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Essay on how to bake a cake

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Process Essay On "How To Bake A Cake", Example Of Writing

A Sample Non-Profit Organization Business Plan Template. Essay On How To Bake. Are you about starting a non-profit organization? If YES, here is essay, a complete sample non-profit business plan template feasibility report you can use for FREE . Okay, so we have considered all the requirements for starting a non-profit organization. We also took it further by essay on how to bake, analyzing and coarsework drafting a sample non-profit marketing plan template backed up by actionable guerrilla marketing ideas for essay on how to bake non-profit organizations. So let#8217;s proceed to essay, the business planning section. Executive Summary Market Analysis SWOT Analysis Financial Projection Marketing Plan Marketing ideas Strategies. If you have ever heard of the aphorism that says that ‘the rich will get richer, whilst the essay on how to bake a cake poor get poorer’ , then you may want to agree that it just might be true. If you looked at look in anger thesis the life history of several wealthy men that have walked the path of earth, chances are that you may have realized a pattern. What is the pattern, you just may want to know? Well, the pattern has to essay to bake a cake, do with the philanthropic nature in which they lead their lives, as well as the loads of people whom they are able to cheap paper pads, help along the line. That singular act without mincing words sure does make one rich.

One of the greatest secrets of being wealthy, much more than having multiple streams of essay on how to bake a cake, income; is to be a darn right giver. Yes, and this means that you have got to imbibe the culture of giving come what may. It is for that reason that wealthy men like Bill Gates, cannot be found stark bankrupt. They have sown great seeds by caring for the needy in look back thesis, all respect of life. They make great deal of on how to bake a cake, money and at the same time pump back these monies via giving. How Important Is A Business Plan? If you have per chance found yourself in the web of giving, and storytelling essay you have purported to start a registered not for profit business, then you just may be heading to the path of wealth. It is essay a cake, okay if you are looking to commence this trade; however, you have got to understand that one of the most vital steps that you will need to take is; writing a business plan. , how easy does writing a business plan come across?

Is it as easy as whipping up a few lines of your vision and mission statement on paper? Is it all about knowing what calculations and projections are okay to help build your business from the very beginning to baudelaire essay, an enviable height? Truth is that all these are part of the deal when writing a business plan, however there are still other technical areas that sure need to be detailed. A Cake. Good news is that there are loads of business plan writers/ consultants who will be able to help you pull things off. Sounds great right? In some cases, there may be some folks whose rates might not be anything lower than $200. Bottom- line is that: if you do not have the money this might pose a challenge. Importance of Using a Business Plan Model. There is however respite, as you can get a business plan template and then use it all the way to write yours . Does this sound true? Oh, yes it does, as you can get a sample nonprofit business plan blueprint and then tweak it to fit yours. This means that you have got to provide very detailed answers to some technical questions which you will need to supply, in order to make your business plan a detailed and well-structured one.

Do note that if you are not able to in anger thesis, provide some very essential information needed about you, your team, financial projections and on how what have you, then you just might not be able to 2011, run with what a detailed business plan. Here is a thoroughly put together sample nonprofit business plan that you can model yours after. A Sample Non-Profit Organization Business Plan Template. Have you ever wondered what the world would be like especially for essay on how to bake a cake the less privileged and essay writing poor people, if there wasn’t a ‘Non Profit Industry’ in essay a cake, place? The fact remains that the back in anger thesis non – profit industry is a major component in the equation of our world; be it social welfare, health care, education, spiritual, as well as other ramification of life. On – profits organizations (NPOs) are establishments that make use of their excess revenues to pursue a cause that would be beneficial to the public or a particular group of to bake, people.

In a nutshell, the overall goal of coarsework, non – profits organizations is not to be successful in terms of wealth creation, but to essay to bake, be a success when it comes to giving value to the groups of people they direct their services at or to writing 2011, the cause they choose to pursue. It is worthy to on how a cake, note that Non – profit organizations can decide to scrapbook pads, operate as a charity organization or service organization. This means that they may chose to be organized as a nonprofit corporation, a trust, a cooperative, or they may choose to exist informally in some cases. For instance; an organization that is essay on how a cake, termed a supporting organization, usually operates like a foundation; but such a structure might be somewhat complicated because it holds more favorable tax status and are by law restricted about the public charities they can support. The fact that an organization is considered to be anon-profit organization does not in any way mean that the 2011 organization does not have the intention of making profits. As a matter of fact, most non – profit organizations have revenue generating ventures established for a cake the sole purpose of t1 essays, supporting the organization (their cause). Even though, non – profit organizations are allowed by the law to run a profit making business venture, but there may be constraint to the extent at which they are able to generate excess revenue and even make use of the excess revenues being generated. There are several not for profit organizations that have grown so big, so that the area which they cover is not just restricted to the location or country where they operate, but also to essay on how to bake, other parts of the world. For example; one of the wealthiest Non – profit organizations is found in coarsework, the United States of America – The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, with an endowment fund of about US$38 billion that covers countries all over the world and not just the United States of America. Basically, the people we intend reaching out to are youths of diverse race and culture who live in the United States of America and essay Canada.

Those who are unemployed and prone to assignment t1 essays, crime, youths that are exposed to on how to bake a cake, crimes, street children and in anger thesis anybody seeking to acquire one or two skills that will help them successfully start their own business. In essence, we intend reaching out to. High school dropouts Unemployed youths Youths interested in on how to bake, politics Aspiring entrepreneurs Street Children University Students High School Students. Our Competitive Advantage. Of course, there are competitions amongst Not for 2011 Profits Organizations- especially when that are pursuing same or similar cause.

It means that they will approach same organization for grants and financial supports et al. To Bake. We are quite aware of this challenge, and that is why we were very careful in choose our board of directors. As such; we ensured that we chose people of great influence and experience, who can easily give us the cheap needed support to achieve our aims and objectives. To a larger extent, leveraging on the experience and influence of these people gives us competitive advantage. List of Organizations We Intend Working With. Essay To Bake. With what we are set out to achieve; reducing crime rate to the barest minimum and empowering youths in both Canada and The United States of America, we know that it is a task that can’t be achieved by just an organization.

It takes the collective effort of stake holders to be able to odyssey essay, make appreciable impact when it comes to reducing crime rate and empowering youths to essay to bake a cake, get involved in governance and enterprise development. We have been able to identify some organizations that we know will be interested in essay on modernity, working with us to achieve our ultimate goal. They are: The Government of the United States of America The Government of Canada UNICEF Henry Ford Foundation Security Agencies Political Parties Bank of a cake, America Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Google Microsoft Facebook Schools Wal-mart The Coca Cola Company The Walt Disney Corporation Chevron. N.B: It is important to state that we have been working towards getting some office equipment, electric appliances and furniture needed from manufacturers as part of their support for our cause. We are at the finishing stage of discussion.

So far, we have been able to assignment, raise about 40 percent of the needed start – up capital and we hope to to bake a cake, meet up with our target before 31 st December, 2015 and then open up our office on essay the 10 th of January, 2016. Generating Fund / Startup Capital for a cake Pro Youth Foundation. Starting a non – profit organization can be truly challenging especially when you don’t have the needed connection to access funds required to back thesis, kick start the project. We are aware of these challenges, which is on how to bake, why we have worked hard to assemble people who are philanthropic in nature to baudelaire, form our board. A Cake. In a nutshell, we have marked out the following sources as avenues where we will generate the start – up capital needed to launch Pro Youth Foundation; Donations from Our Board Members Obtaining loan from the bank From Pre – Launch Funding Raising Event (Dinner) Non-Profit Organization Business Plan – Sustainability and Expansion Strategy. Sustaining Non – profit organizations can be truly difficult for writing competitions 2011 obvious reasons. Essay To Bake A Cake. The fact that Non – profit organizations depend of grants and donations to coarsework, execute their projects and also to maintain their facility and workforce means that they must always be on their toes if they want to essay on how to bake a cake, continue to essay on modernity, stay afloat.

We have been able to identify reasons why Non – profit organizations close shop or remain redundant, and we have mapped out essay a cake, strategies that will help us overcome the challenges. In the bid to continue to stay afloat, we will run exhibitions and events that will help us generate funds in addition to the grants and donations that available to NGOs in the US and Canada. We have also perfected strategies to build relationships and networks around big time donors (corporate donors and individuals (philanthropic) in the United States of America and Canada. Maintaining large overheads can be financially demanding for odyssey essay Non – profits organizations, which is why we have put structures and processes in on how to bake a cake, place that will help us conveniently work with volunteers and interns on various projects and even in our office operations. Coarsework. Although, we intend setting up our offices in New York City and in essay, Toronto, Canada, but with time we have the plans to essay competitions 2011, spread to other regions in the US and essay on how Canada.

Business Name Availability Check: Completed Business Incorporation: Completed Opening of Corporate Bank Accounts: Completed File for storytelling Tax Exemption Status: In Progress Registration with State Agency: Completed Purchase of business and essay on how to bake liability insurance: Completed Renting and furnishing our office facility: Completed Conducting Feasibility Studies: Completed Writing of Business Plan: Completed Formation of Board of Trustees: Completed Creating of organization’s by ptlls assignment t1 essays, law: Completed Drafting of proposals and grants request letters: Completed Drafting of Employee’s Handbook: Completed Drafting of Contract Documents and other relevant Legal Documents: Completed Design of on how to bake a cake, The Foundation’s Logo: Completed Graphic Designs (on the body of the coarsework truck) and Printing of on how a cake, Marketing / Promotional Materials: In Progress Recruitment of key employees: In Progress Creating Official Website for storytelling essay the Company: In Progress Purchase of software (Accounting, HR, Project Management and CRM et al): Completed Creating Awareness for the foundation both online and in the neighborhood: In Progress Health and a cake Safety and Fire Safety Arrangement in our facility: Completed Design and preparation of our training modules: Completed Plans for Fund Raising Dinner: In Progress.

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Sehat Safai Aur Islam In Urdu Essays and on how a cake, Research Papers. and mediaTERRORISM AND INDIAN MEDIA :A Comparative Study of approach English, Hindi and baudelaire essay on modernity, Urdu newspapers towards terrorism by India Policy . Foundation A serious research work on the approach of the Indian print media towards terrorism was brought out by to bake India Policy Foundation (IPF) in March 2009. The book, Terrorism and the Indian Media (English) amp; AAtankwad aur Bhartiya Media(Hindi) was released on March 9, 2009 in Delhi. It evoked a constructive discussion on its content in teh media. . Delhi , Hindi , Hindustani language 892 Words | 3 Pages. Islam : Field Study Research Karen Edmonds-Leach Professor Jonathan Pedrone REL212: World Religions-Summer September 4, 2011 . Islam : Field Study Research After interviewing a member of the Islamic faith, I came to the realization that there are very many misconceptions about the religion of Islam and that these misconceptions are very hurtful, disrespectful, and inhumane. In this paper, I will first discuss several misconceptions that I had. Christianity , God , Islam 1844 Words | 5 Pages. Humanities Religions of the World APH 205 Some people have described Islam as a religion of ‘hate and violence’. Using your study . of this religion, assess this statement. Name : Hazard Lecturer: good one Date : 19/10/2013 Islam is one of the most controversial and most misinterpreted religions in the world. For many years Islam has been termed a religion of hatred and violence.

Islam is accused of promoting and advocating for violence. These misconceptions. God , Islam , Jihad 2769 Words | 7 Pages. Islam is competitions, a tradition of love and essay to bake, submission to God that ultimately strives for peace. The ancient religion emerged in the seventh century and . was able to cheap paper pads, appeal to the public through its deeply entrenched attitudes to a cake, peace. Islam’s constant endeavour for peace can be presented through its ancient traditions and sacred texts, history and historical events and current practices and contemporary events of the religion. The sacred texts of Islam are the Quran, which contains the look revelations from Allah. Allah , Islam , Muhammad 1048 Words | 3 Pages.

Islam Islam is not only on how to bake considered to be a spiritual connection to God, but it is ptlls assignment t1 essays, a way of life; how one remembers God on to bake a cake . day to day basis by not only praying five times a day but also by abiding to the rules and regulations that he has bestowed upon baudelaire adherents for essay on how prevention of sin. The quote “If you want to be free of all affliction and essay, suffering, hold fast to god, and turn wholly to him” is accredited to Abu ?amid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali (c. 1058–1111), a highly significant Islamic. Hadith , Hajj , Islam 1858 Words | 5 Pages. | Cultural Discussion | Islam | | DoddR | 5/12/2013 | [A discussion and Identification of the history and location of the essay a cake second . largest religion and culture in the world, Islam and the followers of the faith, Muslims. Writing 2011. A look at to bake a cake, and description of the positive and negative points of the competitions 2011 culture as well as ways in which Islam have affected and essay on how to bake a cake, contributed to society.] | Roddric Dodd Paragraph Word Count: 1041 Professor: Jason M. Essay Competitions 2011. Brocato Total Word Count: 1128 Social. Abraham , Islam , Medina 1147 Words | 4 Pages. ISLAM Is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion articulated by the Qur'an, a book considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God . and by the teachings and normative example (called the Sunnah and composed of hadith) of considered by them to be the last prophet of God. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim. History Concerns the religion of Islam and its adherents, Muslims.

Muslim is an Arabic word meaning one who submits to God. Muslims and their religion have greatly impacted. Hadith , Islam , Mecca 815 Words | 2 Pages. how Islam is a quest to be faithful to the transcendent, both directly and through social engagement Islam is on how a cake, a religion based . on the belief in look back thesis, one God, His messenger and the four other pillars. These five pillars are central to Muslims, followers of Islam and essay, mould their beings and are part of their everyday lives. This essay will look at the abovementioned pillars, what they are and how they form part of the quest to be faithful to the transcendent. Mention will also be made to how Islam ‘plays.

Allah , Islam , Muhammad 1655 Words | 4 Pages. ISLAM : Laganap ang relihiyong Islam sa Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Afghanistan, Bahrai, . Pads. Kuwait, Omam, Qatar, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Yemen, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Brunei, Mindanao sa Pilipinas at ilang bahagi ng Singapore. Kasaysayan: Nanggaling ang Islam sa salitang Arab na sallam (ibig sabihin: “kapayapaan sa pamamagitan ng pananampalataya at pagsuko ng sarili sa kapangyarihan ng Diyos”). Itinatag ito ni Mohammed na taga-Mecca, Saudi. Animism , Human , Islam 2092 Words | 7 Pages.

?Question One: Analyse the impact of Islamism in on how to bake a cake, Northern Africa and in baudelaire essay, the Middle East. Islam was destined to essay on how to bake a cake, become a world religion that . Essay On Modernity. created civilization worldwide (Barkati 2011) which succeeded as Islam is the world’s second largest religion after Christianity in the world today. Islam has many impacts and influences in a cake, many countries around the world especially in countries in northern Africa and in the Middle East (Diller 1994). Islamism has impact countries in Northern Africa and in. Egypt , Iran , Islam 1590 Words | 4 Pages. Munich. His thesis, The Development of Metaphysics in Persia, revealed some aspects of Islamic mysticism formerly unknown in Europ On his return from . Europe, he gained his livelihood by coarsework the practice of law, but his fame came from his Persian- and to bake a cake, Urdu -language poetry, which was written in the classical style for back thesis public recitation. Essay On How. Through poetic symposia and in a milieu in which memorizing verse was customary, his poetry became widely known, even among the illiterate. Look Back Thesis. Almost all the cultured Indian. Indian National Congress , Islam , Muhammad 2211 Words | 8 Pages. ASSIGNMENT NO.1 IMPACTS OF ISLAM ON INDIAN SOCIETY Group-1: Junaid-ur-Rahman (ME-123052) Muhammad Zaid (ME-123051) Shamoon Tariq . (ME-123053) Section: ME (09) Submitted On: 08-10-2012 Submitted To: Sir Aijaz Athar IMPACT OF ISLAM ON INDIAN SOCIETY ARRIVAL OF ISLAM IN INDIA Muhammad bin Qasim in A.D.

712. After the foundation of Muslim rule in India, Islam spread far and wide and brought about a great change in the social a religious outlook. Hinduism , India , Islam 1282 Words | 5 Pages. symbol of identity since a long time. It is considered as a gelling force to keep the communities united. Urdu was the essay on how to bake official language of the . sub-continent and was spoken and used by both, Hindus and Muslims. Ptlls T1 Essays. All groups had contributed towards the development of the essay to bake a cake language. The Urdu -Hindi controversy started with the fall of the Mughal Empire. Look In Anger Thesis. This is because the Hindus felt that Urdu was a language of the invaders as many Turkish, Arabic and Persian words had been added to it.

Therefore, the. Hindi , Hindustani language , India 1338 Words | 4 Pages. The term ' Urdu ' and its origin The term Urdu derives from a Turkish word ordu meaning camp or army. The Urdu . language developed between the on how Muslim soldiers of the Mughals armies who belonged to various ethnicities like Turks, Arabs, Persians, Pathans, Balochis, Rajputs, Jats and Afghans. These soldiers lived in close contact with each other and communicated in different dialects, which slowly and gradually evolved into odyssey present day Urdu . It is for this reason that Urdu is on how a cake, also referred to as Lashkari. English language , Hindi , Hindustani language 1737 Words | 4 Pages. of four provinces and its national language is URDU . URDU - THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE OF PAKISTAN Urdu is our . national language. It has played an importyant role in the articulation of coarsework, muslim culture in essay a cake, South East Asia.It has been rightly said that urdu had been the a symbol, an issue and a weapon in our struggle for essay writing independence. The 1973 constitution of Pakistan has also declared Urdu to be our national language. Essay On How. History of Urdu language; Urdu is nearly 300 years old and essay, was considered as the. History of Pakistan , India , Islam 850 Words | 3 Pages.

? Urdu - The Origin and History of the Language Published on essay a cake February 17 2014 by www.eautytask.com The term ' Urdu ' and its origin . The term Urdu derives from a Turkish word ordu meaning camp or army. The Urdu languagedeveloped between the Muslim soldiers of the ptlls assignment t1 essays Mughals armies who belonged to various ethnicities like Turks, Arabs, Persians, Pathans, Balochis, Rajputs, Jats and Afghans. These soldiers lived in close contact with each other and communicated in on how to bake, different dialects, which slowly and gradually. Arabic language , Ghazal , Hindi 1257 Words | 2 Pages. URDU SPEAKING SCHOLARS FROM PAKISTAN. ? URDU SPEAKING SCHOLARS FROM PAKISTAN 1 Prof.

Hammad Lakhvi (Punjab University) Associate Professor in Islamic studies, University of the . Punjab Lahore Post Doctorate Islamic Studies University of Glasgow, UK. Scrapbook. PhD Islamic studies University of the Punjab Lahore Editor, Al-Qalam (HEC Recognized research journal of Department of Islamic Studies, University of the essay on how a cake Punjab Lahore. Member Ittehad bain ul Muslimeen committee Government of the Punjab Member Punjab Quran Board, Government of the Punjab. Islam , Islamabad , Lahore 1092 Words | 12 Pages. Impact of Islam and Muslims in odyssey storytelling, India. Impact of Islam and Muslims in India Expansion of trade | | | Islam's impact was the most notable in essay on how to bake, the expansion of writing 2011, trade. The first . contact of Muslims with India, was the Arab attack on a nest of pirates near modern-day Bombay, to safeguard their trade in the Arabian Sea. Essay On How A Cake. Around the odyssey same time many Arabs settled at Indian ports, giving rise to small Muslim communities. the growth of these communities was not only due to essay, conversion, but also the fact that many Hindu kings of south India (such. India , Islam , Mughal Empire 973 Words | 3 Pages.

The emergence of scrapbook, Islam in essay on how, South Asia, West Africa, and Europe between 1000 and 1750 CE changed the way these regions developed. It affected . them culturally, economically, and politically and odyssey, many different ways. During this time period, Europe changed in their forms of architecture, trading, and rulers into more Islamic ways. They also saw many new inventions. However they never changed the way they practiced Catholicism. In West Africa, they improved trade and made new trading centers but stayed. Africa , Al-Andalus , Asia 876 Words | 3 Pages. How English Language Has Brought Change to essay on how to bake a cake, Urdu Language.

As my group and scrapbook, I interviewed Amjad Islam Amjad we got to know several reasons for the changes that English has brought to the . Urdu language over the period of essay on how a cake, time. The two I will be discussing are: * Differences in schooling. Coarsework. * Government role in on how a cake, making English as an official language. However these two reasons are interlinked. At sir Amjad’s time English was taught like a foreign language in schools, after the 5th or 6th grade and now it is scrapbook paper pads, taught since prep. In fact when a child is.

English language , French language , Government 769 Words | 3 Pages. Impact of Islam on Pakistani Society and Culture. great respect for other religions. Hindu and Buddhist spiritual leaders were given stipends during his rule. Islam , as a faith and system of essay on how, . life, won many followers in sub-continent because of ptlls assignment, its simple and humanitarian principles. Following are some of to bake a cake, cultural impacts of Muslims on sub-continent which are still present in odyssey essay, Pakistani society.

1. Impact on Religion: Before the coming of Islam to Sub-continent, the people were divided in essay a cake, several religious factions and an intense struggle was going. Hinduism , India , Islam 1293 Words | 4 Pages. ? Understanding Islam Tony Blaile REL/134 March 16, 2015 John Warnshuis History of Islam There are many different religions . in this world but Islam has be in the spot light of the world the essay competitions last twelve years or so. On How. If you turn on the news it is most likely that you will see a story that talks about Islam in some way shape or form. Unfortunately Islam has gotten a very bad persona from small groups of extremists that use Islam as a reason for war.

But, Islam is not meant to be this way. To give. Allah , God , Islam 991 Words | 5 Pages. , Equality in essay writing 2011, Islam Equality O Mankind! We have created you from a male and female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may . know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you in the sight of Allah is he who has most taqwa among of you. Verily, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware.

Islam does not distinguish between human beings according to their races, gender, color, or their beliefs. To Bake. Islam looks at everyone as equal to each other, because at the end we are all the same in front of. Islam , Jesus , Muhammad 1414 Words | 4 Pages. “Understanding Islam ” by Kenneth Jost, pg. 172 – 176 Islam is an ill-perceived religion throughout most of the Western . world. Look In Anger. Once known as a quiet and a cake, peaceful religion, the general perception of baudelaire on modernity, people from other religions and most of the world upon Islam is quite distorted. Ever since the 9/11 attacks on on how the World Trade Center, an influx of discrimination and prejudice towards Islam and Muslims has spread throughout the world. In “Understanding Islam ,” by Kenneth Jost, an article about.

Al-Qaeda , Islam , Muhammad 1309 Words | 4 Pages. Sadiq Khan Mc. Cook English 1302 20 November 2006 Does Islam Promote Terrorism? There . may be some Muslims who are terrorists, but not all Muslims are terrorist and Islam as a religion does not promote terrorism and defines as a religion of peace. Islam means submission to god. Islam is a religion of essay 2011, peace and does not talk of doing violence at all. As many westerners have the misconception that all Muslims are terrorists, and are involved. Islam , Islamic terrorism , Muhammad 2235 Words | 6 Pages. What Does Islam Mean? The word Islam itself means Submission to Allah.

The religion of Islam is not named . after a person as in the case of Christianity which was named after Jesus Christ, Buddhism after Gutama Buddha , Marxism after Karl Marx, and Confucianism after Confucius. Similarly, Islam is a cake, not named after a tribe like Judaism after the tribe of Judah and Hinduism after the Hindus. The Arabic word Islam means the submission or surrender of one's will to the will of. Allah , God , Islam 921 Words | 3 Pages. REL 134 1. The word “ Islam ” is derived form the writing competitions 2011 Arabic root “asalama” which literally means peace, purity and submission. Thus . Islam means “surrender to the Almighty” and Muslim means “one who is in a state of submission”. It is a cake, understood that this submission is to the Will of odyssey storytelling, God, as is laid down in essay on how a cake, the Quran. This tenet is unequivocally accepted by all sects of coarsework, Islam be they Shia, Sunni or Sufis. 2. Islam is an to bake, unerringly monotheistic religion.

It enjoins the existence of one God. Caliph , Caliphate , Hadith 1404 Words | 4 Pages. each aspect mentioned above is the back in anger religion of Islam . Islam is a religion which emphasizes the essay on how to bake teachings of Mohammad. Through an . expedition through the Arabian world, Mohammad traveled from Saudi Arabia to proclaim a message from God. The message was rapidly accepted by storytelling many, thus prompting the Islamic religion. Muslims attribute the essay on how spreading of the message of the religion to Mohammad, but claim that the concept of Islam existed throughout history.

Islam is the Arabic word meaning submission to the. Arabian Peninsula , Arabic language , Islam 918 Words | 3 Pages. Spread of Islam Andrew Lowery HIS 275/CA September18, 2014 Kerrin Conroy Spread of Islam Islam is not only . one of the three major monotheistic religions in the world today, it is also it is the fastest growing. Pads. Additionally, political conflict between Islamic groups and essay, the West play out on the international stage like the in anger thesis latest of the essay to bake a cake Crusades. Cheap Scrapbook. The message of the Prophet Mohammad has been distorted and misunderstood by those outside of Islam who see only a religion of essay on how a cake, hatred.

Islam did, however. Abu Bakr , Arabian Peninsula , Caliph 1295 Words | 6 Pages. University of Phoenix Material Islam Worksheet When studying Islam , it is important to understand the essential elements of the . faith, how they are practiced, and the distinctions among the three branches: Shiite Islam , Sunni Islam , and back, Sufism. Write a 1- to 2-paragraph response for each of the following directives and note where there are differences among the three branches of Islam . Essay On How A Cake. 1. Explain the ptlls t1 essays meaning of the name, Islam . The meaning of the name Islam is in literal terms means “surrender”. Five Pillars of essay on how to bake, Islam , Islam , Muhammad 953 Words | 3 Pages. Frederick Denny, the t1 essays keynote speaker of the essay to bake night spoke on Islam and its moral responsibility and how Muslims need to educate. He was a very . Scrapbook Paper Pads. intelligent man and great speaker, but he was too philosophical for the students in the audience. I was one of on how to bake, those misfortunate souls who could not understand where he was going. He hit on many key points that connected the coarsework current problems of on how to bake, Islam and ideas of liberation theology.

He stressed that Islam is and always will be a monotheistic, ethical religion. God , Islam , Jihad 952 Words | 3 Pages. Tarhuni Royal Holloway University Introduction The Story of the Elephant For some non Muslims Islam is chopping hands and having four . wives. How would we describe Islam .? Is Islam the acts of worship that we know.? Or is it morality and look in anger, good manners? , Creed? Or legislation?

Islam is a message for all times and generations. It is a cake, not limited to a particular period or time like other religions before Islam . The Prophet Mohammed is the Messenger of Allah to mankind. Say : (O Muhamad) O mankind, verily. God , Hadith , Islam 1256 Words | 4 Pages. Phoenix Material Islam Worksheet When studying Islam , it is important to understand the essential elements of the coarsework faith, . how they are practiced, and the distinctions among the three branches: Shiite Islam , Sunni Islam , and Sufism. Write a 1- to 2-paragraph response for each of the essay on how a cake following directives and note where there are differences among the three branches of Islam . 1. Explain the meaning of the name, Islam . The literal translation of the word Islam is surrender or submission. Ali , Allah , God 1561 Words | 5 Pages. Throughout the twentieth century and back in anger thesis, continuing into the twenty-first, a leading question arose regarding Islam and its traditions. This . question asked whether Islam can be compatible with democracy. Essay On How To Bake. Seemed as a simple question, such an inquiry requires an in-depth look at the matter at hand.

When one asks whether Islam is compatible with democracy, one needs to analyze the definition of democracy. According to Webster’s Dictionary, democracy is “a form of government in which supreme power is vested. Democracy , Direct democracy , Islam 966 Words | 3 Pages. ? Islam : A Balancing Act Islam is a very large religion, accounting for one-fifth of the world’s population. Baudelaire Essay On Modernity. In any large . Essay On How A Cake. religious community, there are many different variations and sects and this is ptlls assignment, true of Islam . But unlike what is to bake, usually common, there is also an underlying unity that flows through the entire Muslim community. Muslims show this on a personal, one-on-one level, but also even at the global level, when Muslim countries help other Muslim countries. And as a whole, the tradition. Allah , Five Pillars of Islam , God 1272 Words | 4 Pages. Worldview/Religion Analysis of Islam Harry L. Pitts Student ID: #155179 APOLOGETICS 500 Professor Larry McDonald Liberty . University, February 06, 2011 Contents INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………..

1 ISLAMIC THEOLOGY……………………………………………………………………… 2 IS THE KORAN THE WORD OF GOD…………………………………………………….. 3 QUESTIONS FOR MUSLIMS………………………………………………………………. 4 What can Muslims do to have eternal life in Christ…………………………………. 5 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………. Allah , Christianity , God 1715 Words | 5 Pages. ?Why did Islam Spread So Quickly? DBQ The student will write a five paragraph essay that answers the question “Why did Islam . Odyssey. spread so quickly?” Students will use the Background Reading and all six documents as sources of to bake a cake, evidence to why Islam spread so rapidly. Students will analyze each of the six documents, answer related questions, cite each source, provide the main idea for each document, make general observations about each document, and come up with an analytical category to possibly place. Five paragraph essay , Islam , Logic 1388 Words | 4 Pages. WOMEN IN ISLAM It is coarsework, not a news flash that Islam has been painted as a religion that oppresses women. In fact, the Westerners . especially are very progressive in proving this by starting to essay, put the idea that there is no difference between men and coarsework, women thus they must be equally treated.

Those who are ignorant about Islam would perceive that this religion is very oppressive to women by looking at the surface of the issues that involve women’s right such as hijab, polygamy and inheritance. These. Islam , Muhammad , Muslim 1490 Words | 4 Pages. the society, especially the following of good moral conduct. Islam is a comprehensive way of essay on how to bake a cake, life, and morality is one of the coarsework cornerstones . Islam . Morality is on how, one of the fundamental sources of on modernity, a nation’s strength, just as immorality is one of the main causes of a nation’s decline. Islam has established some universal fundamental rights for humanity as a whole, which are to be observed in on how to bake a cake, all circumstances. To uphold these rights, Islam has provided not only legal safeguards, but also a very effective. Ethics , Human , Islam 2312 Words | 6 Pages. word struggle very well.

In the arabic language, struggle translates into jihad. Jihad is defined as “holy war, a divine institution of warfare to extend . islam into the abode of struggle, or to defend islam from danger,” according to the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam . Ian Netton defines it as “holy war” in his book A Popular Dictionary of Islam and he also writes: “The word derives from an arabic root meaning basically to strive. Look In Anger. all muslims are obliged to wage a spiritual jihad in the sense of. Christianity , Islam , Jihad 1567 Words | 4 Pages. Women in Islam The status of women in essay to bake a cake, Islam has been a topic of much controversy and curiosity for many years. The . role of cheap paper pads, Muslim women is quite often misunderstood in the Western world. I believe this misconception people have is a cake, generally due to essay, little or no knowledge of Islam , and mainstream media which negatively publicises Muslim women. Some controversial topics which have gained negative media attention in recent times are the veiling of women in Islam and the so called oppression. Burqa , Gender , Hijab 826 Words | 3 Pages. extremists divide the world in to two blocs. The House of on how a cake, Peace (Darus Salam) and the House of War (Darul Harab). Wherever there is no Islam . as a code of system of life it is Hose of war and we should crusade for the enforcement of Islamic way of life and change it in to t1 essays, the House of peace.

Such ideology has created immense problems for essay to bake a cake the Muslims world over. Coarsework. In Islam Jihad is of three types. The struggle by Tongue; the struggle by Pen and on how to bake, the struggle by Sword. So far as religion is concerned. Islam , Jihad , Muhammad 1170 Words | 3 Pages.

American Literature Jennifer Barnes Ms. K Meeks March 10, 2011 Islam and Christianity Christianity and Islam are . two of the most significant religions in baudelaire, the world today. Both religions are very similar with only some of the beliefs and teachings being different. Christianity started about 2000 years ago in Judea with Jesus Christ and his faithful group of disciples. It has grown into one of the major religions, impacting all other faiths and changing the course of human history. Its. Christianity , God , Islam 1165 Words | 3 Pages. Other civilizations And in Islam Outline i) Introduction ii) Status women in other civilizations A. Status of women in Hinduism 1. . Misanthropic practices in Hinduism a. Essay A Cake. Sati b. Polyandry B. Status of cheap scrapbook, women in the Athenian civilization C. Status of women in the Roman civilization D. Status of women in Judaism E. Essay To Bake. Status of storytelling, women in Christianity iii) Status of on how, women in Islam A. Essay. The spiritual aspect of Islam a. Essay To Bake. Equality B. The social aspect of women in assignment, Islam a. As a child and adolescent . Abu Bakr , Hinduism , Islam 2062 Words | 6 Pages. Marisa DeMull May 1, 2001 RLST 2600 Orthopraxy in Islam Islamic life is centered on the physical practice of to bake, prayer (salat). With that . the religion of Islam itself is based in the methodical movement through which Muslims show their devotion to Allah. The prayer begins with the devotee standing, bending slowly into baudelaire essay a sitting position and ending in full prostration.

Bowing fully onto the ground is to bake a cake, a practice that shows humility and represents the true devotion of look back in anger thesis, members. Practice-centered. Abraham , Five Pillars of essay on how a cake, Islam , Hajj 1142 Words | 3 Pages. The Rise of Islam and Its Contributions to baudelaire, World History Islam has made many contributions to world history, both in its rise . and a cake, development of a bright and complex culture. More specifically Islam has contributed to competitions 2011, the world of a cake, modern science, medicine, literature and visual arts, greatly influencing other cultures along the way. Along with contributions to science and intellect, Islam has also contributed to world trade.

Each contribution from the Islamic nation has helped shape the world. Early Islamic philosophy , Islam , Islamic Golden Age 1115 Words | 4 Pages. The Women of odyssey essay, Islam Society in western civilization sees Islam's treatment of women as heinous, unfair, and typically cruel. How can one . respect a religion and culture that makes their women cover themselves from head to toe in 100 degree weather, walk behind her spouse, enter separate doors of the mosque (if they are even allowed to enter), pray in an closed off area separate from the men, marry complete strangers, and receive little to no education. These few examples and a lot more can surely. Hadith , Islam , Muhammad 1702 Words | 4 Pages. Christianity and essay, Islam The two most populous religious belief systems in essay, the world today are Christianity and Islam ; however . they are in constant conflict with each other. To Bake A Cake. The problems exhibited by each religion toward the other have their beginnings in Ancient times when Christianity had finally reached a large part of civilization, while Islam sprouted up almost overnight. Odyssey Storytelling. There are many differences in the historical context as well as belief systems of both religions, which lead to their.

Christianity , Constantinople , Islam 2018 Words | 6 Pages. firmament of sky soothes our eyes. The seven colors emerge in the shape of a bewitching rainbow. On How. The unity of people makes an invincible strong nation. Writing. . This is the reason Islam lays great stress on the importance of unity. The Islamic concept of Towhid is the on how other name of the unity of humankind. The corner stone in Islam is the unity of God.

Allah’s unity teaches us the back message that we should not divide humans into sections and essay to bake a cake, sects. Almighty Allah in the Quran says that the division of people. Allah , God , Hadith 1064 Words | 3 Pages. Hinduism vs Islam Diffen › Philosophy › Religion › Hinduism Hinduism and Islam are the third and coarsework, second most popular . religions in the world respectively. They differ in many respects - including idol worship, monotheism and their history. Essay. Islam is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion that originated in the Middle East in the 7th century CE with Prophet Muhammad. Hinduism on the other hand is a polytheistic religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent in the pre-classical. God , Hinduism , Islam 1319 Words | 4 Pages. I think is snarled upon, especially in this area and after 9/11 incident, Shia Islam . I wanted to gain a different perspective and a positive . one at that. Overwhelmed with all the information I was collecting, I had to narrow it down.

The following is what I felt was the highlights and the most important aspects of the Shia Islam religion. I want to start off with a short summary of what I have learned. Islam is the proper name of 2011, a religion; it is not pronounced, Izlam, with a “z”sound. Abu Bakr , Ali , Caliph 2633 Words | 7 Pages. ? The spread of Islam began when, around 613 CE, the Islamic prophet Muhammad began to share the revelation which God had, according to . Muslims, started to give to him three years previously. During the rest of his life, the Muslim ummah was established in Arabia.

The expansion of the Arab Empire in to bake a cake, the years following Muhammad's death led to the creation of caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area and conversion to Islam was boosted by essay 2011 missionary activities particularly those of Sufis. Africa , Arabian Peninsula , Iraq 907 Words | 2 Pages. Islam Worksheet When studying Islam , it is essay on how to bake a cake, important to understand the paper pads essential elements of the faith, how they are . practiced, and on how, the distinctions among the three branches: Shiite Islam , Sunni Islam , and Sufism. Write a 1- to 2-paragraph response for each of the following directives and note where there are differences among the three branches of Islam . 1. Explain the meaning of the name, Islam . The name Islam is closely related to the Arabic word salam and the Hebrew word shalom meaning. God , Islam , Muhammad 1188 Words | 4 Pages. Eloisa Medina 2/18/2013 Puritanical Islam : A Modernist and ptlls assignment, Conservative Understanding of the Puritan Approach to . Religion The puritan approach to Islam is revered by the more conservative members of the essay to bake Muslim community as necessary and, at coarsework, the same time, is ardently denounced by modernists. As highlighted by the differences in a cake, Islamic thought by modernists, such as Khaled Abu El Fadl, and that of more traditional thinkers, including Sayyid Qutb, Abu-L-‘Ala’ Mawdudi, and. Caliphate , Hadith , Iran 1337 Words | 4 Pages. ?Abadat Khan Religious Studies 110 March 1, 2015 QUIZ: ISLAM VOCAB 1. Odyssey Storytelling Essay. Qur’an: Muslims’ sacred book (recitation), which contains Muhammad’s . (pbuh) sermons and revelations.

2. Hadiths: (recollections or narratives)- the remembrances of on how, him by his early followers. 3. Muslims: meaning “people who submit” to God (Allah) 4. Hijra: (flight or migration) occurred when the coarsework persecution of essay on how to bake, Muhammad (pbuh) and his followers in Mecca intensified. At the invitation of leaders of Yathrib, a city about three. Islam , Islamic calendar , Mosque 527 Words | 2 Pages. about Leadership in the Islamic Perspective. Essay. Islam , a religion of peace but often misjudged and misunderstood has a very comprehensive concept . of leadership that is centered on faith and values according to essay on how a cake, Allah (God). Often mistaken as a religion of terrorism, its true meaning and principles say otherwise. As a Maranao Muslim myself with the essay competitions Christian roots of essay to bake, my Mother and being able to odyssey, deal with all kinds of cultures with my work, I can conclude that Islam is one of the religions that few people understand. Allah , Islam , Leadership 1580 Words | 4 Pages.

| The Religion Islam | The Religion Islam What is essay on how a cake, Islam ? The word Islam means submission to . the will of God. The religion of Islam is the acceptance of and obedience to the teachings of God which the look back in anger Muslims—followers of Islam —believe God revealed to his last prophet. Muslims believe that there is essay to bake a cake, only one God. The Arabic word for writing competitions God is Allah which means, the one and only true God who created the whole universe. According to essay on how, Muslims, God sent a number of prophets to mankind to teach them. Abraham , Allah , Gabriel 1811 Words | 5 Pages.

?CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM IN AFRICA CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM Three phases of penetration: 1. North Africa and coarsework, northeast Africa . – ended with rise of Islam 2. end of 15th Century – European sailors 3. end of 18th Century – continuing until today First phase: 2nd century AD: North Africa – Alexandria and Carthage Church produced scholars and martyrs Church in Ethiopia Church in Egypt reduced in 7th century – Arab-Muslim invaders Coptic Church about 10% of population Elsewhere. Africa , Christianity , Egypt 570 Words | 4 Pages. status quo in human relationships.” - Jeffrey K. Hadden (Religious Freedom Page) Islam is one of the world’s greatest religions, . To Bake. numbering nearly a fifth of the cheap world’s total population. The immortalized stereotype produced by on how a cake the media has resulted in a negative connotation for coarsework Muslim American’s, leaving many American’s with an on how a cake, anti-Muslim attitude. The tendency for American’s to misunderstand Islam can be attributed to two factors: media and the Muslim desire to thesis, keep a low profile. Essay On How To Bake. Muslims. Christianity , Democratic Party , Islam 2034 Words | 5 Pages. Islam Out of the many interesting religions, Islam has uniqueness to assignment t1 essays, it. The name, Islam stems from the word . “Salam” that means peace.

The word “Muslim” which means a follower of to bake a cake, Islam refers to a person who submits him or herself to the will of God. Muhammad founded Islam in the year 622CE. This particular religion started when the angel Jibreel supposedly read the first revelation to Muhammad. The Muslims believe in cheap scrapbook paper, the “one true God” which they call Allah. Islam is totally based on on how a cake the word.

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Research Companies and on how a cake, Careers Through Job Shadowing. by Katharine Hansen, Ph.D. The Internet has opened up whole new worlds of information and is a fantastic resource for researching companies and careers during a job search. But for all its wealth of essay, information, even the Internet can’t beat the on how a cake experience of odyssey essay, learning about a company or career by essay, experiencing it in person in the shadow of ptlls, a working professional. That’s the premise behind job-shadowing, an activity that enables a person to on how, spend some time observing a professional on the job. Job-shadowing is often touted as a career-exploration activity for middle-school and high-school students to help them determine a career path to follow. Shadowing also helps students see how their textbook learning can be applied in the real world.

But there is absolutely no reason why college students and older job-seekers cannot also participate in this invaluable practice. The career-exploration aspect of job shadowing is certainly one of its benefits. Young students just starting to think about careers and college students about to embark on careers can try on jobs by visiting workplaces and observing what goes on. But the experience can be just as valuable for established job-seekers considering changing careers. If you know you want to change careers but are not sure what career is right for you, job-shadowing can give you a taste of what various careers are like. By experiencing a workplace first-hand, you can learn a great deal more about assignment t1 essays a career than you can through research in print publications and on the Internet. You can also learn a lot more about essay to bake a cake companies by experiencing them in the actual trenches than you can in any other way. If, for example, you know what type of career you want to enter but are unsure of ptlls, which companies in that field to target in your job-search, job-shadowing can reveal inside information about company culture that can guide you in determining which companies to a cake, apply to. Do you prefer that breezy dot-com atmosphere where the attire is ultra-casual and folks roller-blade through the corridors and get regular chair massages? Or do you fancy the coarsework corporate world of plush corner offices, mahogany furniture, and to bake a cake, suits and ties?

You can find out about these cultural differences through job-shadowing. So, just like any kind of company/career research, job-shadowing can occur at various stages of one’s career development: while still in school and trying to determine a career path. after your career is launched but you’ve decided to explore new career directions. when you know what career path to follow but want to learn more about specific companies by getting your foot inside. You can even narrow your search to the department level by shadowing people in different departments of the same company to see which team you’d rather work with. And what exactly is t1 essays job-shadowing and what does it entail? Job-shadowing is a close cousin of informational interviewing, in which career-explorers or job-seekers conduct short interviews with people in essay to bake a cake, their prospective professions to learn more about those fields. Job-shadowing can be thought of as an expanded informational interview. Where an informational interview typically lasts about coarsework a half hour, a job-shadowing experience can be anywhere from a few hours, to a day, to a week or more, depending on to bake what you can mutually arrange with the person you’ve chosen to shadow. Many of the same rules apply to job-shadowing as apply to informational interviewing, from preparing for the experience, to scheduling it, getting the most out if it, and following up on it. During your job-shadow experience, you follow the professional you’re shadowing through his or her work day. You observe the rigors of the job, the baudelaire on modernity company culture, and ask lots of questions.

Setting up a Job-Shadowing Experience. Before you try setting up a job-shadowing experience on essay a cake your own, look into resources in pads, your area for this kind of activity. College students, investigate whether you school has a formal job-shadowing program. Others should check into whether local or state government agencies offer such programs. Sometimes companies themselves offer job-shadowing programs. And check out the resources at the end of this article. On How A Cake. A job-shadowing experience can also be the outgrowth of an odyssey storytelling informational interview.

At your interview, you might be asked if you’d like to stick around a little longer than the planned time for the interview; thus your informational interview segues into a job-shadowing experience. Or let’s say you really hit it off with the person you’re informationally interviewing, or are extremely interested in his or her job function, or especially like the company atmosphere. On How. You can ask if you can come back to spend some more time with your interviewee in baudelaire essay, a job-shadowing situation. Whom should you shadow? Ideally, someone who is in the same type of job you think you would like to have or one you aspire to in the not-too-distant future. Essay On How To Bake. For college students, the ideal person to shadow is a recent graduate of your school, perhaps someone who had the thesis same major as you. Connect with your school’s alumni network to identify appropriate alumni. Once you’ve located someone to shadow, write a letter or send an e-mail, allowing several weeks’ lead time in advance of when you’d like to do the shadowing. (Here’s a a sample letter requesting a job shadow). On How A Cake. Follow up with a phone call about a week later to assignment t1 essays, pin down a date. Be prepared to be very flexible. The person you’re shadowing is probably a busy professional who is going out of essay to bake a cake, his or her way to accommodate you for the period of time you’re asking for.

While the idea is for coarsework, the professional to go about business as usual while you observe, it’s obvious that he or she may feel a bit restricted by your watchful eyes, so he or she is doing you a big favor. On How To Bake A Cake. It’s a nice touch to invite your professional out to lunch on the day you’re shadowing. Assignment. Even if he or she declines, extending the on how a cake invitation is cheap scrapbook pads a good way to find out about the lunch scene, such as whether you might need to brown-bag it if that’s what everyone else does. Essay On How. Research companies where you plan to shadow. While your best research will come from the actual shadowing, find out enough about the company so that you won’t seem ignorant to the person you’re shadowing. Getting the 2011 Most out of the Job-Shadowing Experience.

Dress as you would for a cake, a job interview with the company or at least at essay the level of dress others in the company wear. See our article, When Job-Hunting: Dress for essay on how to bake a cake, Success. Arrive on time and be polite, courteous, and enthusiastic. Show the assignment t1 essays person you’re shadowing how much you appreciate the time and opportunity to learn. Don’t be afraid to ask questions, but don’t bombard the professional with so many questions that he or she can’t get any work done. Any question that can be asked in a cake, an informational interview can be asked while job-shadowing, and we offer a set of appropriate questions.

Take a notepad or even a small tape-recorder to record observations and on modernity, answers to your questions. If your professional attends a meeting on your shadow day, by on how to bake, all means ask if you can sit in. You can learn a lot about a company’s culture by how it conducts its meetings. While your aim is to observe a typical work day, be open to unexpected opportunities such as attending a trade show or meeting of a professional organization with your professional. Be open to meeting as many people as possible during the odyssey storytelling essay experience. Essay To Bake. If you’d especially like to meet people in certain job functions, be sure to ask if your professional will introduce you. Odyssey. Observe everything! Note what technology is used in the job. On How To Bake. Identify the must-have tools without which your professional can’t function. Observe the essay writing competitions surroundings in your professional’s cubicle or office and determine how much of the environment reflects the professional’s personality and how much is related to the job function or company. Essay. A stark workplace may indicate that the company frowns on cheap paper pads personal touches.

Notice how people dress and how casual or formal the atmosphere is. Determine whether workers seem bubbly and happy, stressed and harried, or sullen and morose. Note whether people stay late or rush out at quitting time. Learn more about essay on how to bake determining company culture in our article, Uncovering a Company’s Corporate Culture is a Critical Task for Job-Seekers. Notice the communication channels in the workplace. Is most communication done by e-mail? Do co-workers frequently communicate with your professional by dropping by his or her workspace? Is communication primarily phone oriented? What’s the level of formality in your professional’s phone conversations? Is there a lot of gossip around the workplace?

For truly nitty-gritty research, consider asking to see such documents as the company’s organizational chart, a job description of essay writing 2011, your professional’s position, samples of your professional’s work products, and essay to bake, a sample performance review form to coarsework, get an idea of how workers are evaluated. Be aware of the professional’s and the organization’s needs as you’re shadowing, and do your best not to interfere with the essay to bake normal workflow. If you have good rapport with the t1 essays person you’re shadowing, consider asking for a resume critique and advice on interviewing at the company, as well as thoughts on coursework, internships, and work experience that will enable you to break into a job at that company. Remember that the professional you’re shadowing is now a valuable member of your network. Ask for a business card when you leave, and ask if the essay to bake professional knows others in similar jobs that you might shadow. Also ask if you can stay in touch. After the Job-Shadowing Experience. Be sure to write a thank-you note to the person you shadowed. Again, he or she made a significant time and energy investment in you, and it’s just common courtesy to say thanks. You will certainly want to cheap scrapbook pads, reflect on the shadowing experience, and you may want to do so in a guided or formal way.

If you’ve gone through a school or other organization to arrange your job-shadow experience, see if there is essay on how a formal process or form to coarsework, use for your reflections. Essay A Cake. One of the cheap scrapbook pads most creative uses of the job-shadow experience comes from the world of on how to bake a cake, informational interviewing. The scenario goes like this: At the early stages of job-hunting when you’re trying to determine which companies to target, you do some job-shadowing at several companies. Then six months later or so, as you’re applying to your target companies — including some where you job-shadowed — mention some of your observations about the companies in your cover letters. Job-seekers who demonstrate company knowledge almost always have an writing competitions edge, and this technique can be especially effective if your observations and essay a cake, questions have uncovered an employer need that you can fill. Explain in your cover letter how you can solve a problem you observed or meet a need you saw, and you will have a huge advantage toward getting an interview with the company. Be sure to put a positive spin on the problem or need you observed; if you bash the company while trying to show why you should be hired, your efforts will have the opposite baudelaire on modernity effect.

Directories of Job Shadowing Opportunities, sponsored by Reach Out! Michigan, this site offers Michigan shadowing opportunities organized by occupational category and geographic area. Geared to high-school and younger students. Job Shadowing, from UNITE-LA School-To-Career describes shadowing activities and events in on how to bake, the Los Angeles area. Job Shadowing Tips Guidelines, some great tips and questions to ask — from the Career Services Office at Texas State University-San Marcos. Virtual Job Shadow offers a video profile product that students can use to explore career opportunities. JobShadow.com provides an ongoing collection of coarsework, interviews conducted with people involved in various careers and professions.

Job shadowing is a work experience option where students learn about a job by walking through the work day as a shadow to a competent worker. The job shadowing work experience is a temporary, unpaid exposure to the workplace in an occupational area of interest to the student. Students witness firsthand the work environment, employability and occupational skills in practice, the value of professional training and potential career options. Job shadowing is designed to increase career awareness, help model student behavior through examples and reinforce in to bake a cake, the student the link between classroom learning and work requirements. Almost any workplace is a potential job shadowing site.

— Paris, K., Mason, S. (1995). Odyssey Essay. Planning and Implementing Youth Apprenticeship and Work-Based Learning . Essay On How To Bake A Cake. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, Center on look back Education and Work. Questions about some of the terminology used in essay on how to bake a cake, this article? Get more information (definitions and links) on key college, career, and job-search terms by scrapbook paper pads, going to our Job-Seeker’s Glossary of Job-Hunting Terms. Katharine Hansen, Ph.D., creative director and associate publisher of Quintessential Careers, is an educator, author, and blogger who provides content for essay on how, Quintessential Careers, edits QuintZine , an electronic newsletter for jobseekers, and blogs about ptlls storytelling in essay to bake, the job search at A Storied Career . Katharine, who earned her PhD in organizational behavior from Union Institute University, Cincinnati, OH, is author of Dynamic Cover Letters for New Graduates and A Foot in writing 2011, the Door: Networking Your Way into the Hidden Job Market (both published by Ten Speed Press), as well as Top Notch Executive Resumes (Career Press); and on how to bake a cake, with Randall S. Hansen, Ph.D., Dynamic Cover Letters , Write Your Way to a Higher GPA (Ten Speed), and ptlls assignment, The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Study Skills (Alp. Building Tools That Build Better Work Lives. Since 2005, LiveCareer’s team of essay on how to bake, career coaches, certified resume writers, and savvy technologists have been developing career tools that have helped over odyssey storytelling 10 million users build stronger resumes, write more persuasive cover letters, and develop better interview skills.

Use our free samples, templates, and writing guides and our easy-to-use resume builder software to essay on how to bake, help land the baudelaire essay on modernity job you want. Dr. Randall S. Essay On How. Hansen. Dr. Randall S. Hansen is founder of Quintessential Careers, one of the oldest and ptlls, most comprehensive career development sites on essay on how the Web, as well CEO of EmpoweringSites.com. He is also founder of MyCollegeSuccessStory.com and EnhanceMyVocabulary.com. He is publisher of Quintessential Careers Press, including the Quintessential Careers electronic newsletter, QuintZine. Baudelaire On Modernity. Dr.

Hansen is also a published author, with several books, chapters in books, and hundreds of articles. He’s often quoted in the media and conducts empowering workshops around the country. Finally, Dr. Hansen is also an educator, having taught at the college level for more than 15 years. Essay On How To Bake A Cake. Visit his personal Website or reach him by email at randall@quintcareers.com. Check out Dr. Hansen on GooglePlus. Katharine Hansen, Ph.D., creative director and associate publisher of Quintessential Careers, is an ptlls assignment t1 essays educator, author, and blogger who provides content for essay on how to bake a cake, Quintessential Careers, edits QuintZine, an electronic newsletter for jobseekers, and essay 2011, blogs about essay storytelling in the job search at A Storied Career. Katharine, who earned her PhD in organizational behavior from Union Institute University, Cincinnati, OH, is essay writing author of Dynamic Cover Letters for to bake a cake, New Graduates and A Foot in the Door: Networking Your Way into the Hidden Job Market (both published by Ten Speed Press), as well as Top Notch Executive Resumes (Career Press); and with Randall S. Hansen, Ph.D., Dynamic Cover Letters, Write Your Way to essay 2011, a Higher GPA (Ten Speed), and The Complete Idiot’s Guide to essay to bake, Study Skills (Alpha).

Visit her personal Website or reach her by e-mail at kathy@quintcareers.com. Check out Dr. Hansen on GooglePlus. I AM A CAREER CHANGER This page is your key source for all things career-change related. You’ll find some great free career-change tools and resources. Changing careers can be traumatic, especially if you have been in your current career for coarsework, a long time, but you do not have to go through the process alone or []

Quintessential Careers: Career and Job-Hunting Blog. Quintessential Careers: Career and Job-Hunting Blog Career and job-search news, trends, and scoops for job-seekers, compiled by the staff of Quintessential Careers.The Quintessential Careers Blog has moved!! These pages remain as an archive of to bake a cake, our previous blog posts. Please check out the new and improved Quintessential Careers Blog for Job-Seekers and Careerists. Interview Advice Job [] The Quintessential Directory of Company Career Centers. The Quintessential Directory of Company Career Centers Where job-seekers can go directly to the job/career/employment section of a specific employer’s Website.Because more and more companies are developing career and employment centers on odyssey storytelling essay their corporate Websites, Quintessential Careers has developed this directory, which allows you to go straight to the career and employment section of the []

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conclusion chapter Education in essay a cake England: a brief history. Towards a state system. The wind of change. Recession and disenchantment. John Major: more of the same. The Blair decade. Brown and Balls: mixed messages. What future for education in England? Gove v The Blob. this is a draft of a chapter which will form part of the revised version currently in preparation.

Organisation of this chapter. The local authorities. 1979 Education Act. 1980 Education Act. 1981 Education Act. 1983 Education (Fees and Awards) Act. 1984 Education (Grants and Awards) Act.

1986 Education (Amendment) Act. 1986 Education Act. 1986 Education (No. Coarsework? 2) Act. 1988 Local Government Act. 1988 Education Reform Act. Summary of the essay a cake, Act. Commentary on the Act. 1990 Education (Student Loans) Act.

1977-82 Matters for Discussion. 1978-85 HMI surveys. 1981 Rampton - West Indians. 1982 Cockcroft - maths. 1985 Swann - ethnic minorities. 1988 Kingman - English. 1988 Higginson - A Levels. 1989 Cox - English.

1989 Elton - descipline. 1990 Rumbold - early years. Education in England: a brief history. © copyright Derek Gillard 2011. Education in England: a brief history is my copyright. You are welcome to download it and print it for your own personal use, or for use in scrapbook a school or other educational establishment, provided my name as the author is to bake a cake, attached. But you may not publish it, upload it onto scrapbook paper any other website, or sell it, without my permission. You are welcome to cite this piece.

If you do so, please acknowledge it thus: Gillard D (2011) Education in England: a brief history www.educationengland.org.uk/history. In accordance with the conventions set out by the Society of Authors and the Publishers Association , you should seek my permission to reproduce any extract of more than 400 words; a series of essay on how a cake, extracts totalling more than 800 words, of which any one extract has more than 300 words; and an extract or series of extracts constituting a quarter or more of the original work. For shorter extracts you do not need my permission, provided the cheap scrapbook pads, source is acknowledged as shown above. In references in essay on how the text, the number after the colon is always the page number (even where a document has numbered paragraphs or sections). Where a document is assignment, shown as a link, the full text is available online. © Crown copyright material is on how to bake a cake, reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and look the Queen's Printer for on how, Scotland. Note The 1980 document A framework for the school curriculum was previously ascribed to HMI. 2011? In fact, it was a DES/Welsh Office document. This has been corrected in the chapter below and in the Timeline; and the full text of the essay to bake a cake, document is now available online.

My apologies for the error. Chapter 8 : 1979-1990. Thatcherism: the marketisation of education. Neo-liberalism became the dominant force in British politics with the election in 1979 of the Conservative administration led by thesis Margaret Thatcher ( pictured ). Her government's policies 'accelerated the closing down of essay to bake, unprofitable industries and promoted a profound social and assignment economic restructuring' (Jones 2003:107). By 1982 the Thatcher government was highly unpopular. Soaring inflation and on how a cake a massive increase in unemployment made it seem unlikely that she would win a second term. She needed a miracle. Fortunately for her, Argentina invaded the cheap paper pads, Falkland Islands and she was able to play the part of heroic war leader in the Falklands War between March and June 1982. Essay A Cake? The result was a landslide in odyssey the 1983 general election.

With a vastly increased Commons majority (up from 44 to 144), she felt emboldened to take her reforms further. She won a third term in office at the general election in 1987. Her majority of 101, though reduced, was nevertheless substantial, and to bake a cake the 'iron lady' felt powerful enough to push ahead with some unpopular polices, most notably the introduction of a form of poll tax. Essay? It proved to be her undoing and she was ousted from office in November 1990. Thatcher's neo-liberal policies affected not only industry and commerce but also public services.

Conservative legislation sought to drive neo-liberal principles into the heart of public policy. An emphasis on cost reduction, privatisation and on how to bake deregulation was accompanied by vigorous measures against the institutional bases of cheap scrapbook, Conservatism's opponents, and the promotion of new forms of essay on how to bake a cake, public management. The outcome of these processes was a form of coarsework, governance in which market principles were advanced at the same time as central authority was strengthened. (Jones 2003:107) Thus the twin aims of Margaret Thatcher's education policies in the 1980s were to convert the nation's schools system from a public service into a market, and to transfer power from on how a cake, local authorities to central government. The origins of this policy can be traced back to the establishment in coarsework 1955 of the Institute of Economic Affairs (lEA), a right-wing think-tank which, during the 1970s, had 'worked tirelessly to persuade the Conservative Party to abandon the post-war welfare consensus and embrace social and educational policies based on nineteenth-century free-market anti-statism' (Chitty 2004:47). It had been given added impetus in Evolution by choice , Stuart Sexton's contribution to the Black Paper of essay on how a cake, 1977. Baudelaire Essay? (For more on the Black Papers see the previous chapter). He set out to 'sketch a new system for secondary education' based on 'absolute freedom of choice by to bake a cake application'. Local authorities would no longer allocate children to odyssey, schools. Where a school was oversubscribed it would select its students on the basis of essay on how to bake a cake, 'ability and aptitude'. Writing 2011? If it was undersubscribed it would face the possibility of closure.

The educational market would not be entirely unregulated. There would be an on how a cake 'effective and independent inspectorate', a government-defined 'minimum curriculum' and specified 'minimum standards' (Sexton 1977, quoted in baudelaire Jones 2003:106). Sexton's theme was taken up by essay an 'ever-growing number of right-wing think-tanks with small but interlocking memberships' which 'bombarded' ministers with policy ideas 'ideologically driven by commitment to the market and to privatisation' (Benn and Chitty 1996:12). Despite their claims to coarsework, be radical and modernising, Thatcher's Tories - and the 'New Right' which supported them - couldn't bring themselves to ditch the elitist policies of the past. The most obvious of these was selection for secondary education. Thus the 1979 Education Act - Thatcher's first - gave back to LEAs the on how a cake, right to select pupils for secondary education at on modernity 11. The move backfired, however. The Tories had underestimated the popularity of essay on how a cake, comprehensive schools, and attempts to coarsework, reintroduce or extend selection in Berkshire, Wiltshire, Redbridge and Solihull all failed as a result of on how, strong local opposition.

But the Tories weren't going to give up. 'Such defeats served to encourage Conservative Ministers to essay, opt for rather more subtle policy initiatives aimed at establishing a wider variety of secondary schools and providing for greater parental choice' (Chitty and Dunford 1999:25). They began work on a series of radical changes characterised by the absence of any popular demand for them from any section of the education community nationally or locally, nor even from the populist media. One by to bake one all had to be imposed by odyssey means of a parliamentary majority against continuing opposition from all other political parties and from much of the educational establishment. (Benn and Chitty 1996:13) Preparing the to bake a cake, ground. When she took office in May 1979 Thatcher appointed Mark Carlisle as her first education secretary. Odyssey Storytelling Essay? He was 'moderate and essentially pragmatic' (Chitty 2004:48) and freely admitted that 'I had no direct knowledge of the state sector either as a pupil or as a parent' (Ribbins and Sherratt 1997:55 quoted in Chitty and Dunford 1999:1).

This suited Thatcher because at first reform of education was not her priority: she was more concerned with bringing down the rate of inflation (causing very high levels of a cake, unemployment in the process) and baudelaire essay on modernity with curbing the power and influence of the trade unions. But Carlisle was replaced in September 1981 by the very different Keith Joseph ( pictured ), a long-time advocate of on how a cake, free market ideas (especially parental choice and education vouchers). In 1974 he had been a co-founder of the right-wing Centre for Policy Studies, a think-tank which wanted schools to be autonomous with a minimum of state interference. His appointment was a signal that school reform was moving up the government's agenda. Ironically, as secretary of state for education Joseph found himself commanding an apparatus that was now increasingly involved in specifying the look back in anger, everyday practice of schools. Essay On How A Cake? . Joseph, like the ministers who succeeded him, organised in the name of 'effective education' a vast new complex of essay competitions, regulations and regulators that would measure and direct the processes and outcomes of schooling. (Jones 2003:115) With Joseph leading the education department, Thatcher set about preparing to take control. This meant confronting the 'education establishment' - the teachers and their unions, the training institutions and national and local inspectors and advisors. There would be action on three fronts: the on how, curriculum - traditionally seen as the 'secret garden' which government ministers were not supposed to enter; the teachers - controlling their training and development and restricting their role in curriculum development; and odyssey essay the local education authorities (LEAs) - many of essay on how, which (especially the Labour-controlled ones) Thatcher saw as her enemy. In 1976 Labour prime minister Jim Callaghan had begun the 'Great Debate' on the nature and purposes of education. Under the Thatcher administration, the debate became increasingly one-sided. The opening shot was the publication in 1979 of LEA Arrangements for the School Curriculum which required local authorities to publish their curriculum policies. This was followed, two years later, by coarsework The School Curriculum (25 March 1981), in which the essay a cake, secretaries of state (for Education and Wales) said they had decided to 'set out in some detail the coarsework, approach to the school curriculum which they consider should now be followed in the years ahead'.

Every local education authority was expected to frame policies for the school curriculum consistent with the government's 'recommended approach' (DES 1981a:5). On 1 October 1981 the DES issued Circular 6/81 which requested that, in the light of the advice contained in The School Curriculum , each local education authority should (a) review its policy for the school curriculum in its area, and its arrangements for making that policy known to all concerned; (b) review the extent to which current provision in on how a cake the schools is consistent with that policy; and. (c) plan future developments accordingly, within the resources available. In taking these actions, local education authorities should consult governors of schools, teachers and others concerned (DES 1981b para.5). Coarsework? Two years later, on 8 December 1983, Circular 8/83 requested each LEA to provide: (a) a report on the progress which has been made in drawing up a policy for the curriculum in its primary and secondary schools . (b) a description of the roles played in to bake a cake the processes of drawing up the coarsework, policy by heads and other teachers, governors, parents and other interested parties in the local community; (c) a brief statement of the ways in which the on how a cake, policy is being given or will be given practical effect in the schools . (d) a summary, giving examples where appropriate, of the steps being taken and planned by the authority to seek to ensure that the curriculum is planned as a whole . (e) a summary of the steps being taken and planned by pads the authority to essay, ensure that the ptlls, curriculum is appropriately related to what happens outside school, and includes sufficient applied and practical work, particularly in essay on how a cake mathematics . and science; (f) a statement of how far the resources available to the authority . are enabling it to give effect to its policy for the curriculum. Baudelaire On Modernity? (DES 1983 para.5) To support schools and LEAs in formulating curriculum policies, the DES issued A framework for the school curriculum in essay a cake 1980; and HMI produced a number of publications, including: A View of the baudelaire on modernity, Curriculum (HMI Series: Matters for Discussion No. 11 1980); The Curriculum from 5 to essay to bake a cake, 16 (HMI Curriculum Matters 2 1985). The HMI documents were progressive in coarsework outlook. The Curriculum from 5 to 16 , for a cake, example, argued that the school curriculum should be thought of in terms of t1 essays, 'areas of learning and experience' and that it included not only the formal programme of lessons, but also the 'informal' programme of so-called extracurricular activities as well as all those features which produce the school's 'ethos', such as the quality of relationships, the concern for equality of opportunity, the values exemplified in the way the school sets about on how a cake its task and cheap paper pads the way in which it is organised and managed. (HMI 1985:7) It was not an approach that would commend itself to essay on how, government ministers.

In July 1987 the government published The National Curriculum 5-16 . This consultation document set out plans for the introduction of a national curriculum and associated assessment procedures. Its 40 A4-size pages appear to have been produced in haste: the assignment t1 essays, cover was printed but the on how to bake, contents were typed - presumably on an electric typewriter or perhaps on an early Amstrad word processor (which had been launched the previous year). Central government also sought greater control over teachers. In 1984 the Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (CATE) was established to set standards for initial teacher training courses. In a move designed to reduce the influence of teachers in essay on modernity curriculum development, the Schools Council, in on how to bake a cake which teachers had played a significant role, was abolished in 1984. Its work was shared between the School Examinations Council (SEC), whose members were nominated by the secretary of state, and the School Curriculum Development Council (SCDC), which was specifically instructed not to 'concern itself with policy'. And in 1985 Keith Joseph proposed linking teacher appraisal and performance-related pay. The result was a year of industrial action by ptlls assignment teachers. The local authorities. For Thatcher, the local authorities - many of them run by Labour - were an irritant, blocking central government's ability to affect what was going on in the schools.

Her government therefore set about weakening the role of the essay, LEAs by dismantling the triangular framework of responsibility - central government, local authorities and the schools - which had been established by coarsework the 1944 Education Act, and by offering parents a greater role in the running of schools. The LEAs were already in essay a cake a difficult position. Local government had been reorganised in 1974, when the baudelaire on modernity, number of LEAs was reduced from 146 to 104. Many of the to bake, reorganised authorities had embraced corporate management policies which led to some widely publicised resignations of Chief Education Officers (CEOs) who felt they no longer had control over the service. Furthermore, after the 1974 reorganisation there was 'a tendency for local politics to consolidate along national party lines' (Shipman 1984:49). Now, in the 1980s, public spending was being cut and the differences between the spending of different LEAs widened. As contraction replaced expansion, power tended to ebb back to central government. Thatcher enlisted the right-wing tabloid press in her campaign against the LEAs. Papers like The Sun and cheap scrapbook the Daily Mail ran endless stories about the absurdities perpetrated - often in the name of equal opportunities - by essay to bake a cake 'the loony left'. Ealing, for essay, example, was supposed to have banned any mention of the nursery rhyme 'Baa baa black sheep' in its schools. It wasn't true, of course (I know - I was there!), but the essay to bake a cake, endless repetition of such stories damaged the image of local authorities in the eyes of the public - which is precisely what it was intended to do.

The government took another swipe at the local authorities in scrapbook paper pads 1982, when it launched the Technical and Vocational Education Initiative (TVEI), aimed at 14-18 year olds. LEAs were not allowed to participate. Instead, it was administered by the Department of Employment's Manpower Services Commission (MSC). It was not exactly a success. 'From 1977 to 1989 change was breathtaking in this area and so was expenditure: £89 billion spent on introducing 25 training schemes, of which 22 were subsequently cancelled, some after only a year or two in existence' (Benn and Chitty 1996:16). The National Council for Vocational Qualifications (NCVQ) was set up in 1986 to on how a cake, promote National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs). In 1989 the government announced that schools would in future be allowed to offer vocational courses like those from the Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC). It also made an effort to rationalise 'Britain's renowned jungle of vocational qualifications' (Benn and Chitty 1996:17) in odyssey storytelling an attempt to create a single new system of vocational qualifications: GNVQ for educational qualifications and NVQ for essay, qualifications gained through work. For a brief moment it looked as if at last a British government was going to catapult the country into a position where it could compete with other industrialised countries which had already made all these changes through comprehensive education reform and an integration of ptlls t1 essays, vocational and academic education. (Benn and to bake a cake Chitty 1996:17) But it was not to be.

The Major administration (see the next chapter) chose not to look back, pursue the essay to bake a cake, integration of academic and vocational education. 1979 Education Act. The 1979 Education Act (26 July 1979) - Thatcher's first - was very short (just two pages). It repealed Labour's 1976 Act and gave back to back thesis, LEAs the right to a cake, select pupils for secondary education at 11. 1980 Education Act. This Act (3 April 1980) began the process of giving more power to baudelaire on modernity, parents. Its main provisions were: school governing bodies were to essay on how, include at least two parents (Section 2(5)); parents were to have the right to choose schools (6) and the right to appeal if they didn't get the schools they had chosen (7); there were new rules regarding school attendance orders (10 and 11), the creation of new schools and assignment the closing of existing ones (12), and the number of school places (15); the Assisted Places Scheme would provide public money to pay for 30,000 children to go to private schools (17); the obligation on local authorities to provide free milk and meals was removed, except in the case of children from families receiving Supplementary Benefit or Family Income Supplement (22); and local authorities could establish nursery schools (24).

Download the Education Act 1980 (pdf text 1mb). 1981 Education Act. The 1981 Education Act (30 October 1981) followed the publication of the 1978 Warnock Report Special Educational Needs . It gave parents new rights: LEAs were required to identify the essay on how, needs of children with learning difficulties (Section 4); have assessment procedures for ascertaining those needs (5-6); and coarsework produce 'statements' specifying how the needs would be met (7). To Bake? Download the Education Act 1981 (pdf text 496kb). Parent power was pursued further in the 1984 Green Paper Parental Influence at School . 1983 Education (Fees and Awards) Act. This Act (13 May 1983) allowed the secretary of state to competitions, require higher education institutions to charge higher fees to students 'not having the requisite connection with the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man' and to exclude such students from being eligible for certain discretionary awards. 1984 Education (Grants and Awards) Act.

This Act (12 April 1984) introduced Education Support Grants (ESGs), which were to essay to bake a cake, be given to LEAs for government-specified purposes. It was thus another step in taking control of education policy away from the LEAs and giving it to central government - a move which was taken still further in ptlls 1987 when Specific Grants for to bake a cake, INSET (In-Service Training) were introduced. 1986 Education (Amendment) Act. This short Act (17 February 1986) increased the limit set in section 2(1) of the Education (Grants and essay Awards) Act 1984 on expenditure approved for education support grant purposes, and on how to bake a cake excluded remuneration for lunchtime supervision from the Remuneration of Teachers Act 1965. 1986 Education Act. In May 1986 Kenneth Baker replaced Keith Joseph as education secretary. He was kept busy: there were two education acts in his first year in the job. The first (and much the shorter - 5 pages) was the 1986 Education Act (18 July 1986), which concerned certain further education grants and the pooling of expenditure by local authorities. 1986 Education (No.

2) Act. The second Education Act of 1986 (7 November 1986) was not only much longer than the first, it was also profoundly more important. It implemented the assignment, proposals set out in the 1985 White Paper Better Schools which were summarised in the DES booklet Better Schools: A Summary . It further diminished the importance of the LEAs and put the focus on the Department and the schools. Governors were to be given much greater responsibility for the curriculum, discipline and staffing. The head was to have a pivotal role - s/he was singled out for on how to bake a cake, specific responsibilities including the 'determination and organisation of the secular curriculum' (though the Act said nothing about odyssey essay what what would happen if governors disagreed). The head (and only the on how, head) had the power to exclude pupils. Equally significantly, the in anger, Act introduced the concept of on how to bake, educational law, so that lawyers became involved in education for the first time. It was very detailed but often ambiguous - it gave parents pegs on which to hang their disenchantments. The Act's main provisions were: every maintained school was required to have a governing body (Sections 1-2); the composition of governing bodies was changed - the number of look back, parent governors was to be equal to the number of LEA governors and there were to be staff governors and others co-opted from essay on how a cake, business and industry (3-8). ( Better Schools had proposed a majority of parents but this was defeated); grouping of schools under one governing body was allowed in coarsework certain circumstances (9-10); every LEA must have a written statement of its curriculum policy (17-19); governors must have a sex education policy.

If taught (it didn't have to be), sex education had to encourage pupils 'to have due regard to moral considerations and the value of family life' (46); governors must give parents information about the school's curriculum (20); discipline was the responsibility of the head, though the on how a cake, principles underlying it were to be supplied by governors (22); there were new rules on baudelaire on modernity, pupil exclusions (23), reinstatement (24) and appeals (26); LEAs were to give governors financial information relating to the school (29); governors were to produce an essay on how annual report (30) and hold an annual parents' meeting (31); LEAs retained responsibility for the appointment and dismissal of staff but were to consult with governors (34-41); there was to be freedom of speech in universities and colleges (43); there was to be no political indoctrination in ptlls assignment schools - this was an attack on subjects like 'peace studies' which had been introduced in a number of schools (44); corporal punishment was abolished in maintained schools (from August 1987). Independent schools were still permitted to beat their pupils, but not those whose fees were paid by the state (47); provision was made for the appraisal of teachers (49); governors were required to a cake, supply information to the secretary of state (56); LEAs were required to provide training for governors (57); and the secretary of state was no longer required to produce annual report (60). Download the Education (No. 2) Act 1986 (pdf text 1.6mb). 1988 Local Government Act. LEAs' equal opportunities policies were attacked in the 1988 Local Government Act (24 March 1988).

The infamous Section 28 of this act forbade local authorities from look back in anger thesis, 'promoting teaching in any maintained school of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship'. (Section 28 was eventually repealed by New Labour in November 2003). Download the essay, Local Government Act 1988 (pdf text 856kb). 1988 Education Reform Act. The Education Reform Act (29 July 1988) was the look thesis, most important education act since 1944. It is sometimes referred to as 'The Baker Act' after secretary of state Kenneth Baker ( pictured ).

The Act was presented as giving power to the schools. In fact, it took power away from the LEAs and the schools and to bake a cake gave them all to the secretary of state - it gave him hundreds of new powers. Even more importantly, it took a public service and turned it into a market - something the Tories had been working towards for a decade. Chitty and assignment t1 essays Dunford (1999:25) argue that the essay, 'meretricious agenda' of the 1988 Act was in many ways 'a tribute to the remarkable resilience of the comprehensive ideal'. Having failed to get selection reinstated in 1979, the cheap scrapbook, Tories now used 'devices like opting out, open admission, city technology colleges and the introduction of local markets . as attempts to introduce selection by the back door.' The Act's major provisions concerned: the curriculum: - the National Curriculum. - new rules on religious education and collective worship. - the establishment of curriculum and assessment councils; admission of pupils to county and voluntary schools; local management of schools (LMS); grant maintained (GM) schools; city technology colleges (CTCs); changes in further and higher education; and essay the abolition of ILEA.

Download the Education Reform Act 1988 (pdf text 4.1mb). Part I Chapter I: The Curriculum. The 1988 Act provided for a 'basic curriculum' to essay, be taught in a cake all maintained schools, consisting of religious education and coarsework the National Curriculum (Section 2(1)). The National Curriculum would set out 'attainment targets' - the knowledge, skills and a cake understanding which children would be expected to have by the end of each key stage; the 'programmes of study' to be taught at each key stage; and the arrangements for essay, assessing pupils at the end of each key stage (2(2)). The National Curriculum would consist of three 'core subjects' (mathematics, English and science); six foundation subjects (history, geography, technology, music, art and physical education); plus a modern foreign language at key stages 3 and 4 (3(1-2)). Schools in essay on how Welsh-speaking areas of Wales would also teach Welsh. The Act defined Key Stage 1 as ages 5-7, Key Stage 2: ages 8-11, Key Stage 3: 12-14, and Key Stage 4: 15-16 (3(3)). It set out new rules on religious education: every day was to begin with an essay 'act of collective worship' (6(1)), a majority of which were to be 'wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character' (7(1)). Every LEA was required to set up a standing advisory council on religious education (SACRE) (11(1)) consisting of representatives of religious groups, the Church of England, teachers and the local authority (11(4)).

Agreed Syllabuses for Religious Education should 'reflect the fact that the religious traditions in Great Britain are in the main Christian whilst taking account of the on how, teaching and practices of the other principal religions represented in Great Britain' (8(3)). Two new councils were to be established: the National Curriculum Council (NCC) and the School Examinations and Assessment Council (SEAC). (Wales was to have its own Curriculum Council for Wales). The members of the councils would be appointed by cheap scrapbook the secretary of state (14(1)). The NCC would be required to review all aspects of the curriculum and advise the essay on how to bake a cake, secretary of state, carry out programmes of research and development, publish and disseminate information relating to the curriculum and perform 'such ancillary activities as the Secretary of State may direct' (14(3)). SEAC's functions were similar in respect of examinations and assessment; it was also to make arrangements with appropriate bodies for the moderation of assessments made in pursuance of assessment arrangements (14(4)). Part I Chapter II: Admission of Pupils to County and Voluntary Schools. The Act introduced new rules governing the admission of pupils to maintained schools, in particular the conditions which were to be met if the authority responsible for admissions to a school wished to essay, reduce the 'standard number' of places in a year group (28). Part I Chapter III: Finance and Staff.

Before 1988, schools had only had control over 'capitation' - that part of their budget relating to books and materials. The staff were employed and the buildings maintained by essay a cake the local authority. Cheap Scrapbook Paper Pads? Under what became known as 'local management of essay on how, schools' (LMS), the schools were to paper pads, be given far greater control, managing almost the whole budget. 'It shall be the duty of the authority to put at the disposal of the governing body of the school in respect of that year a sum equal to the school's budget share for that year to be spent for the purposes of the school' (36(2)). School budgets would be determined on the basis of an 'allocation formula' based on the number and essay to bake a cake ages of the pupils in the school and the number of pupils with special needs (38(3)). Each local authority was required to submit a scheme for this financial delegation (39). Responsibility for the appointment and dismissal of staff would be transferred from the local authority to schools' governing bodies (44-46). Part I Chapter IV Grant-Maintained Schools. The Act made provision for the establishment of scrapbook pads, grant-maintained schools which would be independent of local authorities and funded directly by central government. A Cake? It set out rules governing the membership of the schools' governing bodies (4-5); the articles of government (58); the conduct of parents' ballots to coarsework, decide whether schools should seek grant-maintained status (61); the transfer of property and staff to the governing bodies (74-5) and the grants (maintenance, special purpose and capital) payable to the schools (79). Essay On How A Cake? It made clear that funds directed to grant-maintained schools would be deducted from the relevant local authority budget (81). Part I Chapter V Miscellaneous.

The Act provided for the establishment of City Technology Colleges (CTCs) and look in anger City Colleges for on how to bake, the Technology of the Arts (CCTAs) (105) and laid down new rules governing what could, and what could not, be charged for in maintained schools (106-111). Part II Higher and Further Education. Part II of the ptlls t1 essays, Act made changes to the provision and funding of higher and further education and provided for on how, the establishment of two new funding bodies: the Universities Funding Council (UFC) and the Polytechnics and Colleges Funding Council (PCFC), whose members would be appointed by the secretary of state. Local authorities which funded institutions would be required to produce a scheme for financial delegation similar to that required for the funding of schools. Part III Education in Inner London. Part III of the Act provided for the abolition of the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) and essay competitions the transfer of its responsibilities, properties, rights and liabilities to the inner London boroughs.

Part IV Miscellaneous and General. Part IV of the Act covered a number of other matters: the establishment and functions of Education Assets Board; academic tenure; grants; unrecognised degrees etc. The National Curriculum which resulted from the Act was written by a government quango: teachers had virtually no say in its design or construction. It was almost entirely content-based. Dennis Lawton, of the University of London Institute of Education, described it as the reincarnation of the 1904 Secondary Regulations. It was huge and therefore unmanageable, especially at the primary level, and its introduction resulted in a significant drop in reading standards. It divided the curriculum up into discrete subjects, making integrated 'topic' and 'project' work difficult if not impossible. Essay? But perhaps the most damaging outcome of coarsework, it was that it prevented teachers and schools from being curriculum innovators and a cake demoted them to curriculum 'deliverers'.

It was also constantly revised. Odyssey Storytelling Essay? Right-wing think-tanks and pressure groups were unhappy with aspects of the first version and campaigned for 'the simplification and essay Anglicisation of the national testing system, so as to emphasise basic skills and the English cultural heritage' (Jones 2003:141). The New Right gained control of the curriculum and assessment councils, where they provoked strong opposition from teachers, especially from teachers of English, leading to a widespread boycott of Standard Assessment Tests (SATs) in 1993-4. As a result, the government was forced to redesign the national curriculum, reducing the amount of detail and removing 'the stronger signs of the traditionalist and ethnocentric enthusiasms of the New Right'. The 1995 revision of the national curriculum thus 'marked the end of the New Right's curricular influence, at the same time as it helped embed the curriculum, and its associated testing system, at the consensual centre of English schooling' (Jones 2003:141). The assessment arrangements for the National Curriculum were equally cumbersome. They were based on essay, the 1988 report of the National Curriculum Task Group on Assessment and Testing (TGAT) led by Professor PJ Black (and therefore sometimes known as the Black Report).

The report was sound on the purposes of assessment. It began by listing four criteria for a national assessment scheme: the assessment results should give direct information about pupils' achievement in relation to objectives: they should be criterion-referenced ; the essay to bake, results should provide a basis for decisions about pupils' further learning needs: they should be formative ; the scales or grades should be capable of comparison across classes and schools, if teachers, pupils and parents are to share a common language and common standards: so the assessments should be calibrated or moderated ; the paper pads, ways in which criteria and scales are set up and used should relate to expected routes of essay on how, educational development, giving some continuity to a pupil's assessment at essay different ages: the assessments should relate to progression . (para.5) It also made clear that there were concerns to be addressed: the on how a cake, undesirable effects of essay writing 2011, testing on children (stress etc); the possible damage to relationships between parents and schools; the fear that external tests would 'impose arbitrary restrictions on teachers' own work, and essay to bake so limit and devalue their professional role' (para.16); anxiety that results would be published in league tables, 'leading to ill-informed and cheap unfair comparisons between schools' (para.18); and the danger that teachers would 'teach to essay on how a cake, the test' (para.58). Essay? Unfortunately, the Report went on essay to bake, to propose a system of look back thesis, testing at ages 7, 11, 14 and 16 (at the essay to bake a cake, end of the Key Stages) in which each pupil was to ptlls assignment t1 essays, be assessed on ten 'Levels' across hundreds of 'Attainment Targets' in the ten National Curriculum subjects. To Bake? This was hugely complicated and never had a chance of working. Thatcher herself didn't like the essay competitions, proposals and on how to bake a cake favoured simpler external tests of children at 7, 11 and 14 ( The Guardian 10 March 1988). But that was no doubt because she wasn't interested in the educational validity of the assessment system, only in whether, coupled with LMS, it would promote the education market place she was so determined to create. So league tables of coarsework, school results were published (despite Black's warning) and parents were given (theoretically at least) free choice as to on how, where to send their children. Three inevitable - and odyssey storytelling essay undesirable - effects quickly became apparent: schools became unwilling to essay on how to bake, take on pupils with learning difficulties, since they tended to depress overall test results; teachers were encouraged to concentrate their efforts on coarsework, children who were on the borderline between one level and the next rather than on those who needed attention most; and essay a cake the curriculum became skewed by the need to practise for the tests.

On religious education and collective worship, it is interesting to compare the Act's stipulations that the majority of a school's 'acts of collective worship' must be 'wholly or mainly of look, a broadly Christian character' and that Christianity should be the predominant religion in religious education lessons with Sections 25-29 of the essay a cake, 1944 Education Act, where Christianity is never mentioned - because it was taken for granted. For more on religious education, see my article Agreed Syllabuses 1944-1988 (1991); and t1 essays my dissertation Rewriting Oxfordshire's Agreed Syllabus post 1988 (1992). Local Management of Schools. Local Management of Schools dramatically changed the role of the head teacher and governors. The head was no longer an educationalist but an institutional manager. On How? S/he now had to learn about recruitment and selection procedures, employment law, health and safety legislation, buildings maintenance etc. The governors now had legal responsibilities in relation to scrapbook pads, the control of essay on how a cake, a school's budget and to the appointment and dismissal of staff. No one explained how you could hold unpaid volunteers legally accountable.

Inevitably, fewer people were prepared to take on the role. Because school budgets were to be based largely on pupil numbers, schools had to attract as many pupils as possible in order to survive. This led to look, some bizarre cases of schools offering gifts to parents who enrolled their children. The freedom which LMS was supposed to offer schools was, in practice, largely illusory. Schools soon found that, as their staff costs amounted to around 85 per cent of the total budget, any scope for changing budget priorities was severely limited. For the government, LMS served three purposes: it was an important element in the creation of an 'education market'; it took financial control away from the local authorities; and it enabled the government to 'pass the buck' to the schools when budgets were cut - as they were from the second year of LMS onwards. Indeed, school budgets were cut in six of the eight years following 1988.

The grant-maintained schools policy was another clear attack on essay on how a cake, the LEAs. It was also iniquitous because, to bribe schools into opting out, they were offered substantial additional funding - at look back in anger the expense of the remaining local authority schools . Grant-maintained schools were allowed to select a proportion of essay on how to bake, their pupils on the basis of ability or aptitude. Some secondary schools applied to in anger, become grant-maintained in the first year or two, but when the extra cash dried up, so did the applications. Ironically - but unsurprisingly - most of the schools that did opt out to bake were in Conservative-controlled LEAs where spending on education tended to be lower. A survey published in February 1992 showed that schools wishing to odyssey essay, go grant-maintained were concentrated in just 12 of the 117 education authorities in England and Wales. Grant-maintained status was eventually abolished by essay to bake New Labour. City Technology Colleges. Baker presented his City Technology Colleges as a 'half-way house' between the state and independent sectors. He told the TES : What we have at present is seven per cent or so in the independent sector, probably going to rise to ten per cent; and on baudelaire essay, the other side, a huge continent: 93 per cent in the state-maintained sector. . On How To Bake A Cake? What I think is striking in the British education system is that there is nothing in between . Now the look back thesis, City Technology Colleges I've already announced are a sort of on how a cake, half-way house. I would like to see many more half-way houses, a greater choice, a greater variety.

I think many parents would as well. Paper Pads? ( TES 3 April 1987) In fact, the City Technology Colleges (CTCs) were just another attempt to destroy the on how to bake, power of the LEAs (and to reintroduce selection) by involving private enterprise in education. A hundred of the colleges were to be set up across the country, each one funded - 'sponsored' - by a business, with spending per essay writing 2011, pupil far higher than in the neighbouring local authority schools. In the event, only a handful of CTCs were ever established because few businesses were prepared to take part and, as usual, the taxpayer was left to pick up the bill. The last CTC to be authorised, in April 1991, was Kingswood in Bristol. Essay On How To Bake A Cake? The chair of Cable and Wireless and former Tory Party chair Lord Young stumped up the required £2m; the government handed over scrapbook paper pads the remaining £8m. Avon county council's deputy director of education, Edward Watson, bitterly contrasted that £8m for capital spending on the 900 children at Kingswood CTC with the essay on how to bake, £4.5m he had for capital spending on the county's other 150,000 children. Back Thesis? With the extra money, he said, all secondary schools could have been fully repaired, all the improvements they wanted could have been done, every school could have had a new science laboratory, and there would still have been enough left over to give all primary schools an extra nursery class for a year ( The Guardian 3 October 2006). Thatcher had disliked the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) since the 1970s when, as education secretary, she had regarded it as bureaucratic and profligate. On How A Cake? She also resented the cheap scrapbook paper, fact that it was dominated by Labour politicians who were not afraid to to bake, comment on central government policies. Tory MPs called for its abolition in 1980 but were overruled by education secretary Mark Carlisle. In 1986 Thatcher abolished the Greater London Council (GLC) - she had never forgiven Londoners for electing her bete noire Ken Livingstone as leader - and she would have liked to get rid of ILEA at storytelling the same time, but she was advised that the to bake a cake, London boroughs were not yet ready to take on responsibility for look, education.

But ILEA's days were numbered. An amendment calling for its abolition, tabled by Tory MPs Michael Heseltine and Norman Tebbit, was incorporated into the 1988 Act. It was finally abolished on 1 April 1990 and essay to bake its responsibilities delegated to the London boroughs. The destruction of ILEA was a particularly noxious example of political spite and coarsework state vandalism: it had had a proud record of supporting schools in deprived areas and promoting curriculum development. It was 'founded on to bake, sound principles and committed to the wellbeing of London's citizens' (Mortimore 2008). Odyssey Storytelling? Its Multi-ethnic education policy statement , published in 1977, had sought to combat racism, sexism and class prejudice in schools and to bake a cake society.

And in 1980 HMI had described ILEA as 'a caring and generous authority with considerable analytical powers to ptlls t1 essays, identify problems, the scale of which is, in some cases, unique in this country.' (A form of overall local government for London was reintroduced by essay on how New Labour in May 2000, when the first elections to the Greater London Assembly (GLA) were held. Ken Livingstone became the first elected Mayor of London). 1990 Education (Student Loans) Act. Thatcher's last education act was the Education (Student Loans) Act (26 April 1990) which introduced 'top-up' loans for HE students and coarsework so began the diminution of student grants. 1977-82 HMI: Matters for Discussion.

As part of the 'Great Debate' called for in 1976 by Prime Minister Jim Callaghan, HMI produced a series of essay on how, 15 discussion documents under the series title Matters for Discussion : 1978-85 HMI surveys. The 1967 Plowden Report Children and their Primary Schools had recommended (in chapter 30, page 426, para. 1164) that surveys of the quality of baudelaire essay on modernity, primary schools should be conducted at least once every ten years. In response, HMI produced, between 1978 and 1985, five major surveys covering the whole school age range. On How A Cake? They were: 1978 Primary education in England. 1981 Rampton Report. In March 1979 Jim Callaghan's Labour government had set up the Committee of Enquiry into the Education of Children from Ethnic Minority Groups, with priority being given to children of West Indian origin. The Committee continued its work under the t1 essays, Thatcher government and to bake published its interim report, West Indian Children in competitions our Schools , in 1981. The Rampton Report warned that 'West Indian children as a group are failing in our education system. Urgent action is needed to remedy this' (Rampton 1981:70).

It noted that in both primary and secondary schools the curriculum, books and essay on how a cake teaching materials were often inappropriate to meet the coarsework, needs and essay a cake backgrounds of coarsework, West Indian pupils and essay that this was 'a cause of their lack of odyssey essay, motivation and commitment to essay to bake, the work and their consequent underachievement' (Rampton 1981:71). However, the Committee said that there was 'no single cause for the underachievement of West Indian children but rather a network of widely differing attitudes and expectations on the part of teachers and the education system as a whole, and on the part of West Indian parents' (Rampton 1981:72). They therefore recommended a range of cheap pads, specific, practical measures for the short-term together with some broader more general recommendations designed to bring about fundamental changes in attitude and practice in on how to bake the longer term. Taken together, these constitute a programme for action which will go a long way towards enabling West Indian pupils to fulfil their true potential in our schools, as well as providing a more balanced education for all our children. (Rampton 1981:72) The Committee published its final report in 1985 (see The Swann Report below). 1982 Cockcroft Report. Callaghan's Labour administration had also commissioned a report on the teaching of maths, in the light of concerns expressed by the Education, Arts and Home Office Sub-Committee of the Parliamentary Expenditure Committee in July 1977. Look Back In Anger Thesis? These concerns related to the apparent lack of on how a cake, basic computation skills in many children, the increasing mathematical demands made on adults, the lack of look in anger thesis, qualified maths teachers, and the confusing multiplicity of maths syllabuses. The Cockcroft Committee began work in September 1978. Its terms of reference were: To consider the teaching of on how to bake, mathematics in primary and secondary schools in England and ptlls assignment t1 essays Wales, with particular regard to the mathematics required in on how further and higher education, employment and adult life generally, and to make recommendations. The Committee submitted its report Mathematics counts in November 1981 and it was published in January 1982. 1985 Swann Report.

The Committee of Enquiry into the Education of on modernity, Children from Ethnic Minority Groups produced its final report Education for All in a cake 1985. Its principle conclusions and scrapbook pads recommendations were: there is no single cause of underachievement and essay on how a cake therefore no single solution; education has a major role in changing the attitudes of the pads, white majority population; there is a need for greater sensitivity in the education of 'ethnic minorities' with more in-service training to raise teachers' awareness; in initial training courses attention should be paid to the needs of an ethnically diverse society; statistics should be collected on the ethnicity of both teachers and pupils; the first priority should be the learning of English; school subjects should not be taught using mother tongue languages as a medium of instruction; and on how schools should not take on storytelling, responsibility for the teaching and maintenance of 'ethnic minority' languages. The report said: We believe that unless major efforts are made to essay on how to bake, reconcile the concerns and aspirations of both the majority and minority communities along more genuinely pluralistic lines, there is a real risk of the fragmentation of our society along ethnic lines which would seriously threaten the assignment t1 essays, stability and on how cohesion of society as a whole. (Swann 1985:7) The fundamental change that is necessary is the recognition that the problem facing the education system is not how to educate children of ethnic minorities, but how to educate all children. In Anger? (Swann 1985:363) 1988 Kingman Report. The Teaching of English Language was produced by a Committee of Inquiry chaired by Sir John Kingman, Vice-Chancellor of University of Bristol. 1988 Higginson Report. A committee under Dr Gordon Higginson reviewed education for 16-18 year olds. It argued that the current A Level system was too narrow and that a 5 subject structure should be adopted. The government rejected the recommendations.

1989 Cox Report. Chaired by Professor Brian Cox, Pro-Vice Chancellor and John Edward Taylor Professor of English Literature at Manchester University, the National Curriculum English Working Group was commissioned by Secretary of State Kenneth Baker to make recommendations on attainment targets and programmes of essay a cake, study for coarsework, the English component of the new National Curriculum. The result was the Cox Report English for ages 5 to 16 . 1989 Elton Report. In March 1988 Kenneth Baker asked Lord Elton to lead an enquiry into discipline in on how schools in England and Wales. The Elton Committee's report Discipline in essay writing competitions 2011 Schools was published in the spring of 1989. Its 138 recommendations made it clear that good discipline was the shared responsibility of pupils, teachers, heads, other staff, governors, parents, local authorities, teacher trainers, curriculum councils, central government, and on how to bake a cake the School Examinations and coarsework Assessment Council. 1990 Rumbold Report. Baker also commissioned a report on early years education. Produced by a committee chaired by Tory MP Angela Rumbold, Starting with Quality made recommendations about the education of 3 and 4 year olds.

It was published in November 1990 when John MacGregor had just taken over as education secretary. Tory attitudes to to bake, education - and to education professionals - during this period were well summed up by secretary of baudelaire essay on modernity, state Kenneth Baker. Speaking about the bill which was shortly to become the 1986 (No. A Cake? 2) Education Act, he told the ptlls t1 essays, Tory Party Conference in October 1986: It is crucial for on how to bake, parents to understand where power in the education system lies. Our Education Bill radically changes the composition of school governing bodies. It gives these bodies new powers and responsibilities. Odyssey Storytelling Essay? We will end the on how to bake a cake, dominance of the local authority and its political appointees. Coarsework? There will be more parent governors elected by all the parents. Control over on how to bake sex education will be removed from the teachers and local authorities and given to the new-style governing bodies which will have more parents on them and be answerable to an annual parents' meeting.

But Thatcher had become increasingly unpopular and ptlls assignment the last straw for many was her determination to introduce a form of poll tax. This led, in March 1990, to the worst riots London had seen for a century. She lost the confidence of her colleagues and in November 1990 she was replaced as Tory leader and prime minister by John Major. Benn C and Chitty C (1996) Thirty years on: is comprehensive education alive and well or struggling to survive? London: David Fulton Publishers. Chitty C (2004) Education policy in essay on how to bake Britain Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Chitty C and Dunford J (eds) (1999) State schools: New Labour and the Conservative legacy London: Woburn Press.

DES (1981b) Circular 6/81 The School Curriculum. DES (1983) Circular 8/83 The School Curriculum. Jones K (2003) Education in Britain: 1944 to the present Cambridge: Polity Press. Mortimore P (2008) 'In memoriam' The Guardian 3 June. Rampton (1981) West Indian Children in our Schools Interim report of the Committee of Inquiry Cmnd 8273 London: HMSO. Ribbins P and Sherratt B (1997) Conservative Secretaries of State and storytelling Radical Educational Reform Since 1973 London: Cassell.

Sexton S (1977) 'Evolution by choice' in CB Cox and R Boyson Black Paper 1977 London: Temple Smith. Shipman M (1984) Education as a public service London: Harper and Row. Swann (1985) Education for All Report of the Committee of Enquiry Cmnd 9453 London: HMSO.

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