Frederick jackson turner frontier thesis worksheet

Business Plan Excel, esempio pratico. Frederick Jackson Turner Frontier! Ti piacerebbe sapere quanto dovrebbe guadagnare un hotel o una qualsiasi struttura ricettiva? Il Business plan per essays psychoanalysis, una qualsiasi attivita imprenditoriale e molto importante, spesso gli imprenditori turistici fanno un business plan a “mente” o a spanne. Turner Frontier Thesis Worksheet! Voglio sottolineare come il nostro settore negli ultimi 10 anni abbia subito una forte evoluzione. La difficolta nel riuscire ad intraprendere un’attivita turistica con una remunerazione adeguata ai rischi che sottende, e sempre piu complicato. What Is The Company! Pertanto e bene partire con una certa dose di consapevolezza. Bisogna sempre partire da un business plan , grazie a questo business plan si potra progettare la pianificazione consapevole del budget. Frederick Jackson Frontier Thesis! (avete fatto il budget per chetwynd griffith jones essays, il 2016 giusto?!) Per i fornitori degli imprenditori. Anche i professionisti e le aziende fornitrici e partner delle strutture ricettive dovrebbero ragionare sul “quanto far spendere ai propri clienti”. Jackson Frontier Worksheet! Infatti spesso si tende a sopravvalutare le possibilita economiche degli hotel e del ricettivo in of playing games essay generale. Quindi partire da un business plan ragionato sulle possibilita economiche dei clienti e un buon punto di partenza su cui basare il pricing del proprio business.

Voglio condividere questo file Excel per turner frontier, aiutare tutti coloro sono alle prese con le imprese turistiche. Papers! Potrete personalizzare il file a seconda delle caratteristiche della vostra struttura ricettiva e ottenere in tempo reale un vero CONTO ECONOMICO come quello che vi prepara il commercialista a fine anno. Jackson! Vuoi ricevere tutti i futuri file excel direttamente sulla posta? Beh allora ti consiglio di iscriverti alla newsletter , no SPAM garantito! Condivisione delle idee per una progressiva innovazione incrementale. Credo nella condivisione delle idee perche sono convinto che solo dal confronto si possa ottenere il massimo dell’innovazione. Credo che se tutti condividessimo le nostre idee qualcuno potrebbe esserne ispirato e potrebbe migliorare la nostra idea iniziale. Financial Analysis! In questo modo il ciclo potrebbe continuare e potrebbe creare una progressiva innovazione incrementale che potrebbe creare ulteriori esternalita positive per jackson worksheet, la comunita. (forse ci sono troppi #8220;potrebbe#8221;? chissa..) Se ci credete anche voi, scaricate il file, miglioratelo secondo le vostre opinioni e poi ri-condivietelo! Ho creato un Gruppo Facebook da pochissimi giorni! Ti consiglio di iscriverti se ti interessano piccole pillole quotidiane incentrate sul Revenue Management. Games! Non riesco a scrivere un articolo per frederick frontier thesis worksheet, ogni idea o pensiero che mi passa per writing methodology section, la mente, ho creato un gruppo proprio per facilitare la condivisione delle idee!

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Indicatori di performance per il Revenue Management – Indicatori di mercato. Modelli per frederick jackson worksheet, il forecasting turistico Stesso giorno anno precedente 35 thoughts on “Business Plan Excel, esempio pratico” Volevo chiedere se funziona per un agriturismo? Grazie e complimenti! Provalo e fammi sapere cosa ne pensi! Ne ho visti tanti ma questo e il piu intuitivo e facile da utilizzare. Grazie davvero Carlo! se hai dei suggerimenti o delle cose da migliorare non esitare a contattarmi!! molto semplice ed utile per essays, una piccola struttura ricettiva. Grazie a te per frederick turner thesis worksheet, aver commentato!!

Se hai domande o suggerimenti.. What Best Essay Writing! volentieri! ho provato il file exel#8230; efficacissimo#8230; mi ha fatto aprire gli occhi e fatto passare la poesia di aprire un hotel. Frederick Jackson Turner Thesis! gli hotel sono molto costosi! spesso la redditivita e al di sotto delle aspettative. Ernest Jones Essays! L#8217;extra-alberghiero invece sta andando a gonfie vele! Grazie per jackson thesis worksheet, aver commentato #128521; a presto. Financial! Ciao Edoardo, complimenti per il lavoro. Jackson Frontier Thesis Worksheet! Seguo sempre volentieri il tuo blog. Ho tre domande veloci: nel foglio mercato, a cosa si riferiscono le percentuali bevande, caffe e dolci ?? nel foglio prezzi e costi diretti, i costi variabili che hai stimato sono reali ?? Te lo chiedo perche l#8217;analisi dei costi variabili per camera e un argomento che e sempre un po#8217; trascurato, anche negli stessi libri di settore. Is The Best Essay Writing Company! nel foglio CE, non riesco a capire la provenienza delle voci costi generali e costi operativi indiretti. Grazie e buon lavoro. Frederick Jackson Turner Frontier Thesis! #128578; mi fa davvero piacere che ti piaccia il blog! 1) sono le percentuali di bevande che si presuppone verranno consumate dagli ospiti. Analysis! (le bevande sono valori marginali che non spostano la redditivita complessiva di molto, ma mi pareva corretto inserirli all#8217;interno di un business plan) 2)Si sono i miei #128521; 3)i costi generali sono la somma di #8220;Affitto locali Luce, Acqua, Gas Telefono, Connessioni e TV, Tasse imposte varie e ammortamenti#8221; quelli indiretti sono la somma di #8220;varie e manutenzioni e imprevisti#8221; Li trovi tutti nella pagina costi indiretti!

Se hai altre domande sara un piacere #128521; ottimo, ma forse ti mancano i costi dei servizi di pulizia?? Ciao grazie! Quei costi nell#8217;esempio sono inseriti tra il costo camera, ma li puoi mettere aggiungendo personale se non li consideri costo variabile. Frederick Frontier Worksheet! Nei commenti all#8217;interno del file l#8217;ho specificato. Benefits Games! Grazie mille a presto! lavoro davvero interessante e ben fatto. Un piccolo suggerimento: avrei inserito una semplicissima funzione, che tu conosci sicuramente, per turner frontier thesis, trovare in jones modo immediato il punto di pareggio ( Break Event Point) senza dover ricorrere alla simulazione aumentando di volta in frederick volta la percentuale di occupazione fino a ragguingerlo. A presto e grazie per methodology section, i consigli! gran bel lavoro! complimenti! pero mi sbaglio o alla voce costi mancano le commissioni dei vari portali (booking, venere, ecc,#8230;) con quello e perfetto! #128578; Grazie! Beh fai cosi: considera i prezzi medi previsti come al netto delle commissioni e sei a posto #128521; Ciao il modello e molto utile, ma se nella mia attivita avessi anche la ristorazione come posso prevedere i costi e ricavi di questa parte? Ciao Stefano, Il ristorante e una componente molto complessa e intricata da valutare. Sto preparando un file apposito per frederick jackson turner frontier worksheet, la creazione del BP per Financial analysis, un ristorante stagionale. Frederick Jackson! Il file che e in latest research papers allegato e strettamente collegato al business dell#8217;hotel.

Inserire le voci di costi e ricavi all#8217;interno dei ricavi e dei costi delle camere la vedo davvero dura.. Thesis Worksheet! Mi dispiace ma se mi seguirai il file per i ristoranti e in chetwynd essays costruzione! Ciao Edoardo, aggiungo alla richiesta di prima anche un altro questito: se l#8217;attivita che vado a considerare, lavora 365 gg ma ha piu potenzialita durante la stagione invernale Dic-Mar e da Giu-Sett come posso imputare in modo corretto la % di occupazione? e#8217; sufficiente una media tra i due periodi? Si la media andra benissimo #128521; ciao edoardo complimenti per frederick turner frontier worksheet, programma#8230;ho un dubbio perche nell#8217;utile netto non vengono considerate le tasse? in effetti la cella #8220;tasse#8221; e a zero..ciao grazie. Financial Analysis! grazie mille per frederick jackson turner, la segnalazione! E#8217; un refuso, aggiungero l#8217;aliquota IRES il prima possibile!! #128521; Continua a seguirmi. Latest Research Papers! complimenti per frederick jackson turner frontier thesis worksheet, il lavoro. Chetwynd! Vorrei sapere #8220;il costo camera#8221; come lo calcoli, quali sono le voci che contribuiscono a creare il costo camera? Ciao Alfonso! Piacere di incontrarti online! Il costo camera e la somma di tutti i costi che dovrai sopportare per ogni camera occupata. Turner Thesis Worksheet! Quindi dovrai fare la somma di tutte le cose consumabili che serviranno per erogare il servizio, se le pulizie sono #8220;a camera#8221; dovrai conteggiare anche il costo della pulizia della stanza!

Spero di esserti stato utile! Complementi per benefits of playing games, il lavoro. Mi piace tantissimo il tuo blog e lo trovo utile nel mio lavoro. Avrei un paio di domande, come ti posso contattare? mi puoi contattare sui social oppure via mail a: mail@edoardocaldari.com. Frontier! Innanzi tutto, ti ringrazio per essays, questa opportunita. La piu semplice che abbia sperimentato. Frederick Turner Frontier Worksheet! i miei dubbi sono questi: 1) prevedendo un#8217;apertura di soli 180 giorni all#8217;anno, e corretto cambiare l#8217;ultimo dettaglio della formula del C.E. in 6, piuttosto che 12? 2) La #8220;Quantita prevista bevande#8221; com#8217;e calcolata? 3) Perche le camere mensili teoriche corrispondono ai clienti mensili reali? Non potrei vendere di piu la camera a 2 persone, pittosto che ad una? Grazie mille per Financial analysis, il supporto. Frederick Jackson Thesis! complimenti per il tuo blog e per for payment methodology section, il tuo lavoro!!

Vorrei chiederti se posso utilizzare il Business Plan anche per turner frontier thesis worksheet, il rilancio di una struttura turistica e se devo in essay company quel caso tener conto di partcolari voci o magari introdurle. Grazie mille in turner thesis worksheet anticipo per i tuoi preziosi consigli. Latest! p.s. Frederick Thesis Worksheet! Farai dei corsi anche a Roma perche#8217; in quel caso mi piacerebbe molto partecipare. Chetwynd Jones! mi fa molto piacere che ti sia piaciuto il Blog! Il business plan andra benissimo anche per frontier worksheet, il rilancio di una struttura ricettiva! Non ci dovrebbe essere nessun problema, in games essay caso fammi sapere! vorrei avere qualche delucidazione su alcuni aspetti: 1- come hai calcolato le previsioni delle camere giornaliere. Frederick Jackson Worksheet! Mi soiehereasti la formula =Mercato!C18 per dissertation writing methodology section, la camera economica nel 1 anno? 2. Frontier! vedo il C:E: previsionale ma non lo S.P. Benefits Of Playing Essay! previsionale: perche?

3- Quali indici di bilancio sono piu importanti per jackson turner frontier thesis worksheet, verificare la fattibilita e la redditivita del piano? Spero di essere stata chiara e comunque grazie mille per what essay, il tuo aiuto. 1- La cella C18 e frutto dei dati che hai impostato in jackson turner worksheet C10 e C13, in pratica in base al poteziale di vendita e alla suddivisione delle tipologie impostate si ricava quel dato. Come vedi e scritto in papers nero quindi non bisogna modificarlo #128521; 2- Lo stato patrimoniale e stato omesso, alcuni clienti hanno chiesto questa personalizzazione e l#8217;abbiamo fatta come progetto consulenziale. Jackson Turner Frontier Worksheet! 3- Beh diciamo che l#8217;analisi del bilancio e una disciplina a parte e io non mi posso definire un esperto di analisi contabile, ma posso dirti che il 1° margine sia fondamentale. Ovviamente bisogna considerarlo nell#8217;insieme assieme al reddito operativo. Benefits Of Playing Essay! Ma comprendere appieno il significato credo sia un aspetto fondamentale per frederick thesis worksheet, la gestione di una qualsiasi struttura ricettiva. Latest! Come posso utilizzare il foglio excel per frederick turner frontier thesis, un hotel stagionale (aperto 5 mesi l#8217;anno)? Inserisco i giorni di apertura ma credo che la voce stipendi venga calcolata sui 365 gg e di conseguenza mi #8220;sballa#8221; tutto #128578; Si esatto! cerca di modificare le formule per games, calcolare gli stipendi, dovresti trovare un *12 mesi, bastera cambiare quello con *5 se non ricordo male!

Ciao Edoardo, volevo richiedere una copia del business plan dal momento che il link non me lo apre. Ripristinato! Grazie mille per jackson frontier, la segnalazione! a presto. Lascia un commento Annulla risposta. Financial Analysis! Gratis, programma Revenue Management.

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resume withdrawal Protracted Withdrawal Syndromes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. Vol. 8 pp. 19-28 · 1991. Professor C Heather Ashton DM, FRCP. School of Neurosciences. Division of frederick jackson turner thesis worksheet, Psychiatry. The Royal Victoria Infirmary. Queen Victoria Road.

Newcastle upon for payment methodology section Tyne NE1 4LP. Abstract: The benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome is a complex phenomenon which presents serious difficulties in definition and jackson measurement. It is ernest essays applied particularly difficult to set out precise limits on its duration. Many withdrawal symptoms are a result of pharmacodynamic tolerance to benzodiazepines, some mechanisms for which are discussed. Such tolerance develops unevenly in different brain systems and may be slow to reverse. Withdrawal symptoms occurring in frederick worksheet, the first weeks after cessation of drug use tend to merge with more persistent symptoms that may last for many months.

These prolonged symptoms do not necessarily constitute true pharmacological withdrawal symptoms, but are nevertheless related to long-term benzodiazepine use. Such symptoms can include anxiety, which may partly result from latest electronics a learning deficit imposed by frederick jackson turner frontier worksheet the drugs, and a variety of sensory and motor neurological symptoms. Analysis? The protracted nature of some of frederick jackson turner frontier thesis, these symptoms raises the possibility that benzodiazepines can give rise not only to slowly reversible functional changes in analysis, the central nervous system, but may also occasionally cause structural neuronal damage. Keywords: benzodiazepines; withdrawal syndrome; tolerance; protracted symptoms; tinnitus; brain mechanisms. Drug withdrawal syndromes, in general, tend to consist of jackson turner worksheet, mirror images of the drugs' initial effects. Thus, abrupt withdrawal from chronic usage of beta adrenoceptor antagonists such as propranolol may give rise to analysis, tachycardia and turner worksheet palpitations; abrupt withdrawal from of playing antihypertensive doses of clonidine may be followed by hypertension, anxiety, and other signs of increased sympathetic activity.

Benzodiazepines are no exception: On sudden cessation after chronic use, anticonvulsant effects may be replaced by epileptic seizures, muscle relaxation by increased muscle tension, hypnotic effects by increased anxiety. The same symptoms can occur in attenuated form when the drugs are withdrawn slowly. However, all of these symptoms are not inevitable in any individual patient. The particular features of the withdrawal syndrome and their time of onset, duration, and severity are greatly modified by many other factors. Such factors include pharmacokinetic variables, dosage and turner frontier thesis duration of drug use, rate of withdrawal, the presence or absence of the what original disorder (such as anxiety) for which the drug was prescribed, personality characteristics, physical makeup and susceptibility, and the use of concomitant treatments. These variables alone make it difficult to characterise specific features of the frederick thesis withdrawal syndrome. This difficulty is compounded by the fact that, as long-term medication, benzodiazepines have mainly been prescribed for benefits anxiety and insomnia, disorders which themselves include most features of the drug withdrawal syndrome. Frederick Turner Frontier Worksheet? When such patients undergo reduction of benzodiazepine dosage, especially slow reduction, how can one specify which emergent symptoms are true, drug-related withdrawal symptoms, which are pseudowithdrawal symptoms (Tyrer, Owen, Dawling, 1983), which represent a return of the original anxiety state, and which are the natural reactions of an anxious personality undergoing the stress of withdrawal? In circumstances such as these, the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome becomes largely a matter of definition.

Nevertheless, the existence of a benzodiazepine withdrawal reaction, from both high and low (therapeutic) doses of benzodiazepines, is what is the essay writing company no longer in dispute, and many attempts have been made to define and measure it and to frederick jackson frontier, estimate its incidence and duration. Definitions and Measurements. Symptoms occurring during benzodiazepine withdrawal have been described by many authors (Ashton, 1984, 1987; Busto, Sellers, Naranjo, Cappell, Sanchez, Sykora, 1986; Hallström Lader, 1981; Murphy, Owen Tyrer, 1983, 1984; Petursson Lader, 1981a, 1981b; Smith Wesson, 1983; Tyrer et al ., 1983; Tyrer, Rutherford, Higgett, 1981; Winokur, Rickels, Greenblatt, Snyder, Schatz, 1980; among others). Of Playing Games? Commonly described symptoms are shown in Figure 1. None of these symptoms are specific to jackson frontier thesis worksheet, benzodiazepine withdrawal: They include all of the psychological and somatic symptoms of anxiety, although certain symptom clusters are characteristic. Latest Electronics Research? Owen and Tyrer (1983) and Petursson and Lader (1981a b) emphasised the appearance of new symptoms, not experienced before withdrawal and uncommon in anxiety states. These new symptoms include hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli (sound, light, touch, taste, and smell) and perceptual distortions (e.g., sensation of the floor undulating, feeling of motion, impression of walls or floor tilting). There also appears to frederick jackson turner worksheet, be a higher incidence than usually seen in of playing games, anxiety of frederick frontier thesis worksheet, depersonalisation, derealisation, paraesthesiae, and extreme dysphoria, an ernest essays applied psychoanalysis amalgam of anxiety, depression, nausea, malaise, and depersonalisation (Petursson Lader, 1981a, 1981b). Jackson? Visual hallucinations, distortion of body image, psychotic reactions, formication, muscle fasciculation and twitching (occasionally resembling myoclonus), and considerable loss of weight are also described during benzodiazepine withdrawal and are unusual in anxiety states. Smith and Wesson (1983) and Ashton (1984) drew attention to essays psychoanalysis, the characteristic fluctuation of symptoms, which may wax and jackson turner frontier wane without obvious psychological provocation.

Smith and Wesson (1983) suggest that this wavelike symptomatology is an important marker for distinguishing the low-dose benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome from symptom re-emergence. However, since symptoms may fluctuate in benefits of playing games essay, the course of the frederick jackson frontier thesis worksheet day or over dissertation writing section periods of days or weeks, accurate recording is difficult. Since no particular symptom is exclusive to benzodiazepine withdrawal, how can one define the syndrome? Tyrer et al . (1981, 1983) have attempted various methods in placebo controlled studies: The appearance of two or more new symptoms during the frederick frontier worksheet withdrawal period. New symptoms in electronics, one study included perceptual disturbances, sensory hypersensitivity, and fear of imminent death (1981), and in another study (1983), psychotic symptoms, depression and dysphoria, muscle twitching, and abnormal sensations of movement. The choice of two new symptoms as the minimum number necessary to qualify as withdrawal is clearly arbitrary. An increase in self-rated symptoms (Comprehensive Psychiatric Rating Scale) to greater than 50% of baseline levels, followed by a return to lower values. Symptom resolution is clearly an important feature in frederick jackson turner thesis, differentiating between symptoms due to withdrawal and Financial analysis symptom re-emergence, emergence, or overinterpretation. As Smith and Wesson (1983, p. 88) point out: Withdrawal symptoms subside with continued abstinence, whereas symptoms of other aetiology persist. Jackson Frontier? However, a measure of symptom resolution is not applicable to patients who drop out of Financial analysis, withdrawal studies, perhaps because of intolerable true withdrawal symptoms.

It is noteworthy that 45% of frederick jackson thesis, patients dropped out of one study (Tyrer et al ., 1981). A combination of methods (1) and griffith essays (2) so that a withdrawal reaction is defined as the appearance of new symptoms that resolved before the end of the study (20 and 14 weeks after the end of frederick frontier worksheet, withdrawal [Tyrer et al ., 1983]). More recently Tyrer, Murphy, Riley (1989) have produced a questionnaire of symptoms that are relatively specific to benzodiazepine withdrawal in that they mainly occur during periods of drug withdrawal and return towards baseline levels after withdrawal. Pseudowithdrawal symptoms were defined as symptoms occurring when patients thought they were reducing but their drug consumption and blood concentrations of benzodiazepines were unchanged. Such definitions, derived from benefits of playing games essay double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, have been extremely helpful in the recognition of benzodiazepine dependence, especially low-dose dependence. However, they are of necessity arbitrary and can only frederick turner thesis worksheet, be approximate, since the appearance or severity of any particular symptom or symptom cluster may actually represent a variable combination of true withdrawal, pseudowithdrawal, and re-emergence of anxiety, and the same patients liable to pseudowithdrawal reactions are also likely to be most vulnerable to true withdrawal effects. Furthermore, definitions based on differences from prewithdrawal symptoms do not take into account the possibility that, due to the development of tolerance, withdrawal symptoms may already be present while patients are still taking benzodiazepines. Such a situation is applied most clearly seen with relatively short-acting benzodiazepines.

For example, patients taking triazolam as a hypnotic commonly develop daytime anxiety (Oswald, 1989) and even hallucinations or psychotic reactions. Frontier Thesis Worksheet? These are almost certainly withdrawal effects since they are immediately relieved by taking the drug but eventually disappear after the drug is stopped (Ashton, 1987). Similarly, with lorazepam and alprazolam (Hermann, Brotman, Rosenbaum, 1987) patients often develop increasing anxiety and panic as well as craving between doses (Ashton, 1984). They appear to undergo a miniwithdrawal between each dose, which is temporarily relieved by the next tablet, but disappears after total cessation. An analagous condition is seen with alcohol: alcoholics commonly complain of tremor and insomnia, symptoms which are temporarily relieved by alcohol but which only griffith essays, disappear after a period of abstinence. Even with long-acting benzodiazepines such as diazepam, there is usually a history in long-term users of steadily increasing anxiety, with the development over frederick turner frontier worksheet the years of new symptoms such as agoraphobia, often with perceptual distortions and depersonalisation, despite continued usage of these supposedly anxiolytic drugs. These symptoms have often been temporarily alleviated by a moderate increase in dosage or the addition of another benzodiazepine, but eventually re-emerge during further chronic use and only disappear after the ernest psychoanalysis benzodiazepine is stopped (Ashton, 1984, 1987).

Mechanisms of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms are discussed below, but tolerance is jackson turner thesis worksheet difficult to demonstrate in clinical practice. Because of these many immeasurable factors, it is electronics papers doubtful whether the boundaries of frederick worksheet, a true benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome can ever be clearly demarcated. The overall incidence of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome is unknown. As with cigarette smokers (Ashton Stepney, 1982), there may be a large, uncounted population who quit regular benzodiazepine usage after months or years without ever coming to medical attention. Tyrer (1990) notes that it is surprising how many patients in ordinary practice have no difficulties whatsoever in reducing their benzodiazepines, and is the company the incidence of frontier thesis worksheet, a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome in general practice appears to electronics, be around 30% (Tyrer et al ., 1981, 1983; Tyrer, 1989; Tyrer, Murphy, Riley, in press; Tyrer, 1990). On the other hand, in selected patients referred for specialist treatment, the incidence may be 100% (Ashton, 1987; Lader Olajide, 1987; Petursson Lader, 1981a). It is also worth noting that withdrawal syndromes in the form of rebound insomnia (Kales, Scharf, Kales, 1978) or more general symptoms can occur in frederick turner, experimental subjects and in Financial, nonanxious patients prescribed benzodiazepines for sports injuries (Lader, 1988). In addition, a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome has been described in neonates whose mothers took therapeutic doses of frederick turner worksheet, benzodiazepines during pregnancy (Rementeria Bhatt, 1977). Not surprisingly, the observed incidence of benzodiazepine withdrawal reactions depends not only on dissertation writing for payment patient selection but also on the criteria used for measurement.

In the study of Tyrer et al . (1983), when definitions of withdrawal (1) and (2) (see above) were used singly, the incidence of jackson frontier, pseudowithdrawal reactions was around 20%. Writing Methodology? With the combined definition (3) (see above) the incidence of true withdrawal symptoms was 44% and there were no pseudowithdrawal reactions. This incidence of course only applies to turner frontier worksheet, those consenting to take part in the study and managing to papers, finish it. It cannot account for dropouts during withdrawal or for frederick frontier thesis individuals declining to undergo withdrawal (45.5% of eligible patients in the study of Tyrer et al ., 1981). Thus the incidence of benzodiazepine withdrawal, like its diagnosis, becomes largely a matter of definition. The identification of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome is difficult enough; its duration is ernest jones applied psychoanalysis even more difficult to delineate. Most estimates suggest a duration of jackson frontier thesis worksheet, approximately 5-28 days, with a peak in severity around 2 weeks post withdrawal, after which most symptoms return to prewithdrawal levels (Busto et al ., 1986; Murphy et al ., 1984; Owen Tyrer, 1983; Petursson Lader, 1981a, 1981b; Tyrer et al ., 1981, 1983).

To a large extent the apparent duration depends upon how long the patients are followed up, and several authors have drawn attention to the prolonged nature of Financial, postwithdrawal symptoms in turner thesis, some cases. For example, Smith and Wesson (1983) observed that symptoms after withdrawal from best essay company low-dose benzodiazepine typically take 6-12 months to subside completely. Frederick Turner Thesis Worksheet? Prolonged symptoms included anxiety, insomnia, paraesthesiae, altered sensation, muscle spasms, and psychosis. Ashton (1984, 1987) reported a similar protracted time-course. Tyrer (1990) refers to a post-withdrawal syndrome in the 6 months after withdrawal. Hallström and Lader (1981) found the Hamilton Anxiety Score still raised above baseline levels by follow-up several months later when successfully withdrawn patients had resumed their normal life (Hallström Lader, 1981 p. 237). Olajide and Lader (1984) suggested that depression may be an integral part of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome and may last several months after withdrawal in susceptible individuals; this phenomenon was also observed by Ashton (1987). Busto, Fornazzari, and essays applied Naranjo (1988) described two cases in whom severe tinnitus first appeared during benzodiazepine withdrawal and persisted for 6 and 12 months after discontinuation before finally diminishing or disappearing. In one of these cases the tinnitus was immediately alleviated by turner frontier worksheet diazepam in chetwynd essays, a double-blind placebo-controlled trial conducted over 1 week, 6 months after withdrawal; after a further 6 months of abstinence the tinnitus had became tolerable. In a recent study of 68 patients who were withdrawn from benzodiazepines over a 6-week period and followed for a further 4 weeks, Tyrer et al . (1989), using a self-report scale, found a wide variation in the time at which individual symptoms peaked.

Mean scores for frontier thesis some symptoms (depression, dizziness, paraesthesiae, feeling of electronics, unreality) peaked early, while mean scores for others (nausea, memory impairment, faintness, touch sensitivity, and motor impairment) were maximal 8 weeks after the start of jackson turner thesis, withdrawal. Although individual patient's scores were not reported, and 30% withdrew from the study, these findings suggest that symptoms can persist beyond the 5-28 days usually regarded as the duration of the withdrawal syndrome. Ashton, Rawlins and Tyrer (1990) used the rating scale shown in Figure 1 to record the symptoms of patients undergoing diazepam withdrawal under double-blind placebo controlled conditions. Ernest Jones Essays Applied Psychoanalysis? Withdrawal took place over 4 weeks, and patients were followed for 8 weeks after the end of withdrawal. Half the patients received placebo and the other half withdrawal. Analysis of the time-course of selected symptoms in the 11 out of 12 patients in the placebo group who successfully completed withdrawal is shown in Table 1. Eight weeks after the end of withdrawal, mean scores for headache, dizziness, depression, tinnitus, paraesthesiae, and turner thesis worksheet motor symptoms remained higher than prewithdrawal scores; other symptoms had declined although few had disappeared. These findings again show that duration of symptoms after benzodiazepine withdrawal is often a matter of months rather than weeks. Different symptoms persisted in the Tyrer et al . (1989) and latest electronics research Ashton et al . (1990) studies, which differed also in size of sample, patient selection, and frederick frontier rate of withdrawal.

To what extent such persistent symptoms are true withdrawal symptoms is unknown. A further problem in assessing the duration of the withdrawal syndrome is the essays psychoanalysis interpretation of the baseline (prewithdrawal) symptoms and anxiety scores. Patients presenting for benzodiazepine withdrawal often have high levels of anxiety and many psychological and somatic symptoms. Figures 2 and 3 show Hospital Anxiety Depression (anxiety) (Zigmond Snaith, 1983) and symptom rating scores for 12 patients on benzodiazepines compared with the scores of 18 healthy university students approaching their exams. Both groups took placebo tablets and were followed for frederick turner thesis worksheet 20 weeks. The benzodiazepine group withdrew from the what best benzodiazepines between weeks 8 and 12. Jackson Turner Thesis? It is clear that the games patients had considerably higher scores than the jackson frontier normal subjects on both scales, even at writing methodology the beginning of the study while they were still taking benzodiazepines. Certainly in these patients the benzodiazepines were not effectively controlling anxiety and, as argued above, it is possible that at least some of the frederick turner frontier worksheet presenting symptoms were due to withdrawal symptoms even in the presence of the drug, as a result of the development of drug tolerance.

Such symptoms would be expected to Financial, disappear after withdrawal, but they could be slow to resolve. There was no evidence of resolution below baseline levels 8 weeks after withdrawal, but unfortunately (as in most studies) formal assessment stopped at this point. However, continued clinical contact with most of these patients has shown that anxiety symptoms have declined over time. This slow improvement bears out the observations quoted above (Ashton, 1984, 1987; Busto et al ., 1988; Hallström Lader, 1981; Olajide and Lader, 1984; Smith Wesson, 1983) that symptoms improve gradually for many months after withdrawal, and frederick turner thesis worksheet some patients are able to resume normal lives after years of incapacity before withdrawal. Which of these long-lasting symptoms can one attribute to true drug withdrawal effects? Is it possible to griffith, pinpoint a time at which the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome ends and to frontier, say with certainty that any residual symptoms must be due to dissertation for payment section, other factors? The problem is similar to that of designating which effects of a bout of influenza or infectious mononucleosis can be attributed to the specific virus. Do such effects include only those of the turner worksheet viral toxaemia? Do they include secondary bacterial infection consequent upon analysis the impact of the virus? Do they include the period of frontier worksheet, postviral lethargy and depression which, like benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, tends to recur in wave-like fashion for several months? Once again, the ernest psychoanalysis benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome appears to slip through the fingers and one is led back to a question of frederick frontier worksheet, definition.

Probably a clear definition of duration is impossible because drug-induced perturbations of central neurotransmission merge imperceptibly into the background of individual, genetically determined, and learned patterns of what is the best essay writing company, brain activity. Protracted Symptoms After Benzodiazepine Withdrawal. All the problems of definition discussed above are multiplied in any attempt to describe protracted benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes. Yet anyone observing patients for long periods after withdrawal cannot fail to be struck by the persistence of certain symptoms in some patients. These may not be true benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms; nevertheless they are possibly related to benzodiazepine use and frederick jackson turner thesis often present a clinical problem.

Listed below are examples of some protracted symptoms that from personal observations and other reports appear to electronics research, be relatively common after benzodiazepine withdrawal. Unfortunately, there are no data available on the incidence and duration of such symptoms in comparable patients not treated with benzodiazepines, nor of their relative incidence in patients undergoing benzodiazepine withdrawal. Nor are there any known predictive factors to indicate which patients might be especially vulnerable. Anxiety: As discussed above, anxiety may persist for many months after benzodiazepine withdrawal, yet slowly decline below prewithdrawal levels after 1-2 years (Ashton, 1987). One reason for the slow resolution may be that benzodiazepines inhibit the learning of stress-coping strategies. Such effects have been demonstrated in animals and man (Gray, 1987). Consequently there is a long period after benzodiazepine withdrawal when patients have a decreased ability to cope with stressful situations (Ashton, 1989; Murphy Tyrer, 1988; Owen Tyrer, 1983).

Recovery may require many months of learning new strategies of stress control to replace the years of coping with stress by means of frederick jackson frontier thesis worksheet, exogenous drugs. Hence persisting anxiety after benzodiazepine withdrawal does not necessarily imply the re-emergence of an anxiety state existing before benzodiazepine treatment; it may represent the benefits uncovering of jackson frontier, a type of learning deficiency induced by long-term benzodiazepine use. Is The Best? People who take benzodiazepines tend to have high ratings for trait anxiety (Ashton and Golding, 1989; Golding Cornish, 1987; Golding, Harper, Brent-Smith, 1983) which may confer a particular vulnerability to the stress of withdrawal. Nevertheless, even without formal treatment, protracted anxiety symptoms, including agoraphobia and panic, may gradually resolve after benzodiazepine withdrawal (Ashton, 1987) although the process may be hastened by turner thesis behavioural treatments. Depression: Depression can be caused or aggravated by chronic benzodiazepine use (Lader Petursson, 1981), yet it also appears to be a feature of the Financial analysis withdrawal syndrome (Olajide Lader, 1984). It may be severe enough to qualify as a major depressive disorder (Ashton, 1987) and may persist for some months. Olajide and jackson frontier thesis worksheet Lader (1984) suggest that the Financial mechanisms for turner thesis postwithdrawal depression may be central serotonin depletion, but there is no direct evidence for this.

Clinically, the depression is not different from depressive illness in general, and it responds to antidepressant drugs. It is not clear whether protracted depressive symptoms are more common in papers, patients with a previous history of depression or whether it recurs in subsequent years after withdrawal. Tinnitus: Tinnitus is a common symptom of benzodiazepine withdrawal and may initially result from the characteristic general hypersensitivity to jackson turner frontier worksheet, sensory stimuli. It usually resolves in latest electronics, a few weeks, but occasionally qualifies as a protracted symptom. Jackson Turner Worksheet? Busto et al . (1988) describe two cases in which tinnitus persisted for 6 and 12 months after withdrawal and mention a third patient who was unable to withdraw from benzodiazepines because of severe tinnitus at each attempt. Jones Essays Psychoanalysis? Further cases of protracted tinnitus personally observed are described below. Case 1: Female, aged 54. Duration of benzodiazepine usage: 8 years. Withdrawal slowly from oxazepam 45mg daily in turner worksheet, 1986. Latest Papers? Right-sided tinnitus first noticed during previous attempts at withdrawal; became severe after final withdrawal and jackson frontier is still constantly present and severe 2 years later, remaining mainly unilateral.

No abnormality detected on ernest jones applied skull x-ray, CAT scan, EEG, or ENT examination, apart from slight bilateral (symmetrical) high-tone deafness. Not clinically anxious or depressed; all other withdrawal symptoms resolved quickly. Jackson Turner Frontier Thesis? Taking no medication. Case 2: Female, aged 62. Duration of benzodiazepine usage: 18 years. Chetwynd? Withdrawn slowly from diazepam 15mg daily in 1988. Bilateral tinnitus first noticed during previous attempts at withdrawal, becoming severe after final withdrawal, and frederick turner frontier thesis worksheet still present, severe, and continuous 1 year later.

ENT investigation: moderate bilateral high-tone deafness; wears hearing aid. Ernest Essays? No clinical anxiety or depression; no other withdrawal symptoms; no medication. Case 3: Female, aged 58. Duration of benzodiazepine usage: 20 years. Withdrew from diazepam 20mg daily over 4 weeks in 1988. Jackson Frontier Thesis? Developed acute psychotic reaction, which resolved in dissertation writing section, one week. First noticed left-sided tinnitus 1 month after withdrawal. Three months later restarted diazepam 20mg daily because of frederick jackson frontier thesis, unremitting tinnitus, but experienced only slight improvement. Second withdrawal over one year 1988-9. Left-sided tinnitus severe throughout withdrawal and still persisting though becoming intermittent.

ENT examination negative except for latest slight bilateral (symmetrical) high-tone deafness. Medication: mianserin 30mg daily, started after onset of frederick jackson turner frontier thesis worksheet, tinnitus; carbamazepine recently added with no effect on tinnitus. Case 4: Female, aged 70. Chetwynd? Duration of jackson turner, benzodiazepine usage: 20 years. First noticed tinnitus, mainly right-sided, on withdrawal from benefits flurazepam 30mg daily in 1985. Frederick Turner Worksheet? Tinnitus continuous ever since, not relieved by a course of Financial analysis, diazepam. ENT examination normal. Drugs: no psychotropics; inhalers for asthma. Tinnitus is jackson turner fairly common in the general population and the apparent relation to benzodiazepine use may be incidental, but these cases raise the suspicion that benzodiazepines may occasionally cause permanent or only slowly reversible brain damage. Such damage may not be detectable on CAT scans; one study (Lader Petursson, 1984) suggested a mild degree of cortical shrinkage in chronic benzodiazepine users, but this finding was not confirmed in a later study (Perera, Powell, Jenner, 1987).

Two of the above patients also complained of unilateral headaches. Paraesthesiae: Paraesthesiae, in the form of tingling, pins and needles or numbness of the extremities or circumoral region, is another common symptom of benzodiazepine withdrawal. The symptom also occurs in anxiety and analysis possibly results from hyperventilation. Benzodiazepines depress the sensitivity of the respiratory centre to carbon dioxide (Gilmartin, Corris, Stone, Veale, Gibson, 1988) and frontier worksheet it is Financial possible that the respiratory centre becomes hypersensitive during withdrawal, triggering hyperventilation. Frederick Turner Frontier Worksheet? Resolution of paraesthesiae usually occurs within a few weeks of withdrawal.

Occasionally, however, patients complain of numbness or of a burning sensation affecting the fingers, feet, and legs that may be protracted for months or years. The symptoms suggest a peripheral sensory neuropathy and there may be demonstrable sensory impairment to light touch. Two patients summarised below typify several similar cases personally observed at dissertation writing for payment section a benzodiazepine withdrawal clinic. Case 1: Female, aged 56. Duration of benzodiazepine usage: 15 years. Severe continuous burning pain of feet first noticed in turner worksheet, 1984 during slow reduction of Financial, lorazepam 7.5mg to 1.5mg daily. Frederick Turner Frontier Worksheet? Changed to diazepam and slowly withdrawn over 1 year 1987-8. Burning feet persisted for a further year, gradually decreasing in intensity and now almost disappeared.

No abnormal signs; good peripheral pulses. Medication; promethazine 50mg nocte since 1988. Case 2: Female, aged 67. Duration of benzodiazepine usage: 12 years. First noticed severe burning pain in feet and dissertation writing methodology section legs in 1981 during reduction of medazepam 15mg to 5mg daily. Pain persisted during diazepam substitution and frederick frontier thesis slow withdrawal in 1985. 1986: still severe burning pain in jones essays applied, legs not relieved by chlordiazepoxide. Turner Thesis Worksheet? 1989: pain still present. Dissertation Writing For Payment? Neurological examination, nerve conduction studies, serum foliate and B 12 levels normal; peripheral pulses present and normal. Formication is also common during benzodiazepine withdrawal, and many patients temporarily complain of a feeling of insects crawling on turner frontier thesis worksheet the skin or of best essay company, lice or nits in the hair. Frederick Turner Frontier Thesis? Occasionally, more bizarre sensations are reported, such as a feeling of slime or water running over the body, a sense of inner vibration, or a feeling of trembling inside, and these symptoms may be protracted.

Such symptoms may be variants of the burning sensations described above or may possibly be psychotic, but have a temporal relationship to benefits essay, benzodiazepine withdrawal. Motor Symptoms: Increased muscle tension, hyperreflexia, tremor, fasciculation, and muscle jerking are common features of benzodiazepine withdrawal but usually resolve within weeks. Occasionally muscle jerking persists for a year or more after withdrawal, and the clinical picture may suggest myoclonus, tics, or exaggerated startle reactions. Shoulder girdle and limb muscles are usually affected, but blepharospasm can occur. Some patients complain of violent jerking of the whole body at the onset of sleep, which may occur 20 or more times a night. Restless legs syndrome may also be protracted. Some of these symptoms may result from increased peripheral sympathetic tone since they are often improved by frederick jackson turner frontier worksheet propranolol. Others may be centrally generated and at Financial analysis least partially respond to carbamazepine. Blepharospasm can be controlled by local injection of botulinum toxin at 3 monthly intervals.

Protracted motor symptoms such as these raise the frederick frontier possibility that benzodiazepines are capable of ernest essays, causing long-term hyperexcitability of motoneurons or central motor pathways. Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Gastrointestinal symptoms are extremely common during chronic benzodiazepine use and in withdrawal. Many chronic benzodiazepine users have been investigated by gastroenterologists and found to turner thesis, have irritable bowel syndrome (Ashton, 1987). Gastrointestinal symptoms may be aggravated by hyperventilation (Lum, 1987) and may disappear completely after benzodiazepine withdrawal, even in jones essays applied psychoanalysis, patients who have had irritable bowel syndrome for years. Nevertheless, there remains a sizeable core of patients who complain of food intolerance and gaseous abdominal distension which first appears during withdrawal and is protracted for many months. Tests for specific food allergies almost always prove negative, and the condition is unresponsive to frederick jackson frontier worksheet, conventional treatment. Patients often turn to alternative or fringe medicine, undergo various forms of diet, and become convinced that they have intestinal candidiasis or damage to the immune system. Analysis? None of these claims have scientific support, although Lum (1987) reports that hyperventilation provokes histamine release and that the incidence of food intolerance and pseudo-allergic reactions is frederick jackson turner frontier thesis worksheet high in chronic hyperventilators. The effect of is the best essay writing company, benzodiazepine withdrawal on gastrointestinal function and on coriocosteroid and immune responses (known to be affected by jackson turner frontier stress) perhaps merits further attention. Brain Mechanisms of Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Symptoms. The primary effect of benzodiazepines is enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity on postsynaptic GABA-A receptors in the brain.

The effect results from an interaction with specific benzodiazepine binding sites on the GABA-receptor complex (Möhler Okada, 1977; Squires Braestrup, 1977), which increases the affinity of the receptors for GABA (Costa, 1981). GABA neurons consist of essay, small interneurons forming local circuits which exert a powerful influence on the excitability of other neurons passing through their spatial domain (Bloom, 1985). Such local GABA circuits are widely distributed throughout the frederick turner worksheet brain, including the reticular formation, limbic system structures, cerebral and cerebellar cortex (Young Kuhar, 1980). GABA is a universal inhibitor of nervous activity and also inhibits the research papers release of frederick jackson worksheet, excitatory neurotransmitters (Benton Rick, 1976). Thus the actions of chetwynd griffith jones essays, benzodiazepines include not only frederick jackson turner worksheet, enhancement of GABA activity at many brain sites but also decreased release of acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine and of playing games essay serotonin (Faefely, Pieri, Pole, Schaffer, 1981). Frontier Worksheet? The clinical effects of benzodiazepines probably result from a combination of these primary and dissertation methodology section secondary effects at critical sites. For example, the anxiolytic effects may be due to decreased serotonergic and jackson turner frontier noradrenergic activity in Financial, septo-hippocampal pathways (Gray, 1981).

Thus benzodiazepine actions are by no means confined to a particular neurotransmitter or brain pathway. Any chronically used drug gradually engenders a series of homeostatic responses which tend to restore normal function despite the presence of the drug. With chronic benzodiazepine use, compensatory changes occur in GABA receptors. Such changes consist of decreased sensitivity of these receptors to frederick jackson turner worksheet, GABA, probably as a result of alterations in affinity state and decreased density (Cowan Nutt, 1982; Nutt, 1986). Writing Section? In addition, there are changes in the secondary systems controlled by GABA, so that the output of jackson frontier, excitatory neurotransmitters tends to be restored, and/or the sensitivity of their receptors increases.

The whole complex of primary and secondary changes eventually results in benzodiazepine tolerance. This pharmacodynamic tolerance develops unevenly to different benzodiazepine effects. For example, tolerance appears more rapidly to hypnotic and anticonvulsant than to anxiolytic effects (Sepinwall Cook, 1979). Tolerance to different effects may also vary between individuals, possibly due to is the best essay writing company, variations in intrinsic GABA activity in different parts of the brain, which are in turn reflected in personality characteristics and susceptibility to stress. Tolerance is never complete and frederick frontier thesis worksheet probably never reaches a perfect equilibrium in all brain systems, which may be one reason for the high morbidity amongst chronic benzodiazepine users (Ashton, 1987).

Acute tolerance, especially to hypnotic effects, can be manifested rapidly, but chronic tolerance develops over a time-course of several weeks. Papers? Once established, chronic tolerance can last for months or even years after cessation of frederick jackson turner worksheet, some central nervous system depressants such as alcohol (Cicero, 1979) and probably also benzodiazepines. The development of pharmacodynamic tolerance sets the scene for the withdrawal syndrome. Cessation of the drug exposes all the adaptations which have accrued to counteract its presence, releasing a rebound of unopposed activity involving many neurotransmitters and ernest applied psychoanalysis their receptors and many brain systems. Clinically this state is turner frontier thesis worksheet manifested as the withdrawal syndrome, consisting of effects that are largely the opposite analysis of those originally induced by frederick jackson turner frontier worksheet the drug. The distribution, duration, and severity of symptoms depend on the particular systems that have undergone adaptive modulations and the degree of the adaptive changes induced, as well as on the rate of drug withdrawal.

Some authors distinguish between rebound and of playing withdrawal effects, but the mechanism is the same for both (Lader, 1988) Acute withdrawal effects are reversed by an appropriate dose of the drug, which restores the status quo . As the homeostatic changes slowly reverse, withdrawal symptoms decline. The process of reversal, like that of tolerance acquisition, does not necessarily proceed evenly in all systems. The variable time of emergence and duration of individual symptoms during benzodiazepine withdrawal noted by Tyrer (1989) and jackson turner thesis Ashton et al . Chetwynd Griffith Jones Essays? (1990) (Table 1) may reflect this uneven course. The perturbations of brain function induced by benzodiazepines are exceedingly complex, and it is not surprising that withdrawal symptoms are many and jackson worksheet variable. Different symptoms may reflect disturbance of the balance between different neurotransmitter systems as suggested by Ashton (1984) and are likely to show large interindividual differences depending on personal characteristics and susceptibilities. Jones Psychoanalysis? As discussed above, it is difficult to set a definite time limit on the reversal of tolerance and, therefore, the end of the withdrawal syndrome.

In general, tolerance declines over a matter of weeks, but in some cases it may endure for a year or more (Cicero, 1979). Delayed or slow reversal of tolerance may account for some protracted withdrawal symptoms. However, some changes induced by benzodiazepines may be permanent or only very slowly reversible. Frederick Turner Frontier Thesis Worksheet? Since benzodiazepines apparently inhibit learning, especially for dissertation methodology coping with stress strategies (Gray, 1987), cessation after many years of use may expose a learning deficit, especially in the ability to cope with stress. Frederick Jackson Worksheet? This may persist as protracted anxiety, and may possibly be related to best essay writing company, protracted depression. Anxiety symptoms are likely to endure until new learning has induced the appropriate synaptic changes, which probably involve modification of endogenous GABA activity. Finally, there remains the question of whether benzodiazepines can cause structural neurological damage.

Like alcohol, benzodiazepines are lipid soluble, are highly concentrated in the brain, and impair cerebral cortical, cerebellar, and limbic system function. It is turner thesis possible that use over of playing many years could cause physical changes such as cortical shrinkage, which may be only partially reversible. Such changes have been demonstrated by CAT-scan studies in young alcoholics (Lee, Möller, Hardt, Haubek, Jenson, 1979; staff, British Medical Journal, 1981) although not conclusively in chronic benzodiazepine users (Lader Petursson, 1984; Perera, Powell, Jenner, 1987). However, such techniques may not be sensitive enough to detect subtle changes. Nor are standard tests of intellectual function sensitive enough to detect minor degrees of cognitive impairment that may persist after withdrawal in some long-term users. It remains possible that some protracted benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms (including tinnitus and other neurological and psychological symptoms) could result from physicochemical neuronal damage. These symptoms would not be fully relieved by turner restarting benzodiazepines. There are still many puzzling features of benzodiazepine withdrawal, and the benzodiazepine story remains unfinished (Ashton, 1984). Ashton, H. (1989). Risks of dependence on ernest essays applied psychoanalysis benzodiazepine drugs: A major problem of long-term treatment.

British Medical Journal , 298, 103-104. Ashton, H., Golding. J.F. (1989). Tranquillisers: Prevalence, predictors and possible consequences. Data from a large United Kingdom Survey. British Journal of Addiction , 84,541-546. Ashton, H., Rawlins, M.D. Frederick Thesis Worksheet? Tyrer, S.P. Latest Electronics Research? (1990). A double blind placebo controlled study of buspirone in diazepam withdrawal in chronic benzodiazepine users.

British Journal of Addiction, 157, 232-238. Ashton, H., Stepney, R. (1982) Smoking: Psychology and pharmacology , London: Tavistock Publications. Benton, D., Rick, J.T. (1976). The effect of increased brain GABA produced by amino-oxyacetic acid on arousal in jackson turner, rats. Psychopharmacology , 49, 85-89. Bloom, F.E. Chetwynd Jones? (1985). Neurohumoral transmission in the central nervous system. In A.G.

Gilman, L.S. Frederick Thesis Worksheet? Goodman, T.W. Rall, F. Muland (Eds.), The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (pp. 236-259). New York: Macmillan. Busto, U., Fornazzari, L., Naranjo, C.A. (1988). Protracted tinnitus after discontinuation of long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. Journal of dissertation section, Clinical Psychopharmacology , 8, 359-362.

Busto, U., Sellers, E.M., Naranjo, C.A. Frederick Jackson Turner Frontier Worksheet? Cappell, H.P., Sanchez, C.M., Sykora, K. (1986). Withdrawal reaction after long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. New England Journal of Medicine , 315, 654-659. Cicero, T.J. (1979). Tolerance to and physical dependence on alcohol: Behavioural and neurobiological mechanisms. in Brain and pituitary peptides (pp.1603-1617). Munich: Ferring Symposium 1979.

Costa, E. (1981). The role of benefits games, gamma-aminobutyric acid in turner frontier worksheet, the action of 1,4 benzodiazepines. What Is The Essay Writing Company? In J.W. Lamble (Ed), Towards understanding receptors (pp. Turner Thesis Worksheet? 176-183). Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland. Cowen, P.J., Nutt, D.J. (1982).

Abstinence symptoms after withdrawal from tranquillising drugs: Is there a common neurochemical mechanism? Lancet ,2,360-362. Gilmartin, J.J., Corris, P.A., Stone, T.N., Veale, D., Gibson, G.J. (1988). Effects of diazepam and chlormethiazole on ventilatory control in normal subject. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 25, 766-770. Golding, J.F., Cornish, A.M. (1987).

Personality and life-style in medical students: Psychopharmacological aspects. Psychology and Health , 1, 287-301. Golding, J.F., Harper, T., Brent-Smith, H. (1983). Personality, drinking and drug-taking correlates of cigarette smoking. Personality and Individual Differences , 4, 703-706. Gray, J.A. (1981). Anxiety as a paradigm case of emotion.

British Medical Bulletin , 37, 193-197. Gray, J. A. (1987). Ernest Jones Psychoanalysis? The neuropsychology of emotion and jackson turner frontier personality. Research Papers? In S.M. Stahl, S.D. Iverson, E.C. Goodman (Eds.), Cognitive neurochemistry (pp.171-190). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Haefley, W., Pieri, L., Pole, P., Schaffer, R. (1981). General pharmacology and neuropharmacology of benzodiazepine derivatives. In H. Frederick Thesis? Hoffmeister, and G. Stille (Eds.), Handbook of experimental pharmacology (Vol.

55, 11, pp. 13-262). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Hallström, C., Lader, M. (1981). Benzodiazepine withdrawal phenomena. International Pharmacopsychiatry , 16, 235-244. Hermann, J.B., Brotman, A.W., Rosenbaum, J.F. (1987). Rebound anxiety in panic disorder patients treated with shorter-acting benzodiazepines.

Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 48 (suppl. 10), 22-28. Kales, A., Scharf, M.B., Kales, J.D. (1978). Rebound insomnia: A new clinical syndrome. Science , 201, 1039-1041. Lader, M. Benefits Of Playing Games Essay? (1988). The psychopharmacology of addiction - Benzodiazepine tolerance and dependence.

In M. Lader (Ed.), T he psychopharmacology of turner, addiction (pp. 1-14). Financial? Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lader, M.H., Olajide, D. (1987). A comparison of buspirone and placebo in relieving benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms. Journal of frontier thesis, Clinical Psychopharmacology , 7, 11-15. Lader, M.H., Petursson, H. (1981). Benzodiazepine derivatives - Side effects and essays dangers. Thesis? Biological Psychiatry , 16, 1195-1212.

Lader, M.H., Ron, M., Petursson, R.H. (1984). Computed axial brain tomography in long-term benzodiazepine users. Psychological Medicine , 14, 203-206. Lee, K., Moller, L., Hardt, F., Haubek, A., Jenson, E. (1979). Alcohol-injured brain damage and liver damage in young males. Lancet 2, 759-761.

Lum, L.C., (1987). Ernest Psychoanalysis? Hyperventilation syndromes in frederick turner thesis, medicine and psychiatry: A review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine , 80, 229-231. Möhler, H., Okada, T. (1977). Benzodiazepine receptors: Demonstration in analysis, the central nervous system. Science 198, 849-851.

Murphy, S.M., Owen, R.T., Tyrer, P.J., (1984). Withdrawal symptoms after six week’s treatment with diazepam. Lancet , 1389. Murphy, S.M., Tyrer, P. (1988). The essence of frederick jackson turner thesis, benzodiazepine dependence. Latest Papers? (pp. 157-167). Frederick Turner Frontier Thesis Worksheet? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Nutt, D. (1986). Benzodiazepine dependence in the clinic: Reason for anxiety? Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 7, 457-460. Olijade, D., Lader, M. (1984). Depression following withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: A report of four cases.

Psychological Medicine , 14, 937-940. Oswald, I. (1989) Triazolam syndrome 10 years on. Lancet 1, 451-452. Owen, R.T., Tyrer, P. (1983) Benzodiazepine dependence: A review of the what is the best essay evidence. Frederick Thesis Worksheet? Drugs , 25, 385-398. Perera, K.M.H., Powell, T., Jenner, F.A. (1987). Computerised axial tomographic studies following long-term use of benzodiazepines. Psychological Medicine , 17, 775-777.

Petursson, H., Lader, M.H. (1981a) Withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine treatment. British Medical Journal , 283, 634-635. Petursson, H., Lader, M.H. (1981b). Benzodiazepine dependence. British Journal of Addiction , 76, 133-145. Rementeria, J.L., Bhatt, K. (1977).

Withdrawal symptoms in neonates from intrauterine exposure to diazepam. Journal of Paediatrics , 90, 123-125. Sepinwall, J., Cook, L. Benefits? (1979). Jackson Turner Thesis Worksheet? Mechanisms of research papers, action of the benzodiazepines: Behavioural aspects. Frederick Jackson Turner Frontier Thesis Worksheet? Federation Proceedings 39, 3024-3031. Smith, D.E., Wesson, D.R. (1983). Benzodiazepine dependency syndromes.

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 15, 85-95. Squires, R.F., Braestrup, C. (1977). Benzodiazepine receptors in analysis, the rat brain. Nature , 266,732-734. Staff. (1981). Minor brain damage and alcoholism. Frederick Jackson Thesis Worksheet? British Medical Journal , 2, 455-456. Tyrer, P. (1990) Diagnosis of benzodiazepine dependence . Benefits Games Essay? Unpublished manuscript. Tyrer, P., Murphy, S., Riley, P. (1989). The benzodiazepine withdrawal symptom questionnaire.

Journal of Affective Disorders , 19, 53-61. Tyrer, P., Owen, R., Dawling, S. (1983). Gradual withdrawal of diazepam after long-term therapy. Lancet 1, 1402-1406. Tyrer, P., Rutherford, D., Higgett, T. (1981). Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms and propranolol. Lancet , 1, 520-522. Winokur, A., Rickels, K., Greenblatt, D.J., Schatz, N.J. (1980). Withdrawal reaction from long-term low dosage administration of diazepam.

Archives of General Psychiatry , 37, 101-105. Young, W.S., Kuhar, M.J. Frederick Turner Worksheet? (1980). Radiohistochemical localisation of benzodiazepine receptors in rat brain. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 212, 337-346. Zigmond, A.S., Snaith, R.P. (1983). Writing For Payment Methodology? The hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale. Frederick? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 67, 361-370. FIGURE 1. Benefits Of Playing Essay? WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS RATING SCALE. Ratings: 0=none 1=mild 2=moderate 3=severe.

FIGURE 1. Withdrawal Symptoms Rating Scale. FIGURE 2. Hospital Anxiety Depression (HAD) Scale scores for anxiety over 20 weeks in frederick jackson frontier, 18 healthy students and 12 patients taking diazepam (7.5 SD 4.6 daily). Patients and what students took placebo tablets until week 20. Jackson Thesis Worksheet? Patients withdrew from diazepam during weeks 8-12. One patient dropped out dissertation methodology section after 12 weeks for domestic reasons. Frederick Jackson Frontier Thesis? Circles represent placebo group; triangles represent students. FIGURE 3. Withdrawal symptoms scores over 20 weeks in 18 healthy students and 12 patients taking diazepam (7.5mg SD 4.6 daily).

Patients and procedures as in ernest essays applied psychoanalysis, Figure 2. Symptom rating shown in Figure 1. Turner Thesis? Circles represent placebo group; triangles represent students. TABLE 1. Scores for selected symptoms before, during, and after diazepam withdrawal. ( n = 11; mean total scores on withdrawal symptoms scale shown in Figure 1. (postwithdrawal score equal. to or less than prewithdrawal. greater than prewithdrawal. Sensory hypersensitivity: to light, sound, taste, smell. Anxiety: Hospital Anxiety Depression (HAD) Scale (anxiety) scores. Paraesthesiae: tingling, numbness, altered sensitivity in limbs, face, trunk.

Motor symptoms: total score for stiffness, weakness, tremor, muscle twitches, ataxia.

NYU Study Examines Top High School Students’ Stress and Coping Mechanisms. The study shows that there is frederick jackson thesis worksheet, growing awareness many subgroups of youth experience high levels of chronic stress, to the extent it impedes their abilities to succeed academically, compromises their mental health functioning, and fosters risk behavior. Furthermore, this chronic stress appears to ernest psychoanalysis, persist into the college years, and researchers warns it may contribute to academic disengagement and mental health problems among emerging adults. Over time selective high schools have oriented themselves to address a context of increasingly competitive college admissions School work, college applications, extracurricular activities, and parental expectations all contribute to teenagers’ stress Youth, schools, and experts identified substance use as a common strategy for coping with stress. “School, homework, extracurricular activities, sleep, repeat—that’s what it can be for some of these students,” says Noelle Leonard, PhD, a senior research scientist at the New York University College of Nursing (NYUCN). According to jackson turner thesis, Leonard academic, athletic, social, and personal challenges have been regarded as domains of jones applied psychoanalysis, “good stress” for high school aged youth. However, there is growing awareness that many subgroups of youth experience high levels of chronic stress, to the extent that it impedes their abilities to succeed academically, compromises their mental health functioning, and fosters risk behavior. Furthermore, this chronic stress appears to persist into the college years, and Leonard warns it may contribute to academic disengagement and mental health problems among emerging adults. “We are concerned that students in these selective, high pressure high schools can get burned out even before they reach college,” noted Leonard. “The Charles Engelhard Foundation is frederick turner frontier thesis worksheet, interested in the issue of college engagement, and funded us to explore whether the roots of methodology, disengagement reach back as far as high school. We found that indeed they do.” In a four-phase quantitative and qualitative study published in Frontiers in Psychol ogy in jackson worksheet, July 2015, a team of NYUCN researchers led by dissertation for payment section, Leonard assessed the coping skills, academic engagement, family involvement and expectations, mental health symptoms, and substance use among juniors enrolled in frederick frontier worksheet, two highly selective private secondary schools in the Northeast: one an urban day school; the other a boarding school.

“While there is no doubt students in what is the best essay company, selective public high schools also experience high rates of jackson turner frontier thesis worksheet, chronic stress, we decided to of playing games, study the private school setting, which has been under-studied compared to public institutions,” said Marya Gwadz, PhD, the study’s Principal Investigator. Among the worksheet, differences, families pay substantial tuition rates for a private education and most students are affluent, and “such factors result in a unique set of pressures, expectations, norms, and resources,” noted Leonard. The study focuses on students in benefits games, the eleventh grade. Chronic stress tends to be particularly high for jackson turner frontier thesis worksheet, this cohort, as it is generally the point at benefits of playing essay which students consolidate their portfolios in preparation for college applications. “We sought to describe the experiences of the students, but also uncover the larger cultural and societal factors that drive the problem of chronic stress, since schools, families, and frederick jackson frontier thesis worksheet youth don’t operate in chetwynd essays, a vacuum,” said Amanda Ritchie, MAA, a study collaborator. “We know schools and families are embedded in society and frontier thesis worksheet are responding to its changing requirements and demands, with respect to the competitiveness of the college admissions process, the kinds of skills needed to succeed in the workforce, and even uncertainties in jones essays psychoanalysis, the global economy.”

In the first phase of the study, researchers conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with nineteen private school teachers, counselors, and jackson turner frontier administrators to elicit their perspectives on student stress and coping. These responses were in turn used to inform the second phase of the benefits of playing games, study, a quantitative anonymous internet-based survey, administered to a total of 128 juniors between the two private schools. About half (48%) of those surveyed reported completing at least three hours of turner frontier worksheet, homework a night, with girls 40 percent more likely to chetwynd jones, report three or more hours of homework a night than boys. Participants demonstrated a relatively strong academic performance, with girls reporting an average GPA of 3.57, higher than boys’ average of 3.34. Frederick Thesis Worksheet? Students showed high levels of motivation for latest electronics papers, academic achievement, with an average valuation of 2.35 on a scale of 0 (least) to 3 (most). On average, girls were found to be more motivated in this regard than boys (2.48 vs. 2.22). Turner Worksheet? Students reported high rates of feelings of “closeness” to latest, their parents, with an average valuation of 3.15 on jackson thesis, a 0-4 scale. Nearly half (49%) of all students reported feeling a great deal of stress on a daily basis and 31 percent reported feeling somewhat stressed. Females reported significantly higher levels of stress than males (60% vs. 41%).

Grades, homework, and preparing for college were the greatest sources of what best essay writing company, stress for both genders. A substantial minority, 26 percent of participants, reported symptoms of depression at frederick jackson turner worksheet a clinically significant level. In the Financial, third phase of the jackson, study, the NYUCN researchers conducted qualitative (semi-structured, open-ended) interviews with eighteen of the Financial, students surveyed to provide an interpretation of the results from the frederick frontier worksheet, students’ perspective. For the fourth and final phase of the research, a panel of eight private school experts was convened— that included clinical social workers, psychologists, a private school guidance counselor, a teacher with both private and dissertation methodology section public school experience, a parent of two recent private school graduates, and a student who recently graduated from frontier thesis, a private school. The Expert Panel members were presented with the results from the study’s three previous phases in individual meetings and the responses from these interviews were used to further interpret and expand upon the data from prior phases. “I think that parental pressure (on schools and methodology section students) is real,” said a teacher with over frederick frontier worksheet, twenty years of what best essay company, experience in frederick turner frontier, the private school sector interviewed in the study’s fourth stage. “Parents are coming in and thinking, I’m (spending a lot of latest electronics, money) and frederick turner worksheet I need to benefits essay, get something, a very tangible something.

A great education is not a tangible something; a diploma from Harvard, Princeton or Yale …that’s tangible.” Yet it has never been more difficult to enter one of these top-tier institutions, which may accept only 5 or 6 percent of their applicants, although in general a strong student will be able to gain access to any number of good colleges or universities. These highly selective schools and turner frontier parents are responding to this competitive climate. Private schools have reacted by providing more difficult classes (which may require longer hours of challenging homework), college-level classes, and requiring extracurricular activities, as well as other opportunities for students to essays, stand out, such as entrepreneurial or community service opportunities. Parents, in frederick jackson frontier thesis, turn, may demand their children take Advanced Placement courses, even in cases where they are told their child is not a good fit for the course and may not be able to handle the writing, work. Turner? Thus schools, parents, and students may feel caught in a cycle of escalating demands and expectations, largely out of their control and driven by greater societal factors. Importantly, in a theme echoed by schools and experts, students noted that these demands did not always feel appropriate to their developmental levels.

Instead, they felt they were asked to work as hard as adults, or even harder, with little time left for games essay, relaxation or creativity. When exploring how students managed the various sources of stress described in the study, researchers found they used a variety of coping strategies ranging from healthy, problem-focused coping, to less adaptive, emotion focused, internal and external avoidance coping strategies. Active or problem-solving strategies for coping with stress included listening to or playing music, playing video/computer games, meditating, or getting away from school. “Three main themes emerged as the most dominant adaptive coping strategies, notably, sports and exercise, preventive activities such as good planning skills, and maintaining a balanced perspective on school and grades,” said Leonard. “On the opposite frederick jackson turner thesis, end of the spectrum, our interviews yielded few descriptions of less adaptive strategies, in contrast to the many adaptive strategies articulated by students, with two exceptions, emotional exhaustion and substance use,” said Michelle Grethel, Ph.D., an dissertation writing for payment section expert and independent consultant. Frederick Frontier Thesis Worksheet? Students described emotional exhaustion as a feeling of lethargy or immobilization in response to feeling overwhelmed and stressed. “I just don't do anything”, “I won't do any of it” or “ I lose the ability to function” were some of the ways students described this sense of paralysis. One student recounts: “You get tired. You don't really want to be around people.

You just get in this kind of… funk where, like, you just kind of jones essays, want to be alone in your room and just sleep. Or just like not dealing with anything…” “Substance use for stress relief was a predominant theme in turner, our interviews with students, over two-thirds of jones essays, whom described substance use as both endemic to their social experience and as a method for managing stress,” says Dr. Charles Cleland, a study investigator. Alcohol and marijuana were described as the jackson turner frontier thesis, primary substances students used for relaxation. As a male student noted: “most of the applied psychoanalysis, things that people do, here, when they're stressed is they go get drunk or they get high.” However, for jackson turner frontier, the most part students reported that substance use, while very common, did not usually rise to the level of problem or hazardous use. Substance use for this purpose was not gender specific. One female student recounts, “Marijuana probably was a big anti-stress thing for me last year…just being relaxed for like an hour or two.” In fact, the quantitative data indicates no gender differences for general substance use. Over the what best company, thirty-day period preceding the survey, 38 percent of students reported getting drunk and frederick jackson thesis worksheet 34 percent of students reported getting high on an illegal substance, rates one to two times greater than reported in national normative samples. “While students didn’t discuss prescription drug use, members of the expert panel indicated its widespread use among students for whom it was prescribed as well as those for whom it was not prescribed,” said Gwadz.

One member of the panel, who counsels students noted “Using Ritalin (a stimulant commonly prescribed for ADHD) is seen only essays applied as a benefit and [the students are] incredulous that any faculty or counselor would challenge that taking Ritalin to get an edge in your academic performance, that there could be anything wrong with that … that’s what you have to do in this world.” Stress commonly leads to mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. Results of the study also indicated that parents, more so than their students, experienced a stigma associated with receiving mental health services. Members of the expert panel noted that parents will go to great lengths to thesis, avoid taking their children to an outside physician or counselor, as they believe their child will be labeled and chetwynd griffith essays such treatment will inhibit their child from getting into the college of their choice. The researchers note that private schools take a multi-faceted approach to reducing the level of jackson, perceived stress and improving adaptive coping among students. High-performing schools mindful of the need to manage chronic stress among students have implemented strategies such as changing school schedules, staggering exams and assignments among different classes, and providing stress reduction opportunities such as yoga and meditation. “Schools have an opportunity to engage and train families on chetwynd griffith jones, ways to increase their capacities to serve as resources for their children; to educate families on the deleterious effects of chronic stress and the role of substances in frederick turner worksheet, coping with stress; and engage families and students in a dialogue about expectations for achievement and a wider definition of success, all of ernest essays psychoanalysis, which may allow students to fully participate in the richness of the private school environment,” said Leonard. Both Leonard and Gwadz note a number of jackson thesis, promising avenues for future study. Writing Methodology? Given the exploratory nature of this study, they were unable to interview parents, who play a vital role in how students view and manage stress. Frederick Jackson Turner? While many students, teachers, and expert panel members in the current study discussed the of playing essay, role of parents in some detail, future research should explore parents’ hopes and expectations for their children as well as how parents communicate these expectations. The researchers also hope to expand the study to include a more nationally representative sampling of private schools.

Researcher Affiliations: Noelle R. Leonard1, 2, Marya Viorst Gwadz1, Amanda Ritchie1, Jessica L. Linick1, 2, Charles M. Cleland1, Luther Elliott3, Michelle Grethel4. 1. Frederick Jackson Turner Thesis Worksheet? Center for Drug Use and HIV Research (CDUHR), College of griffith essays, Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA. 2. Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. 3. Turner Thesis? National Development and Research Institutes, Inc., New York, NY, USA. 4. Independent Consultant, New York, NY, USA.

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant from the Charles Engelhard Foundation and chetwynd griffith the Center for Drug Use and jackson worksheet HIV Research (CDUHR; P30 DA011041). The study’s authors wish to chetwynd griffith jones essays, thank the participating schools, teachers, administrators, staff, students, and Experts.

23andMe Will Resume Giving Users Health Data. The genetic testing company 23andMe became a Silicon Valley sensation by providing consumers with health and jackson thesis worksheet, ancestry information based on Financial analysis, a sample of their saliva, but suffered a setback when the Food and Drug Administration told it to stop presenting health data in 2013. Now, after nearly two years, 23andMe is announcing on Wednesday that it will begin providing customers with health information again, though much less than before and with F.D.A. approval. Jackson Turner. The company hopes the information, which relates to the risk of passing certain inherited diseases to what best essay writing one’s children, will reignite growth in its subscriptions — even as the company evolves from being just a consumer testing service into a drug developer. It has also revamped its website to make the genetic information easier to understand and is raising the price of its service to $199, from $99. Jackson Frontier. “Part of what we tried to do over the last two years is for payment methodology take advantage of being off the market to redesign the entire experience,” said Anne Wojcicki, co-founder and chief executive of 23andMe. The company, based in Mountain View, Calif., initially offered consumers information on frederick turner, their risks of developing various diseases based on an analysis of the DNA in their saliva sample. The company created a buzz with its celebrity-filled “spit parties” and its message that consumers have the right to their own genetic information, without a doctor or regulatory agency being involved. It did not hurt that Ms.

Wojcicki, now divorced, was married at the time to Sergey Brin, a co-founder of Google, and that Google invested in ernest jones, her company. But in November 2013, the turner, F.D.A. demanded that 23andMe stop providing health information until it could obtain regulatory approval by what essay writing, demonstrating that its results were accurate. The setback was somewhat similar to frederick jackson turner frontier what is occurring now with Theranos, another hot Silicon Valley medical testing company run by latest electronics papers, an entrepreneurial young woman, Elizabeth Holmes. In articles last week, The Wall Street Journal raised questions about jackson turner thesis, Theranos’s accuracy (the company says the jones applied psychoanalysis, doubts are unfounded), and the F.D.A. has asked the company to stop using its method of drawing blood from a finger instead of the arm until it wins regulatory approval for the device used. The new health-related information 23andMe will provide is called carrier status. That relates to jackson turner frontier thesis worksheet whether people have genetic mutations that could lead to a disease in their offspring, presuming the other parent has a mutation in the same gene and writing for payment methodology, the child inherits both mutated genes. There will be information on 36 diseases, including cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia and Tay-Sachs. Whether that information, which is of most interest to frederick turner people planning to have babies, will be compelling is unclear, and there are separate carrier tests available through doctors from other laboratories. Ms. Wojcicki said 23andMe still hoped to gain F.D.A. approval to provide information on health risks, but she would not estimate how long it might take to win that approval.

An error has occurred. Chetwynd Jones. Please try again later. You are already subscribed to this email. From a rebel fighting the system, she said, 23andMe is now “working from within the system and saying the consumer will have a sense of ownership and frontier, a voice in that system.” Ms. Wojcicki said that when the company stopped providing health information, the rate of new customer sign-ups dropped by more than half. The company continued to offer information on ancestry.

But the is the essay writing company, business still grew. Frederick Jackson Turner Frontier Worksheet. This year it surpassed one million users, compared with half a million at the time of the F.D.A. action. She declined to disclose the current figure. Many of the customers allow their genetic information to be used for medical studies, and some also provide additional information, such as what diseases they have. Companies like Pfizer and Genentech are paying 23andMe to use the dissertation methodology section, data to search for insights that could be useful in developing drugs. In May, 23andMe decided to jackson go into ernest applied psychoanalysis drug discovery and development itself. That effort is frederick frontier worksheet being led by ernest jones, Richard Scheller, who had headed research and early development at Genentech. Frederick Jackson Turner Frontier. Many earlier genomics companies, including Celera Genomics and DeCode Genetics, also tried their hand at drug development.

Companies can make much more money from a successful drug than from games essay selling genetic data. Thesis. But drugs are also riskier and costly to develop, and many of those early attempts failed. Ms. Wojcicki said 23andMe hoped to learn from those previous failures. She said that pharmaceutical companies would prefer to is the company license an experimental compound rather than just acquire raw data. The company recently raised $115 million from frederick jackson turner frontier thesis worksheet investors, led by Fidelity Management Research, bringing its total raised to $241 million. Ms.

Wojcicki said that 23andMe was not yet profitable and that the investment in drug development might prevent it from turning a profit in the short term. An article on Wednesday about an announcement by the genetic testing company 23andMe that it will return to offering health information, after a two-year hiatus ordered by analysis, the Food and Drug Administration, misstated the service the company did provide during that period. It offered ancestry information based on genetic data, but did not offer information on nonmedical traits like eye color, ear wax composition and lactose intolerance. (Those are being offered in the new version of turner its service.) A version of this article appears in print on October 21, 2015, on Page B3 of the New York edition with the headline: 23andMe Will Resume Giving Users Health Data . Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe. We#8217;re interested in your feedback on this page. Tell us what you think.

40 Useful Words and Phrases for Top-Notch Essays. The secret to frederick turner thesis a successful essay doesn’t just lie in the clever things you talk about and the way you structure your points. To be truly brilliant, an essay needs to utilise the right language. You could make a great point, but if it’s not intelligently articulated, you almost needn’t have bothered. Developing the jones essays psychoanalysis, language skills to build an argument and to write persuasively is crucial if you’re to write outstanding essays every time. In this article, we’re going to equip you with the words and phrases you need to write a top-notch essay, along with examples of how to utilise them. It’s by no means an exhaustive list, and there will often be other ways of using the words and phrases we describe that we won’t have room to include, but there should be more than enough below to help you make an instant improvement to turner frontier thesis your essay-writing skills – whether you’re a native English speaker or taking your first steps into writing essays in dissertation for payment section English. Let’s start by looking at jackson turner language for general explanations of complex points. Usage : “In order to” can be used to introduce an explanation for the purpose of an argument.

Example : “In order to analysis understand X, we need first to frederick jackson turner thesis worksheet understand Y.” Usage : Use “in other words” when you want to express something in a different way (more simply), to make it easier to understand, or to emphasise or expand on a point. Example : “Frogs are amphibians. In other words, they live on games the land and in the water.” Usage : This phrase is turner another way of saying “in other words”, and can be used in particularly complex points, when you feel that an alternative way of methodology wording a problem may help the reader achieve a better understanding of frederick turner its significance. Example : “Plants rely on photosynthesis. To put it another way, they will die without the writing for payment, sun.” Usage : “That is” and “that is to say” can be used to add further detail to your explanation, or to be more precise. Example : “Whales are mammals. That is to frederick jackson worksheet say, they must breathe air.” Usage : Use “to that end” or “to this end” in a similar way to “in order to” or “so”.

Example : “Zoologists have long sought to understand how animals communicate with each other. To that end, a new study has been launched that looks at elephant sounds and of playing games essay their possible meanings.” Adding additional information to support a point. Students often make the mistake of using synonyms of “and” each time they want to add further information in support of a point they’re making, or to build an argument. Here are some cleverer ways of doing this. Usage : Employ “moreover” at the start of frontier thesis a sentence to add extra information in support of a point you’re making.

Example : “Moreover, the results of of playing a recent piece of research provide compelling evidence in support of…” Usage :This is also generally used at the start of jackson turner frontier a sentence, to add extra information. Example : “Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that…” Usage : This is used in the same way as “moreover” and chetwynd griffith jones essays “furthermore”. Example : “What’s more, this isn’t the only evidence that supports this hypothesis.” Usage : Use “likewise” when you want to frederick thesis talk about something that agrees with what you’ve just mentioned. Example : “Scholar A believes X. Best! Likewise, Scholar B argues compellingly in favour of this point of jackson frontier thesis worksheet view.” Usage : Use “similarly” in the same way as “likewise”. Example : “Audiences at the time reacted with shock to Beethoven’s new work, because it was very different to what they were used to. Similarly, we have a tendency to react with surprise to Financial analysis the unfamiliar.” Usage : Use the phrase “another key point to remember” or “another key fact to remember” to frederick frontier thesis worksheet introduce additional facts without using the word “also”.

Example : “As a Romantic, Blake was a proponent of a closer relationship between humans and analysis nature. Frontier Thesis Worksheet! Another key point to remember is that Blake was writing during the Industrial Revolution, which had a major impact on the world around him.” Usage : Use “as well as” instead of “also” or “and”. Example : “Scholar A argued that this was due to writing methodology X, as well as Y.” Usage : This wording is frontier thesis worksheet used to Financial analysis add an extra piece of information, often something that’s in some way more surprising or unexpected than the first piece of information. Example : “Not only jackson frontier thesis worksheet did Edmund Hillary have the honour of being the of playing games, first to reach the summit of Everest, but he was also appointed Knight Commander of the frederick jackson turner worksheet, Order of the British Empire.” Usage : Used when considering two or more arguments at a time. Example : “Coupled with the applied, literary evidence, the statistics paint a compelling view of…” Usage : This can be used to frontier thesis structure an argument, presenting facts clearly one after the Financial analysis, other.

Example : “There are many points in jackson frontier thesis support of chetwynd griffith this view. Firstly, X. Secondly, Y. And thirdly, Z. 16. Not to frederick jackson turner frontier thesis mention/to say nothing of. Usage : “Not to benefits of playing essay mention” and thesis worksheet “to say nothing of” can be used to benefits of playing add extra information with a bit of emphasis. Example : “The war caused unprecedented suffering to thesis millions of people, not to mention its impact on the country’s economy.”

Words and is the essay writing phrases for demonstrating contrast. When you’re developing an jackson turner frontier, argument, you will often need to present contrasting or opposing opinions or evidence – “it could show this, but it could also show this”, or “X says this, but Y disagrees”. This section covers words you can use instead of the “but” in these examples, to make your writing sound more intelligent and interesting. Usage : Use “however” to essays applied introduce a point that disagrees with what you’ve just said. Example : “Scholar A thinks this. However, Scholar B reached a different conclusion.” Usage : Usage of this phrase includes introducing a contrasting interpretation of the same piece of evidence, a different piece of frederick jackson frontier thesis evidence that suggests something else, or an opposing opinion. Example: “The historical evidence appears to suggest a clear-cut situation. On the other hand, the archaeological evidence presents a somewhat less straightforward picture of what happened that day.” Usage : Used in benefits of playing games essay a similar manner to “on the frederick jackson thesis, other hand” or “but”.

Example : “The historians are unanimous in telling us X, an agreement that suggests that this version of Financial analysis events must be an thesis worksheet, accurate account. Having said that, the archaeology tells a different story.” Usage : Use “by contrast” or “in comparison” when you’re comparing and contrasting pieces of evidence. Example : “Scholar A’s opinion, then, is based on analysis insufficient evidence. Turner Frontier Worksheet! By contrast, Scholar B’s opinion seems more plausible.” Usage : Use this to cast doubt on latest an assertion.

Example : “Writer A asserts that this was the frederick jackson turner, reason for what happened. Then again, it’s possible that he was being paid to say this.” Usage : This is used in the same way as “then again”. Example : “The evidence ostensibly appears to Financial analysis point to this conclusion. That said, much of the evidence is unreliable at best.” Usage : Use this when you want to frederick worksheet introduce a contrasting idea. Example : “Much of scholarship has focused on this evidence.

Yet not everyone agrees that this is the most important aspect of the Financial, situation.” Adding a proviso or acknowledging reservations. Sometimes, you may need to acknowledge a shortfalling in a piece of evidence, or add a proviso. Here are some ways of doing so. Usage : Use “despite this” or “in spite of this” when you want to outline a point that stands regardless of a shortfalling in the evidence. Example : “The sample size was small, but the results were important despite this.” Usage : Use this when you want your reader to turner frontier consider a point in dissertation writing for payment section the knowledge of something else. Example : “We’ve seen that the methods used in the 19th century study did not always live up to the rigorous standards expected in scientific research today, which makes it difficult to draw definite conclusions. With this in mind, let’s look at a more recent study to see how the results compare.” Usage : This means “on condition that”. Frederick Frontier! You can also say “providing that” or just “providing” to mean the same thing.

Example : “We may use this as evidence to support our argument, provided that we bear in mind the limitations of the chetwynd jones, methods used to obtain it.” Usage : These phrases are used when something has shed light on something else. Example : “In light of the evidence from the 2013 study, we have a better understanding of…” Usage : This is similar to “despite this”. Example : “The study had its limitations, but it was nonetheless groundbreaking for its day.” Usage : This is the same as “nonetheless”. Example : “The study was flawed, but it was important nevertheless.” Usage : This is another way of saying “nonetheless”. Example : “Notwithstanding the limitations of the methodology used, it was an worksheet, important study in the development of best how we view the jackson turner frontier thesis worksheet, workings of the human mind.” Good essays always back up points with examples, but it’s going to ernest jones essays applied get boring if you use the expression “for example” every time.

Here are a couple of jackson other ways of of playing games saying the same thing. Example : “Some birds migrate to avoid harsher winter climates. Frederick Jackson Turner Worksheet! Swallows, for instance, leave the UK in early winter and fly south…” Example : “To give an ernest, illustration of what I mean, let’s look at the case of…” When you want to frederick turner demonstrate that a point is research papers particularly important, there are several ways of highlighting it as such. Usage : Used to introduce a point that is loaded with meaning that might not be immediately apparent. Example : “Significantly, Tacitus omits to tell us the kind of gossip prevalent in Suetonius’ accounts of the turner thesis worksheet, same period.” Usage : This can be used to dissertation methodology section mean “significantly” (as above), and it can also be used interchangeably with “in particular” (the example below demonstrates the frederick turner frontier thesis, first of these ways of latest electronics research papers using it). Example : “Actual figures are notably absent from Scholar A’s analysis.” Usage : Use “importantly” interchangeably with “significantly”. Example : “Importantly, Scholar A was being employed by X when he wrote this work, and jackson turner frontier thesis was presumably therefore under pressure to benefits games essay portray the situation more favourably than he perhaps might otherwise have done.”

You’ve almost made it to the end of the essay, but your work isn’t over yet. You need to end by wrapping up everything you’ve talked about, showing that you’ve considered the arguments on turner thesis worksheet both sides and reached the most likely conclusion. Here are some words and phrases to help you. Usage : Typically used to introduce the concluding paragraph or sentence of an is the company, essay, summarising what you’ve discussed in a broad overview. Example : “In conclusion, the evidence points almost exclusively to turner frontier Argument A.” Usage : Used to signify what you believe to for payment be the most significant point, and the main takeaway from the frontier thesis, essay. Example : “Above all, it seems pertinent to remember that…” Usage : This is a useful word to use when summarising which argument you find most convincing. Example : “Scholar A’s point – that Constanze Mozart was motivated by is the best company, financial gain – seems to frederick thesis worksheet me to be the most persuasive argument for for payment, her actions following Mozart’s death.” Usage : Use in the same way as “persuasive” above. Example : “The most compelling argument is presented by jackson thesis worksheet, Scholar A.”

Usage : This means “taking everything into account”. Example : “All things considered, it seems reasonable to assume that…” How many of these words and griffith essays phrases will you get into frederick jackson thesis your next essay? And are any of ernest jones essays applied your favourite essay terms missing from our list? Let us know in the comments below! 221 Responses to “40 Useful Words and Phrases for Top-Notch Essays” January 09, 2015 at thesis worksheet 8:47 am, Jimmy Tan said: January 23, 2016 at is the best essay 1:13 am, AN INDIAN said: It is very useful for frontier thesis worksheet, junior as well as to writing methodology senior.It is jackson awesome……………… thanks for this. November 29, 2016 at 9:46 am, Mofasa said:

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Essay: Health and safety in the workplace. Accidents and jackson frontier, mishaps are unforeseen circumstances that can affect individuals and groups at any time and in any place. Most accidents are preventable, but the carelessness or negligence of the involved individuals leads to major injuries and grievances. Accidents can also occur in the workplace and seriously affect the ability and health of the involved workers. The objectives of this essay to discuss the safety and wellbeing of all workers are necessary for the organization not only for consistent productivity but also due to regulatory requirements. Workers and human resources are the necessary components of all organizations due to their role in the effective accomplishment of objectives. Corporations cannot achieve long-term success and ernest essays, sustainable growth in the absence of motivated, safe, healthy, and jackson frontier thesis worksheet, effective workers.

The health and safety of all workers are necessary to ensure the enhancement of productivity and efficiency at all levels and areas. Lack of safety measures can create havoc for the organization and negatively affect the working criterion of an organization. The management has to devise and implement effective safety procedures to reduce hazards and prevent accidents in the workplace. The can motivate the electronics, employees through this perspective as employees admire working in organizations that prefer safe working conditions. Employees believe that safer working conditions enhance their ability work because they do not feel scared in troublesome situations. The management should coordinate with all the related stakeholders when they devise policies about safety at workplace, as this would enhance a positive change in an organization. Different legislations also depict that organizations should focus on these perspectives and they should attain self-sufficiency in providing workplace safety. Corporations in the current era focus on the development of employees and they believed in the ideology of benefiting employees through different approaches. Safety at frederick jackson thesis the work force is an important aspect that many organizations of today’s world disregard. Many people face mishaps and accidents in various situations especially due to for payment methodology section, negligence, recklessness, and carelessness.

Many accidents and serious injuries are avoidable and preventable by taking effective safety measures and frederick frontier worksheet, reducing hazards. For example, drivers and passengers can avoid serious injuries and death by wearing seatbelts while traveling in cars. However, many people fail to realize the importance of seatbelts and face a variety of consequences in the event of an accident. Financial Analysis? Mishaps and accidents are unforeseen occurrences that can lead to several adverse consequences in the absence of effective safety measures and precautions. Accidents, disasters, and mishaps can also occur in the workplace and affect several employees in the absence of precautions and safety procedures. Jackson? Certain mediocre organizations do not regard this aspect as important and they do not focus on safety at the workplace. The owners and management of the organization need to implement rules, regulations, procedures, and systems relevant to safety and health.

The management also needs to ensure that all workers have ample knowledge and information regarding safety procedures, prevention of accidents, and safe working practices. Human resources are one of the most important assets of the organization with respect to success and growth. The success and growth of the organization depend on the effectiveness and efficiency of the analysis, human resources. However, the jackson thesis, inefficiencies in human resources caused by any circumstances, occurrences, and events can hinder the accomplishments of the organization. Organizations take all necessary measures to what company, ensure the productivity of all workers and employees to maximize profits and achieve organizational objectives (Blair, 2013). The wellbeing, safety, and health of all employees are among the highest priorities of all organizations. Organizations cannot take risk for their respective employees because an occurrence of a negative event would tarnish the credibility of an organization. Safe and healthy workers are more productive as compared to injured or sick employees. Employees that cannot work in jackson turner thesis safe conditions feel suffocated because of the risks associated with their respective work. Risks and hazards associated with a specific job or organization adversely affect the morale and motivation level of employees. The unsafe or hazardous working conditions have several long-term psychological and physiological consequences for the workers and the organizations.

When a negative event occurs in an organization, it sets up the mindset of an employee. Latest? Employees would feel that this event would occur again and this would create hurdles in their effective working process. Organizations need to create a safe and healthy working environment for all workers to ensure high levels of motivation and enhancement in efficiency (Stricoff Groover, 2012). Safety at Workplace. Workplace safety refers to the prevention of illness, injury, and hazards in the workplace for all employees. Workplace safety involves the creation of a safe and healthy environment for frederick jackson turner frontier thesis worksheet, all workers to evade hazards, injuries, and illnesses. Organizations can ensure the writing methodology, efficiency of all workers and circumvent a considerable amount of costs by ensuring workplace safety and health. Organizations develop different strategies through which they set up different work place safety policies and benefit the workers through this. Workplace injuries and thesis, illnesses lead to compensation benefits, health insurance costs, hiring temporary replacements, lost work hours, and jones, lawsuits. Turner Worksheet? Lack of concentration would cost severe damage to an organization and they should sort such issues in order to attain proactive benefits. Business can save a considerable amount of costs by latest research, creating and maintaining a safe and healthy environment for all workers.

Safeguarding the interests and wellbeing of the employees allows organizations to circumvent costs relevant to injuries and illnesses (Legg, Laird, Olsen, Hasle, 2014). Frederick Jackson Turner Frontier Thesis Worksheet? On the Financial, other hand, workplace safety instills a sense of commitment and dedication among the employees due to the safety assurance of the organization. The morale and motivation of the frontier thesis worksheet, workers increase due to of playing, the implementation of rules that safeguard the health and turner frontier thesis worksheet, interest of the employees. Employees feel that they are safe to work in latest electronics research papers this place, and through this perspective, they would perform well. Purpose of frederick jackson Workplace safety. The primary objective of safety in the workplace is to create a safe, healthy, and risk-free environment for all workers. Dissertation Writing Section? Workplace safety involves the evaluation, analysis, prevention, and elimination of hazardous and dangerous elements from the workplace.

Workplace safety programs evaluate and remove the risks and hazards relevant to the safety, well-being, and health of workers and other relevant individuals. Organizations develop health and safety standards due to several reasons including laws, regulatory requirements, organizational policies, and historical occurrences. Certain industries and their associations bind organizations to work for the benefit of their employees and they force organizations to thesis, focus on methodology, different safety related perspectives. Workplace injuries and illnesses caused by working conditions or environment can lead to lawsuits, high costs, and deterioration of the corporate image. There are instances when employees at times die because of sever working conditions.

Employees might got injured because of certain safety and the lack of safety would be the only probable reason of this. Enhanced safety measures and appropriate quality of these measures can reduce this perspective to a considerable level. Safety at the workplace enables organizations to comply with regulatory requirements and prevent high costs resulting from injuries and illnesses. Turner Frontier Thesis? Several corporations can consider the fact that these safety measures would save their health and medicinal costs that would arise when an employees would hurt him. What Essay? They should take proactive measures earlier through which people can benefit from these perspectives. Frederick Jackson Turner Worksheet? The management can maintain high levels of productivity and efficiency by creating a safe and healthy working environment. Conversely, the employees work with dedication due to their perceptions regarding the commitment of the organization with respect to the wellbeing of the latest electronics, workers.

Importance of safety at workplace. Legislative and legal requirements are the most prominent cause of jackson turner worksheet health and electronics papers, safety policies in most organizations. The Occupational and frederick jackson frontier, Safety Health Act is the primary law for the assurance of health and what essay writing, safety of all workers throughout the United States. The Occupational and Safety Health Act (OSHA) necessitates the dissemination of frederick jackson thesis standards, rules, and regulations relevant to the safety and health of workers. The government establishes and enforces the standards for the safety and health of all workers and their families through the Act.

All public and private organizations have to comply with the rules, regulations, and griffith jones essays, standards prescribed in OSHA (Jung Makowsky, 2014). They would face legal complications if they do not comply with such policies and frontier, measures taken by the decision makers. However, many organizations develop and chetwynd griffith, implement health and safety procedures to jackson worksheet, safeguard their interests relevant to organizational objectives rather than legal requirements. Ernest Jones Applied? The financial and moral aspects of workers’ health and jackson turner, safety have a greater influence as compared to regulatory compliance. Corporations can save considerable costs by avoiding high insurance expenses, lawsuits, and employee replacement costs in the event of injuries and illnesses (Barling Frone, 2003). Manpower and Management. The primary objective of all managers is to enhance and promote productivity and efficiency in all areas and functions. However, the managers cannot uphold efficiency and effectiveness in the absence of a safe workplace. The managers need to create a safe working environment and what is the best essay writing company, increase the turner, awareness and knowledge of all employees with respect to safe working practices. Of Playing Games Essay? The employees and jackson turner thesis, workers also need to understand the importance of workplace safety and reduce personal injury through attentiveness and removal of hazards.

These safety hazards are negative for the effectiveness of organizations and create a long-term negative impact. The attitude of the employees, management, and employers plays a vital role in preventing accidents and creating a safe working environment. The negligence on jones essays, the part of the employers and turner frontier thesis worksheet, employees can cause a variety of hazards and accidents (Rahim, Ng, Biggs, Boots, 2014). However, the diligence and commitment of Financial all stakeholders regarding safe work practices leads to jackson turner frontier, the prevention of major accidents and injuries. The employees and ernest jones essays applied, management can create a safe workplace through a shared responsibility model for workplace safety and cooperation. Organizations should own this perspective and they should realize the fact that it is their managerial responsibility to focus on this perspective so that employees can remain safe. Conclusively, a safety plan is necessary and it comprises of certain steps that would develop a safer workplace. Organizations should make sure that everyone else in the workplace is aware of the core problem. People should notify their respective supervisors and jackson frontier worksheet, they should file any reports if there is benefits essay a problem. Frederick Thesis? An important aspect is that people should realize that there is a problem as sitting back and holding the problem for a long time would not solve the problem. Barling, J., Frone, M. (2003).

The Psychology of Workplace Safety. New Jersey: Amer Psychological Assn. Blair, E. H. (2013). Building safety culture. What Is The Writing Company? Professional Safety , 58 (11), 59-65. Cobb, E. (2013). Frederick Frontier Thesis Worksheet? Bullying, Violence, Harassment, Discrimination and Stress: Emerging Workplace Health and Safety Issues. New Jersey: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Jung, J., Makowsky, M. D. (2014).

The determinants of federal and state enforcement of jones psychoanalysis workplace safety regulations: OSHA inspections 1990’2010. Turner Frontier? Journal of Regulatory Economics , 45 (1), 1-33. Legg, S., Laird, I., Olsen, K., Hasle, P. (2014). Creating healthy work in small enterprises – from understanding to action: Summary of current knowledge. Latest Electronics Research Papers? Small Enterprise Research , 21 (2), 139-147. Mathis, T., Galloway, S. Jackson Turner Frontier Worksheet? (2013). Steps to Financial, Safety Culture Excellence. New Jersey: Wiley.

Rahim, A. N., Ng, H. K., Biggs, D., Boots, K. (2014). Perceptions of safety, physical working conditions and stress between Malaysia and United Kingdom. International Journal of Business Society , 15 (2), 321-338. Stricoff, R., Groover, D. (2012). The Manager’s Guide to Workplace Safety.

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