete, and again ruled in her favor. The university concluded that she did not retaliate or engage in sexual harassment by discussing mostly public information about pseudonymous students in a book meant to start essay, critique the american beauty burnham Title IX landscape, including false accusations and essay nursing the use of Title IX to punish those critical of Title IX.

Though she didn’t honor the confidentiality of university investigations, Northwestern recognized that confidentiality is a request rather than a requirement in its sexual-misconduct policy. Northwestern’s decision letter did suggest, however, that the dean of american essays burnham Kipnis’s school might still choose to sanction her for possible violations of the school university’s policy on “civility and american lester mutual respect.” The evidence: her statements after the book’s publication, in e-mails, on social media, and in talks, in which she questioned the veracity and reliability of the start essay graduate student’s account and hoped that “the book will cause a bit of american essays lester a shit storm.” The university said that these “behaviors could be interpreted as demeaning and/or intimidating.” Kipnis objected that her statements rebutting charges of inaccuracy in her book could not legitimately be construed as “incivility.” The dean ultimately found that Kipnis did not violate the civility policy, and that was the end of the matter. The U.S. Supreme Court has remarked, in practitioner, Oncale v. Sundowner Offshores Services, in 1998, that sexual-harassment law is not intended to become a “general civility code.” But lack of “civility” can easily serve as a fallback accusation when a Title IX complaint doesn’t pan out. And Title IX can be deployed to make life difficult for a person one despises, for essays burnham, whatever reasons—good or bad.

Two professors I spoke to said that they have experienced this phenomenon firsthand. Nicholas Wolfinger, a professor of family and consumer studies, said that he was on the receiving end of this dynamic at essay the University of Utah, where he has been at odds with his colleagues for years. He told me it is because he has been openly contemptuous of colleagues who are “dead wood” and american beauty essays lester do not produce scholarship. Wolfinger was accused last year, under the school’s Title IX policy, of “being aggressive, rude, or dismissive of female faculty members” and “making unwelcome/unwanted sexual jokes or comments to other faculty members in the department” over the previous twelve-year period. Examples included his reference to menstruation as “riding the cotton pony,” exclaiming “Fuck!” at a faculty meeting, and recounting stories of proposing to his wife at a strip club.

The university’s investigation found him not responsible for Title IX sexual harassment and gender discrimination, but his dean still decided to impose an administrative reprimand and essay nursing process suspension for “unprofessional behavior,” specifically with reference to his use of beauty lester burnham profanity and the “constant stream of insults that you direct at others, particularly those berating and belittling your colleagues.” (Wolfinger has written about his Title IX process, but his piece did not mention the how do you write essay reprimand and suspension for unprofessional behavior.) It seems that the american beauty lester burnham wish to knock off unlikable and essay nursing ill-behaving colleagues can lead to american beauty essays, illegitimate use of the Title IX process to punish them, even if there is no finding of nursing process responsibility. Ultimately, Wolfinger made a deal to beauty essays, work part-time without giving up tenure, a result that he says both he and his colleagues were happy with. A professor who previously taught at essay on stress exams a small college in California told me a related story. He was an outspoken critic of the school’s president, administration, and board, asking “too many questions” and calling for transparency regarding the school’s management, curricular, and financial problems. Essays Lester! The administration demanded that he resign or face termination for violation of Title IX.

When he didn’t resign, the school launched a Title IX investigation, with no complainant, that accused him of sexually harassing a former student five years earlier—but the former student sent the school a signed affidavit saying that the charges were baseless. An Analysis! The college decided to drop the beauty lester Title IX charges, but it terminated the professor anyway for not living up to on antidiabetic, its standard of conduct, citing an alleged instance of public drunkenness (which he denies), his use of profanity (an e-mail in which he used the term “bullshit”), and american beauty lester what the college deemed to be immoral correspondence with a woman who had no connection to the school. How Do You Write A Comparison! (The professor has managed to find a new position at a foreign university.) For many, Title IX has become synonymous with the imperative to address sexual assault among students. American Burnham! But Title IX can also be used to money buy happiness, discourage disagreement, deter dissent, deflect scrutiny, or register disapproval of people whom colleagues find loathsome. The problem is not with Title IX itself, much less the generic capacity of any rule to be used as a pretext for unrelated ends. Rather, it is the growing tendency to try, in the words of Kipnis’s book, “to bend Title IX into beauty an all-purpose bludgeon.” This warping is family nurse practitioner grad school, made possible by american beauty, ambiguous and undisciplined understandings—misunderstandings—of sexual harassment and its harms. Kipnis’s rebuke of money common slippages and conflations, whereby “gropers become rapists and accusers become Survivors,” anticipated a situation in which expression of her opinions about a sexual-harassment allegation could be sincerely perceived as an act of sexual harassment. Beauty Essays! Perhaps, in practitioner, this environment, the complaint that followed the publication of “Unwanted Advances” was inevitable. Kipnis implied as much in “My Title IX Inquisition”: “by writing these sentences,” she was “risking more” complaints.

That risk is now built into the professional life of those of us in beauty essays lester burnham, universities who engage on essay nursing subjects related to gender and sexuality. Like Kipnis, I routinely hear from american beauty lester burnham, teachers who say they are refraining from teaching and writing on such topics for fear of attracting Title IX complaints, which bring possibilities of termination, demotion, pay cuts, and tens of thousands of dollars in legal fees, especially for the swelling ranks of teachers who, unlike Kipnis and me, do not have tenure. Yet debate on these topics is essay, crucial to the pursuit of sex equality, as much as participants may disagree on what that means. As the Education Department under Secretary DeVos undertakes new rulemaking under Title IX, it will be important to be more explicit about how it may better protect the beauty essays core educational activity of a campus: the production of knowledge and the expression of ideas. At this moment, Title IX is too often conscripted to serve purposes antithetical to thesis on antidiabetic, the education of citizens in a democracy, in which disagreement, dissent, or disapproval should lead to argument, not to an infinite loop of institutional investigation. Jeannie Suk Gersen is a contributing writer for newyorker.com, and a professor at Harvard Law School. Ginsburg Slaps Gorsuch in beauty lester, Gerrymandering Case.

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